Author: CAIA Association
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111901638X
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 1207
Book Description
In-depth Level II exam preparation direct from the CAIA Association CAIA Level II is the official study guide for the Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst professional examination, and an authoritative guide to working in the alternative investment sphere. Written by the makers of the exam, this book provides in-depth guidance through the entire exam agenda; the Level II strategies are the same as Level I, but this time you'll review them through the lens of risk management and portfolio optimisation. Topics include asset allocation and portfolio oversight, style analysis, risk management, alternative asset securitisation, secondary market creation, performance and style attribution and indexing and benchmarking, with clear organisation and a logical progression that allows you to customise your preparation focus. This new third edition has been updated to align with the latest exam, and to reflect the current practices in the field. The CAIA designation was developed to provide a standardized knowledge base in the midst of explosive capital inflow into alternative investments. This book provides a single-source repository of that essential information, tailored to those preparing for the Level II exam. Measure, monitor and manage funds from a risk management perspective Delve into advanced portfolio structures and optimisation strategies Master the nuances of private equity, real assets, commodities and hedge funds Gain expert insight into preparing thoroughly for the CAIA Level II exam The CAIA Charter programme is rigorous and comprehensive, and the designation is globally recognised as the highest standard in alternative investment education. Candidates seeking thorough preparation and detailed explanations of all aspects of alternative investment need look no further than CAIA Level II.
Alternative Investments
Author: CAIA Association
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111901638X
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 1207
Book Description
In-depth Level II exam preparation direct from the CAIA Association CAIA Level II is the official study guide for the Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst professional examination, and an authoritative guide to working in the alternative investment sphere. Written by the makers of the exam, this book provides in-depth guidance through the entire exam agenda; the Level II strategies are the same as Level I, but this time you'll review them through the lens of risk management and portfolio optimisation. Topics include asset allocation and portfolio oversight, style analysis, risk management, alternative asset securitisation, secondary market creation, performance and style attribution and indexing and benchmarking, with clear organisation and a logical progression that allows you to customise your preparation focus. This new third edition has been updated to align with the latest exam, and to reflect the current practices in the field. The CAIA designation was developed to provide a standardized knowledge base in the midst of explosive capital inflow into alternative investments. This book provides a single-source repository of that essential information, tailored to those preparing for the Level II exam. Measure, monitor and manage funds from a risk management perspective Delve into advanced portfolio structures and optimisation strategies Master the nuances of private equity, real assets, commodities and hedge funds Gain expert insight into preparing thoroughly for the CAIA Level II exam The CAIA Charter programme is rigorous and comprehensive, and the designation is globally recognised as the highest standard in alternative investment education. Candidates seeking thorough preparation and detailed explanations of all aspects of alternative investment need look no further than CAIA Level II.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111901638X
Category : Study Aids
Languages : en
Pages : 1207
Book Description
In-depth Level II exam preparation direct from the CAIA Association CAIA Level II is the official study guide for the Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst professional examination, and an authoritative guide to working in the alternative investment sphere. Written by the makers of the exam, this book provides in-depth guidance through the entire exam agenda; the Level II strategies are the same as Level I, but this time you'll review them through the lens of risk management and portfolio optimisation. Topics include asset allocation and portfolio oversight, style analysis, risk management, alternative asset securitisation, secondary market creation, performance and style attribution and indexing and benchmarking, with clear organisation and a logical progression that allows you to customise your preparation focus. This new third edition has been updated to align with the latest exam, and to reflect the current practices in the field. The CAIA designation was developed to provide a standardized knowledge base in the midst of explosive capital inflow into alternative investments. This book provides a single-source repository of that essential information, tailored to those preparing for the Level II exam. Measure, monitor and manage funds from a risk management perspective Delve into advanced portfolio structures and optimisation strategies Master the nuances of private equity, real assets, commodities and hedge funds Gain expert insight into preparing thoroughly for the CAIA Level II exam The CAIA Charter programme is rigorous and comprehensive, and the designation is globally recognised as the highest standard in alternative investment education. Candidates seeking thorough preparation and detailed explanations of all aspects of alternative investment need look no further than CAIA Level II.
