Author: Marcus Tyler
Publisher: Author House
ISBN: 1452082367
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Book Description
When lifes trials and tribulations shake our very core. When pain is abundant, patience is thin and searching for hope seems impossible. In our weakest hour, please take comfort in knowing, our God of many names is with you. Wait on Gods instructions before you act off of emotions and witness the instruments he uses to fight the devil. Remember, there is a greater God in you, than he that is in the world. Fight the good fight!
When Sex Tilts Justice
Author: Marcus Tyler
Publisher: Author House
ISBN: 1452082367
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Book Description
When lifes trials and tribulations shake our very core. When pain is abundant, patience is thin and searching for hope seems impossible. In our weakest hour, please take comfort in knowing, our God of many names is with you. Wait on Gods instructions before you act off of emotions and witness the instruments he uses to fight the devil. Remember, there is a greater God in you, than he that is in the world. Fight the good fight!
Publisher: Author House
ISBN: 1452082367
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Book Description
When lifes trials and tribulations shake our very core. When pain is abundant, patience is thin and searching for hope seems impossible. In our weakest hour, please take comfort in knowing, our God of many names is with you. Wait on Gods instructions before you act off of emotions and witness the instruments he uses to fight the devil. Remember, there is a greater God in you, than he that is in the world. Fight the good fight!
The Tilted Playing Field
Author: H. Richard Uviller
Publisher: Yale University Press
ISBN: 9780300147247
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 342
Book Description
Although evenly matched adversaries make for a more exciting athletic contest, and a level playing field is essential to a fair game, is the same true in a criminal trial? In this compelling new book, H. Richard Uviller argues that a criminal trial is not analogous to a sporting event. Prosecutors and defense attorneys are, in critical respects, different from each other, and the allocation of advantages to each must be uneven in order to be fair.In a lively exploration of the powers of the prosecutor and the prerogatives of the defense, Uviller asks where our criminal justice system is fair though unequal and where its inequalities may subvert fair results. On the one hand, he points out, the prosecutor has unmatched and virtually unreviewable discretion to choose the target of a prosecution, the charge, and to a large extent the timing of an indictment. The prosecution also is first on the scene to develop evidence and is entitled to compel the production of evidence from reluctant custodians. The lawyer for the defendant, on the other hand, enjoys virtually unrestricted license to argue contrary to his or her own sincere belief, as well as broad powers to discover evidence from the prosecutor’s file. Are these unequal advantages necessary? Are they fair? Uviller concludes that although the overall criminal justice system reflects a fair distribution of advantages and disadvantages, in certain areas the imbalance is so severe as to undermine justice. He offers realistic, carefully considered recommendations for reform in these problem areas.
Publisher: Yale University Press
ISBN: 9780300147247
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 342
Book Description
Although evenly matched adversaries make for a more exciting athletic contest, and a level playing field is essential to a fair game, is the same true in a criminal trial? In this compelling new book, H. Richard Uviller argues that a criminal trial is not analogous to a sporting event. Prosecutors and defense attorneys are, in critical respects, different from each other, and the allocation of advantages to each must be uneven in order to be fair.In a lively exploration of the powers of the prosecutor and the prerogatives of the defense, Uviller asks where our criminal justice system is fair though unequal and where its inequalities may subvert fair results. On the one hand, he points out, the prosecutor has unmatched and virtually unreviewable discretion to choose the target of a prosecution, the charge, and to a large extent the timing of an indictment. The prosecution also is first on the scene to develop evidence and is entitled to compel the production of evidence from reluctant custodians. The lawyer for the defendant, on the other hand, enjoys virtually unrestricted license to argue contrary to his or her own sincere belief, as well as broad powers to discover evidence from the prosecutor’s file. Are these unequal advantages necessary? Are they fair? Uviller concludes that although the overall criminal justice system reflects a fair distribution of advantages and disadvantages, in certain areas the imbalance is so severe as to undermine justice. He offers realistic, carefully considered recommendations for reform in these problem areas.