Wiley Study Guide for 2020-2021 Level I CAIA Exam: Complete Set
Author: Wiley
Publisher: Wiley
ISBN: 9781119707592
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Publisher: Wiley
ISBN: 9781119707592
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
CAIA Level I
Author: CAIA Association
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470557249
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 779
Book Description
Not to be used after March, 2012 Exams – CAIA Level I, 2nd Edition should be used to prepare for September 2012 Exam. The official study text for the Level I Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA) exam The Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA) designation is the financial industry's first and only globally recognized program that prepares professionals to deal with the ever-growing field of alternative investments. The CAIA Level I: An Introduction to Core Topics in Alternative Investments contains all material on alternative investments that a potential Level I candidate would need to know as they prepare for the exam. The information found here will help you build a solid foundation in both traditional and alternative investment markets-for example, the range of statistics that are used to define investment performance as well as the many types of hedge fund strategies. It will also inform CAIA candidates on how to identify and describe aspects of financial markets, develop reasoning skills, and in some cases, make computations necessary to solve business problems. Contains "need to know" material for Level I candidates and for alternative investment specialists Addresses all of the unique attributes associated with the alternative investments space Organized with a study guide outline and learning objectives with key terms, available for free at www.caia.org/program/studyguides Focuses on alternative investments and quantitative techniques used by investment professionals This book is a must-have resource for anyone contemplating taking the CAIA Level I exam.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470557249
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 779
Book Description
Not to be used after March, 2012 Exams – CAIA Level I, 2nd Edition should be used to prepare for September 2012 Exam. The official study text for the Level I Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA) exam The Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA) designation is the financial industry's first and only globally recognized program that prepares professionals to deal with the ever-growing field of alternative investments. The CAIA Level I: An Introduction to Core Topics in Alternative Investments contains all material on alternative investments that a potential Level I candidate would need to know as they prepare for the exam. The information found here will help you build a solid foundation in both traditional and alternative investment markets-for example, the range of statistics that are used to define investment performance as well as the many types of hedge fund strategies. It will also inform CAIA candidates on how to identify and describe aspects of financial markets, develop reasoning skills, and in some cases, make computations necessary to solve business problems. Contains "need to know" material for Level I candidates and for alternative investment specialists Addresses all of the unique attributes associated with the alternative investments space Organized with a study guide outline and learning objectives with key terms, available for free at www.caia.org/program/studyguides Focuses on alternative investments and quantitative techniques used by investment professionals This book is a must-have resource for anyone contemplating taking the CAIA Level I exam.
Wiley Study Guide for March 2020 Level ll CAIA Exam
Author: Wiley
Publisher: Wiley
ISBN: 9781119672210
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This Wiley Study Guides are the perfect companion to your study. Available in print, mobile-friendly and printable ebook. Proven to help candidates understand, retain, and master the CAIA Program Curriculum. Complete with color–coded guidance and coverage of every Learning Outcome Statement you'll need for the exam. With hundreds of pages of distilled knowledge from our expert instructors, these books are a highly effective and proven study aid filled with tips, fundamental concepts, and in–depth examples. Our authors have used their years of personal teaching experience with students from a variety of backgrounds to develop study guides that improve the study experience of CAIA candidates and include practical and helpful tips and test–taking advice though–out the text. Our study guides have been created to simplify not confuse, with clear and concise breakdowns that will help you to develop your knowledge
Publisher: Wiley
ISBN: 9781119672210
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This Wiley Study Guides are the perfect companion to your study. Available in print, mobile-friendly and printable ebook. Proven to help candidates understand, retain, and master the CAIA Program Curriculum. Complete with color–coded guidance and coverage of every Learning Outcome Statement you'll need for the exam. With hundreds of pages of distilled knowledge from our expert instructors, these books are a highly effective and proven study aid filled with tips, fundamental concepts, and in–depth examples. Our authors have used their years of personal teaching experience with students from a variety of backgrounds to develop study guides that improve the study experience of CAIA candidates and include practical and helpful tips and test–taking advice though–out the text. Our study guides have been created to simplify not confuse, with clear and concise breakdowns that will help you to develop your knowledge
Wiley Study Guide for March 2020 Level II CAIA Exam, Volume 1
Author: Wiley
Publisher: Wiley
ISBN: 9781119662396
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Publisher: Wiley
ISBN: 9781119662396
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
Alternative Investments
Author: CAIA Association
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119651689
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 960
Book Description
Whether you are a seasoned professional looking to explore new areas within the alternative investment arena or a new industry participant seeking to establish a solid understanding of alternative investments, Alternative Investments: An Allocator's Approach, Fourth Edition (CAIA Level II curriculum official text) is the best way to achieve these goals. In recent years, capital formation has shifted dramatically away from public markets as issuers pursue better financial and value alignment with ownership, less onerous and expensive regulatory requirements, market and information dislocation, and liberation from the short-term challenges that undergird the public capital markets. The careful and informed use of alternative investments in a diversified portfolio can reduce risk, lower volatility, and improve returns over the long-term, enhancing investors' ability to meet their investment outcomes. Alternative Investments: An Allocator's Approach (CAIA Level II curriculum official text) is a key resource that can be used to improve the sophistication of asset owners and those who work with them. This text comprises the curriculum, when combined with supplemental materials available at caia.org, for the CAIA Level II exam. "Over the course of my long career one tenet has held true, 'Continuing Education'. Since CalSTRS is a teachers' pension plan, it is no surprise that continuing education is a core attribute of our Investment Office culture. Overseeing one of the largest institutional pools of capital in the world requires a cohesive knowledge and understanding of both public and private market investments and strategies. We must understand how these opportunities might contribute to delivering on investment outcomes for our beneficiaries. Alternative Investments: An Allocator's Approach is the definitive core instruction manual for an institutional investor, and it puts you in the captain's chair of the asset owner." —Christopher J. Ailman, Chief Investment Officer, California State Teachers’ Retirement System "Given their diversified cash flow streams and returns, private markets continue to be a growing fixture of patient, long-term portfolios. As such, the need to have proficiency across these sophisticated strategies, asset classes, and instruments is critical for today's capital allocator. As a proud CAIA charterholder, I have seen the practical benefits in building a strong private markets foundation, allowing me to better assist my clients." —Jayne Bok, CAIA, CFA, Head of Investments, Asia, Willis Tower Watson
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119651689
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 960
Book Description
Whether you are a seasoned professional looking to explore new areas within the alternative investment arena or a new industry participant seeking to establish a solid understanding of alternative investments, Alternative Investments: An Allocator's Approach, Fourth Edition (CAIA Level II curriculum official text) is the best way to achieve these goals. In recent years, capital formation has shifted dramatically away from public markets as issuers pursue better financial and value alignment with ownership, less onerous and expensive regulatory requirements, market and information dislocation, and liberation from the short-term challenges that undergird the public capital markets. The careful and informed use of alternative investments in a diversified portfolio can reduce risk, lower volatility, and improve returns over the long-term, enhancing investors' ability to meet their investment outcomes. Alternative