Sex Offender Laws
Author: Richard Wright
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
ISBN: 0826111106
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 406
Book Description
"This volume of readings provides an excellent source of information about sex offender laws and policies."--International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology "Sex Offender Laws...is a good source for balanced, objective, and thorough critique of our current sex offender policies as well as a source for accurate information about a very heterogeneous population...The message that sexual abuse is often a multifaceted and complex issue and that policy based on quick fixes or knee jerk reactions do not often work will be informative and enlightening to many readers." --Sex Roles "[T]his fine book by Richard Wright and his distinguished collaborators provides the evidence that wise policy-makers would want to consider. It covers every major field of research concerning sex offenders and sexual offenses and provides evidence of bad practices and policiesÖ.Intellectually honest politicians should read this book." --Michael Tonry, LL.B, Professor of Law and Public Policy University of Minnesota Law School (From the Foreword) In response to many high-profile cases of sexual assault, federal and state governments have placed a number of unique criminal sanctions on sex offenders. These include residency restrictions, exclusionary zones, electronic monitoring, and chemical castration. However, the majority of sex offender policies are not based on empirical evidence, nor have they demonstrated any significant reductions in offender recidivism. In fact, some of these policies have unintended consequences, which actually increase the likelihood of sexual offenses. In this book, Wright critically analyzes existing policies, and assesses the most effective approaches in preventing sex offender recidivism. This provocative and timely book draws from the fields of criminal justice, law, forensic psychology, and social work to examine how current laws and policies are enacted and what to-date is known about their efficacy. The team of expert contributors includes Karen Terry, author of Sexual Offenses and Offenders, and others who bring a wealth of insight to the field of sex offense. In response to the failed policies of sex offender laws, this book presents alternative models and approaches to sex offense laws and policies. Wright also explores critical, cutting-edge topics, such as internet sexual solicitation, the death penalty, and community responses to sex offense. Key Features: An introduction and overview of the history of sex offender laws Analyzes the role of the media in sex offense and sex offender policies Examines the political "untouchability" of sex offender laws and their adverse effects Features interviews with victims of sexual assault, investigating their points of views on what kinds of reforms need to be made to sex offender laws Thought-provoking and insightful, Sex Offender Laws serves as a vital resource for policy makers, researchers, and students of criminal justice, law, and social work.
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
ISBN: 0826111106
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 406
Book Description
"This volume of readings provides an excellent source of information about sex offender laws and policies."--International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology "Sex Offender Laws...is a good source for balanced, objective, and thorough critique of our current sex offender policies as well as a source for accurate information about a very heterogeneous population...The message that sexual abuse is often a multifaceted and complex issue and that policy based on quick fixes or knee jerk reactions do not often work will be informative and enlightening to many readers." --Sex Roles "[T]his fine book by Richard Wright and his distinguished collaborators provides the evidence that wise policy-makers would want to consider. It covers every major field of research concerning sex offenders and sexual offenses and provides evidence of bad practices and policiesÖ.Intellectually honest politicians should read this book." --Michael Tonry, LL.B, Professor of Law and Public Policy University of Minnesota Law School (From the Foreword) In response to many high-profile cases of sexual assault, federal and state governments have placed a number of unique criminal sanctions on sex offenders. These include residency restrictions, exclusionary zones, electronic monitoring, and chemical castration. However, the majority of sex offender policies are not based on empirical evidence, nor have they demonstrated any significant reductions in offender recidivism. In fact, some of these policies have unintended consequences, which actually increase the likelihood of sexual offenses. In this book, Wright critically analyzes existing policies, and assesses the most effective approaches in preventing sex offender recidivism. This provocative and timely book draws from the fields of criminal justice, law, forensic psychology, and social work to examine how current laws and policies are enacted and what to-date is known about their efficacy. The team of expert contributors includes Karen Terry, author of Sexual Offenses and Offenders, and others who bring a wealth of insight to the field of sex offense. In response to the failed policies of sex offender laws, this book presents alternative models and approaches to sex offense laws and policies. Wright also explores critical, cutting-edge topics, such as internet sexual solicitation, the death penalty, and community responses to sex offense. Key Features: An introduction and overview of the history of sex offender laws Analyzes the role of the media in sex offense and sex offender policies Examines the political "untouchability" of sex offender laws and their adverse effects Features interviews with victims of sexual assault, investigating their points of views on what kinds of reforms need to be made to sex offender laws Thought-provoking and insightful, Sex Offender Laws serves as a vital resource for policy makers, researchers, and students of criminal justice, law, and social work.
Sex Offender Laws, Second Edition
Author: Richard Gordon Wright
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
ISBN: 0826196713
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 406
Book Description
Print+CourseSmart
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
ISBN: 0826196713
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 406
Book Description
Print+CourseSmart
Tilting the Playing Field
Author: Jessica Gavora
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 200
Book Description
When it passed Title IX of the Civil Rights Act in 1972, Congress seemed to be doing something laudable and also long overdue-prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex in America's schools. But thirty years later, a law designed to guarantee equal opportunity has become the most explicit, government-enforced quota regime in America. Tilting the Playing Field is a trenchant insider's look at how one law--and its unintended consequences--has affected our view of sports, sex, and schools.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 200
Book Description
When it passed Title IX of the Civil Rights Act in 1972, Congress seemed to be doing something laudable and also long overdue-prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex in America's schools. But thirty years later, a law designed to guarantee equal opportunity has become the most explicit, government-enforced quota regime in America. Tilting the Playing Field is a trenchant insider's look at how one law--and its unintended consequences--has affected our view of sports, sex, and schools.