Investments: An Allocator's Approach (CAIA Level II curriculum official text) is a key resource that can be used to improve the sophistication of asset owners and those who work with them. This text comprises the curriculum, when combined with supplemental materials available at caia.org, for the CAIA Level II exam. "Over the course of my long career one tenet has held true, 'Continuing Education'. Since CalSTRS is a teachers' pension plan, it is no surprise that continuing education is a core attribute of our Investment Office culture. Overseeing one of the largest institutional pools of capital in the world requires a cohesive knowledge and understanding of both public and private market investments and strategies. We must understand how these opportunities might contribute to delivering on investment outcomes for our beneficiaries. Alternative Investments: An Allocator's Approach is the definitive core instruction manual for an institutional investor, and it puts you in the captain's chair of the asset owner." —Christopher J. Ailman, Chief Investment Officer, California State Teachers’ Retirement System "Given their diversified cash flow streams and returns, private markets continue to be a growing fixture of patient, long-term portfolios. As such, the need to have proficiency across these sophisticated strategies, asset classes, and instruments is critical for today's capital allocator. As a proud CAIA charterholder, I have seen the practical benefits in building a strong private markets foundation, allowing me to better assist my clients." —Jayne Bok, CAIA, CFA, Head of Investments, Asia, Willis Tower Watson
Technical Analysis
Author: Charles D. Kirkpatrick II
Publisher: FT Press
ISBN: 0132599627
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 700
Book Description
Already the field's most comprehensive, reliable, and objective guidebook, Technical Analysis: The Complete Resource for Financial Market Technicians, Second Edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the field's latest advances. Selected by the Market Technicians Association as the official companion to its prestigious Chartered Market Technician (CMT) program, this book systematically explains the theory of technical analysis, presenting academic evidence both for and against it. Using hundreds of fully updated illustrations, the authors explain the analysis of both markets and individual issues, and present complete investment systems and portfolio management plans. They present authoritative, up-to-date coverage of tested sentiment, momentum indicators, seasonal affects, flow of funds, testing systems, risk mitigation strategies, and many other topics. This edition thoroughly covers the latest advances in pattern recognition, market analysis, and systems management. The authors introduce new confidence tests; cover increasingly popular methods such as Kagi, Renko, Kase, Ichimoku, Clouds, and DeMark indicators; present innovations in exit stops, portfolio selection, and testing; and discuss the implications of behavioral bias for technical analysis. They also reassess old formulas and methods, such as intermarket relationships, identifying pitfalls that emerged during the recent market decline. For traders, researchers, and serious investors alike, this is the definitive book on technical analysis.
Publisher: FT Press
ISBN: 0132599627
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 700
Book Description
Already the field's most comprehensive, reliable, and objective guidebook, Technical Analysis: The Complete Resource for Financial Market Technicians, Second Edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the field's latest advances. Selected by the Market Technicians Association as the official companion to its prestigious Chartered Market Technician (CMT) program, this book systematically explains the theory of technical analysis, presenting academic evidence both for and against it. Using hundreds of fully updated illustrations, the authors explain the analysis of both markets and individual issues, and present complete investment systems and portfolio management plans. They present authoritative, up-to-date coverage of tested sentiment, momentum indicators, seasonal affects, flow of funds, testing systems, risk mitigation strategies, and many other topics. This edition thoroughly covers the latest advances in pattern recognition, market analysis, and systems management. The authors introduce new confidence tests; cover increasingly popular methods such as Kagi, Renko, Kase, Ichimoku, Clouds, and DeMark indicators; present innovations in exit stops, portfolio selection, and testing; and discuss the implications of behavioral bias for technical analysis. They also reassess old formulas and methods, such as intermarket relationships, identifying pitfalls that emerged during the recent market decline. For traders, researchers, and serious investors alike, this is the definitive book on technical analysis.