Tilted
Author: Steven Skurka
Publisher: Dundurn
ISBN: 1459700317
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 355
Book Description
With the advent of Conrad Black’s new appeal, Steven Skurka is back to deliver a thorough, in-depth account of the controversial businessman’s legal difficulties. It was the trial that captivated observers on both sides of the Atlantic. Media titan Conrad Black, by turns respected and reviled for decades in Canada and around the world, faced off with U.S. prosecutors on charges of criminal fraud stemming from his activities with Hollinger International. As the only Canadian writer to attend the trials of Conrad Black, lawyer Steven Skurka delivers a thorough, in-depth account of the controversial businessman’s legal difficulties. Skurka offers analysis, insights, and personal anecdotes to present the clearest picture of the trials to date, featuring interviews with key members of the prosecution and defence, as well as a peek into the jury room during final deliberations. In the first edition of Tilted, Skurka showed how the prosecution attempted to "tilt" the trial in its favour, but he also demonstrated how Black unsuccessfully attempted to tilt the trial his way. Black lost his appeal to the Court of Appeals and began serving a six-and-a-half-year prison sentence in Florida. Black’s legal battles moved to the U.S. Supreme Court, followed by a second appeal in Chicago and leading eventually to a dramatic conclusion. Now Skurka brings the reader up to date on all of the recent developments in Conrad Black’s case, including new interviews and behind the scenes strategy.
Publisher: Dundurn
ISBN: 1459700317
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 355
Book Description
With the advent of Conrad Black’s new appeal, Steven Skurka is back to deliver a thorough, in-depth account of the controversial businessman’s legal difficulties. It was the trial that captivated observers on both sides of the Atlantic. Media titan Conrad Black, by turns respected and reviled for decades in Canada and around the world, faced off with U.S. prosecutors on charges of criminal fraud stemming from his activities with Hollinger International. As the only Canadian writer to attend the trials of Conrad Black, lawyer Steven Skurka delivers a thorough, in-depth account of the controversial businessman’s legal difficulties. Skurka offers analysis, insights, and personal anecdotes to present the clearest picture of the trials to date, featuring interviews with key members of the prosecution and defence, as well as a peek into the jury room during final deliberations. In the first edition of Tilted, Skurka showed how the prosecution attempted to "tilt" the trial in its favour, but he also demonstrated how Black unsuccessfully attempted to tilt the trial his way. Black lost his appeal to the Court of Appeals and began serving a six-and-a-half-year prison sentence in Florida. Black’s legal battles moved to the U.S. Supreme Court, followed by a second appeal in Chicago and leading eventually to a dramatic conclusion. Now Skurka brings the reader up to date on all of the recent developments in Conrad Black’s case, including new interviews and behind the scenes strategy.
Third Sector Organizations in Sex Work and Prostitution
Author: Isabel Crowhurst
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 135113373X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 142
Book Description
Third Sector Organizations in Sex Work and Prostitution is about sex work and prostitution third sector organizations (TSOs): non-governmental and non-profit organizations that provide support services to, and advocate for the well-being of people operating in the sex industries. With a focus on three vast and extremely diverse regions, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, this book provides a unique vantage point that shows how interlinked these organizations’ histories and configurations are. TSOs are fascinating research sites because they operate as zones of contestation which translate their understandings of sex work and prostitution into different support practices and advocacy initiatives. This book reveals that these organizations are not external to normative power but participate in it and are subject to it, conditioning how they can exist, who they can reach out to, where, and what they can achieve. Third Sector Organizations in Sex Work and Prostitution is a resource for scholars, policymakers, and activists involved in research on, and work with third sector organizations in the fields of sex work and prostitution, gender and sexuality, and human rights among others.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 135113373X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 142
Book Description
Third Sector Organizations in Sex Work and Prostitution is about sex work and prostitution third sector organizations (TSOs): non-governmental and non-profit organizations that provide support services to, and advocate for the well-being of people operating in the sex industries. With a focus on three vast and extremely diverse regions, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, this book provides a unique vantage point that shows how interlinked these organizations’ histories and configurations are. TSOs are fascinating research sites because they operate as zones of contestation which translate their understandings of sex work and prostitution into different support practices and advocacy initiatives. This book reveals that these organizations are not external to normative power but participate in it and are subject to it, conditioning how they can exist, who they can reach out to, where, and what they can achieve. Third Sector Organizations in Sex Work and Prostitution is a resource for scholars, policymakers, and activists involved in research on, and work with third sector organizations in the fields of sex work and prostitution, gender and sexuality, and human rights among others.