Equity Asset Valuation
Author: Jerald E. Pinto
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119104645
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 624
Book Description
Navigate equity investments and asset valuation with confidence Equity Asset Valuation, Third Edition blends theory and practice to paint an accurate, informative picture of the equity asset world. The most comprehensive resource on the market, this text supplements your studies for the third step in the three-level CFA certification program by integrating both accounting and finance concepts to explore a collection of valuation models and challenge you to determine which models are most appropriate for certain companies and circumstances. Detailed learning outcome statements help you navigate your way through the content, which covers a wide range of topics, including how an analyst approaches the equity valuation process, the basic DDM, the derivation of the required rate of return within the context of Markowitz and Sharpe's modern portfolio theory, and more. Equity investments encompass the buying and holding of shares of stock in the anticipation of collecting income from dividends and capital gains. Determining which shares will be profitable is key, and an array of valuation techniques is applied on today's market to decide which stocks are ripe for investment and which are best left out of your portfolio. Access the most comprehensive equity asset valuation text on the market Leverage detailed learning outcome statements that focus your attention on key concepts, and guide you in applying the material accurately and effectively Explore a wide range of essential topics, such as the free cash flow approach, valuation using Graham and Dodd type concepts of earning power, associated market multiples, and residual income models Improve your study efforts by leveraging the text during your CFA certification program prep Equity Asset Valuation, Third Edition is a comprehensive, updated text that guides you through the information you need to know to fully understand the general analysis of equity investments.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119104645
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 624
Book Description
Navigate equity investments and asset valuation with confidence Equity Asset Valuation, Third Edition blends theory and practice to paint an accurate, informative picture of the equity asset world. The most comprehensive resource on the market, this text supplements your studies for the third step in the three-level CFA certification program by integrating both accounting and finance concepts to explore a collection of valuation models and challenge you to determine which models are most appropriate for certain companies and circumstances. Detailed learning outcome statements help you navigate your way through the content, which covers a wide range of topics, including how an analyst approaches the equity valuation process, the basic DDM, the derivation of the required rate of return within the context of Markowitz and Sharpe's modern portfolio theory, and more. Equity investments encompass the buying and holding of shares of stock in the anticipation of collecting income from dividends and capital gains. Determining which shares will be profitable is key, and an array of valuation techniques is applied on today's market to decide which stocks are ripe for investment and which are best left out of your portfolio. Access the most comprehensive equity asset valuation text on the market Leverage detailed learning outcome statements that focus your attention on key concepts, and guide you in applying the material accurately and effectively Explore a wide range of essential topics, such as the free cash flow approach, valuation using Graham and Dodd type concepts of earning power, associated market multiples, and residual income models Improve your study efforts by leveraging the text during your CFA certification program prep Equity Asset Valuation, Third Edition is a comprehensive, updated text that guides you through the information you need to know to fully understand the general analysis of equity investments.
Wiley Study Guide for March 2020 Level l CAIA Exam
Author: Wiley
Publisher: Wiley
ISBN: 9781119672180
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This Wiley Study Guides are the perfect companion to your study. Available in print, mobile-friendly and printable ebook. Proven to help candidates understand, retain, and master the CAIA Program Curriculum. Complete with color–coded guidance and coverage of every Learning Outcome Statement you'll need for the exam. With hundreds of pages of distilled knowledge from our expert instructors, these books are a highly effective and proven study aid filled with tips, fundamental concepts, and in–depth examples. Our authors have used their years of personal teaching experience with students from a variety of backgrounds to develop study guides that improve the study experience of CAIA candidates and include practical and helpful tips and test–taking advice though–out the text. Our study guides have been created to simplify not confuse, with clear and concise breakdowns that will help you to develop your knowledge Complete with color–coded guidance and coverage of every Learning Outcome Statement you'll need for the exam. With hundreds of pages of distilled knowledge from our expert instructors, these books are a highly effective and proven study aid filled with tips, fundamental concepts, and in–depth examples. Our authors have used their years of personal teaching experience with students from a variety of backgrounds to develop study guides that improve the study experience of CAIA candidates and include practical and helpful tips and test–taking advice though–out the text. Our study guides have been created to simplify not confuse, with clear and concise breakdowns that will help you to develop your knowledgeThis Wiley Study Guides are the perfect companion to your study. Available in print, mobile-friendly and printable ebook. Proven to help candidates understand, retain, and master the CAIA Program Curriculum. Complete with color–coded guidance and coverage of every Learning Outcome Statement you'll need for the exam. With hundreds of pages of distilled knowledge from our expert instructors, these books are a highly effective and proven study aid filled with tips, fundamental concepts, and in–depth examples. Our authors have used their years of personal teaching experience with students from a variety of backgrounds to develop study guides that improve the study experience of CAIA candidates and include practical and helpful tips and test–taking advice though–out the text. Our study guides have been created to simplify not confuse, with clear and concise breakdowns that will help you to develop your knowledge