What Is Wrong with Social Justice
Author: Jr. Elgin L. Hushbeck
Publisher: Energion Publications
ISBN: 1631990861
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 41
Book Description
What could possibly be wrong with social justice? We like justice. We are social beings. Should not our communities be just ones? Author Elgin Hushbeck, Jr. maintains that social justice is not justice. When we pursue social justice, it is at the expense of true justice and in its pursuit of equality, social justice threatens liberty. It is a case of setting contradictory and incompatible goals. Hushbeck examines our current pursuit of social justice and how it has failed, while looking also at the scriptures we use in that pursuit and how we have misunderstood them. While we should care about our neighbors and find ways to ease the plight of the poor, social justice's emphasis on redistribution is not only often unjust but it actually makes things worse. His prescription? Pursue justice and liberty without any adjectives.
Publisher: Energion Publications
ISBN: 1631990861
Category : Religion
Languages : en
Pages : 41
Book Description
What could possibly be wrong with social justice? We like justice. We are social beings. Should not our communities be just ones? Author Elgin Hushbeck, Jr. maintains that social justice is not justice. When we pursue social justice, it is at the expense of true justice and in its pursuit of equality, social justice threatens liberty. It is a case of setting contradictory and incompatible goals. Hushbeck examines our current pursuit of social justice and how it has failed, while looking also at the scriptures we use in that pursuit and how we have misunderstood them. While we should care about our neighbors and find ways to ease the plight of the poor, social justice's emphasis on redistribution is not only often unjust but it actually makes things worse. His prescription? Pursue justice and liberty without any adjectives.
Plenary Papers of the 1999 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation--enhancing Policy and Practice Through Research
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Community-based corrections
Languages : en
Pages : 48
Book Description
Foreword: This year's annual conference on criminal justice research and evaluation is a milestone of sorts. Some 30 years ago, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice noted with alacrity that the revolution of scientific discovery had "largely bypassed the problems of crime and crime control." The method of objective analysis that had been used with stunning success to raise living standards, help people live healthier lives, and explore the heavens had unaccountably failed to be applied to one of the era's most pressing problems. To the great good fortune of succeeding generations, the Commission in its wisdom recommended creation of a Federal research agency dedicated to the scientific study of crime and criminal justice, with the aim of informing and aiding the work of practitioners. The National Institute of Justice, the agency established by Congress to carry out that mission, has for the past three decades been seeing the returns on that investment multiply. Criminology has become a respected field of scholarly inquiry, and we have built an impressive body of knowledge that has helped us better understand criminal behavior and the justice system. More important, the results of scholarly inquiries have been and are being applied to the day-to-day operations of law enforcement, corrections, the courts, and other elements of the justice system. In the conference, which revisited the Commission with the theme "Enhancing Policy and Practice Through Research," we saw how the investment continues to yield returns. The plenary sessions in particular emphasized praxis-research put to the service of real-world situations. Because of the distinctiveness of this year's plenary panels, we decided to publish them in three separate volumes: viewing crime from the street level, addressing school violence through research-based policy developed through an interdisciplinary approach, and understanding the involvement of women and girls in the criminal justice system. Sudhir Venkatesh and Richard Curtis bring the ethnographer's perspective to the analysis of street crime, analyzing, respectively, the financial activity of gangs and recent trends in drug dealing. Their method, distinct from that of conventional quantitative social science, calls for intensive observation over long periods and involves the quest for what is a a iv specific to single places and times and what is generalizable. The close-up, street-level observations of study subjects offer singular insights for practitioners who deal with these individuals as offenders. In this panel, we also benefited from the perspective of Charles Ramsey, Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department, Washington, D.C. His indication that drug trafficking and gang crime persist in his jurisdiction despite the overall drop in crime offers proof of the ethnographer's caution against facile generalization. This year marks the first time the program offices of the Office of Justice Programs (OJP)-the Corrections Program Office, the Drug Courts Program Office, the Executive Office for Weed and Seed, and the Violence Against Women Office-have joined the OJP bureaus as conference sponsors. Because these offices work so closely with the practitioner community, I feel their sponsorship is an added expression of their commitment to research. I think they would endorse Chief Ramsey's succinct assessment of the role of research in affecting crime levels in the years to come as bringing to light findings useful for fashioning real-world solutions. "The best way to predict the future," the Chief said, "is to help create it." Those who wish to read more can find abstracts of the conference sessions on the World Wide Web at http://www.ilj.org. Jeremy Travis, Director National Institute of Justice.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Community-based corrections