Publisher: Wiley
ISBN: 9781119672180
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This Wiley Study Guides are the perfect companion to your study. Available in print, mobile-friendly and printable ebook. Proven to help candidates understand, retain, and master the CAIA Program Curriculum. Complete with color–coded guidance and coverage of every Learning Outcome Statement you'll need for the exam. With hundreds of pages of distilled knowledge from our expert instructors, these books are a highly effective and proven study aid filled with tips, fundamental concepts, and in–depth examples. Our authors have used their years of personal teaching experience with students from a variety of backgrounds to develop study guides that improve the study experience of CAIA candidates and include practical and helpful tips and test–taking advice though–out the text. Our study guides have been created to simplify not confuse, with clear and concise breakdowns that will help you to develop your knowledge Complete with color–coded guidance and coverage of every Learning Outcome Statement you'll need for the exam. With hundreds of pages of distilled knowledge from our expert instructors, these books are a highly effective and proven study aid filled with tips, fundamental concepts, and in–depth examples. Our authors have used their years of personal teaching experience with students from a variety of backgrounds to develop study guides that improve the study experience of CAIA candidates and include practical and helpful tips and test–taking advice though–out the text. Our study guides have been created to simplify not confuse, with clear and concise breakdowns that will help you to develop your knowledgeThis Wiley Study Guides are the perfect companion to your study. Available in print, mobile-friendly and printable ebook. Proven to help candidates understand, retain, and master the CAIA Program Curriculum. Complete with color–coded guidance and coverage of every Learning Outcome Statement you'll need for the exam. With hundreds of pages of distilled knowledge from our expert instructors, these books are a highly effective and proven study aid filled with tips, fundamental concepts, and in–depth examples. Our authors have used their years of personal teaching experience with students from a variety of backgrounds to develop study guides that improve the study experience of CAIA candidates and include practical and helpful tips and test–taking advice though–out the text. Our study guides have been created to simplify not confuse, with clear and concise breakdowns that will help you to develop your knowledge
Recommender System with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
Author: Sachi Nandan Mohanty
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119711592
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 450
Book Description
This book is a multi-disciplinary effort that involves world-wide experts from diverse fields, such as artificial intelligence, human computer interaction, information technology, data mining, statistics, adaptive user interfaces, decision support systems, marketing, and consumer behavior. It comprehensively covers the topic of recommender systems, which provide personalized recommendations of items or services to the new users based on their past behavior. Recommender system methods have been adapted to diverse applications including social networking, movie recommendation, query log mining, news recommendations, and computational advertising. This book synthesizes both fundamental and advanced topics of a research area that has now reached maturity. Recommendations in agricultural or healthcare domains and contexts, the context of a recommendation can be viewed as important side information that affects the recommendation goals. Different types of context such as temporal data, spatial data, social data, tagging data, and trustworthiness are explored. This book illustrates how this technology can support the user in decision-making, planning and purchasing processes in agricultural & healthcare sectors.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119711592
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 450
Book Description
This book is a multi-disciplinary effort that involves world-wide experts from diverse fields, such as artificial intelligence, human computer interaction, information technology, data mining, statistics, adaptive user interfaces, decision support systems, marketing, and consumer behavior. It comprehensively covers the topic of recommender systems, which provide personalized recommendations of items or services to the new users based on their past behavior. Recommender system methods have been adapted to diverse applications including social networking, movie recommendation, query log mining, news recommendations, and computational advertising. This book synthesizes both fundamental and advanced topics of a research area that has now reached maturity. Recommendations in agricultural or healthcare domains and contexts, the context of a recommendation can be viewed as important side information that affects the recommendation goals. Different types of context such as temporal data, spatial data, social data, tagging data, and trustworthiness are explored. This book illustrates how this technology can support the user in decision-making, planning and purchasing processes in agricultural & healthcare sectors.