Languages : en
Pages : 48
Book Description
Foreword: This year's annual conference on criminal justice research and evaluation is a milestone of sorts. Some 30 years ago, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice noted with alacrity that the revolution of scientific discovery had "largely bypassed the problems of crime and crime control." The method of objective analysis that had been used with stunning success to raise living standards, help people live healthier lives, and explore the heavens had unaccountably failed to be applied to one of the era's most pressing problems. To the great good fortune of succeeding generations, the Commission in its wisdom recommended creation of a Federal research agency dedicated to the scientific study of crime and criminal justice, with the aim of informing and aiding the work of practitioners. The National Institute of Justice, the agency established by Congress to carry out that mission, has for the past three decades been seeing the returns on that investment multiply. Criminology has become a respected field of scholarly inquiry, and we have built an impressive body of knowledge that has helped us better understand criminal behavior and the justice system. More important, the results of scholarly inquiries have been and are being applied to the day-to-day operations of law enforcement, corrections, the courts, and other elements of the justice system. In the conference, which revisited the Commission with the theme "Enhancing Policy and Practice Through Research," we saw how the investment continues to yield returns. The plenary sessions in particular emphasized praxis-research put to the service of real-world situations. Because of the distinctiveness of this year's plenary panels, we decided to publish them in three separate volumes: viewing crime from the street level, addressing school violence through research-based policy developed through an interdisciplinary approach, and understanding the involvement of women and girls in the criminal justice system. Sudhir Venkatesh and Richard Curtis bring the ethnographer's perspective to the analysis of street crime, analyzing, respectively, the financial activity of gangs and recent trends in drug dealing. Their method, distinct from that of conventional quantitative social science, calls for intensive observation over long periods and involves the quest for what is a a iv specific to single places and times and what is generalizable. The close-up, street-level observations of study subjects offer singular insights for practitioners who deal with these individuals as offenders. In this panel, we also benefited from the perspective of Charles Ramsey, Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department, Washington, D.C. His indication that drug trafficking and gang crime persist in his jurisdiction despite the overall drop in crime offers proof of the ethnographer's caution against facile generalization. This year marks the first time the program offices of the Office of Justice Programs (OJP)-the Corrections Program Office, the Drug Courts Program Office, the Executive Office for Weed and Seed, and the Violence Against Women Office-have joined the OJP bureaus as conference sponsors. Because these offices work so closely with the practitioner community, I feel their sponsorship is an added expression of their commitment to research. I think they would endorse Chief Ramsey's succinct assessment of the role of research in affecting crime levels in the years to come as bringing to light findings useful for fashioning real-world solutions. "The best way to predict the future," the Chief said, "is to help create it." Those who wish to read more can find abstracts of the conference sessions on the World Wide Web at http://www.ilj.org. Jeremy Travis, Director National Institute of Justice.
Employment Law at the European Court of Justice
Author: Siófra O'Leary
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1847314465
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 326
Book Description
Despite the fact that the case-law of the European Court of Justice on employment related issues has become increasingly erratic of late,there is no denying the centrality of the Court's role in the development of EC employment law. Though concentration on the work of the Court of Justice may no longer be in vogue, this book examines its contribution in the employment law field in its political and economic context, as well as with reference to the juridical structures within which the Community's judicial arm is obliged to operate. The objective is not simply to critique the employment jurisprudence of the Court but also to examine the procedural, operational and structural context in which the Court of Justice is obliged to work and to reflect on how this context may affect the jurisprudential outcome. The book focuses, in particular, on the shortcomings of the preliminary reference procedure. When the Court of Justice hands down decisions in the employment law field, Article 234 EC dictates a particular type of judicial dialogue between it and the national referring courts. It is contended that the dual dispute resolution/public interest nature of the Court's role in the preliminary reference procedure goes some way to explaining why its answers are often regarded as unsatisfactory from the perspective of the referring court and “users” of EC law generally. The book further outlines the developing Community policy on employment and reflects on the effect which this nascent policy may have on the balancing exercises which the Court is inevitably called upon to perform in a variety of social policy contexts. Finally, part two of the book examines specific substantive areas of EC employment law. The policy considerations at play in the case-law of the Court are discussed in detail, as is the coherence of this case-law with the Community's political stance on employment.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1847314465
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 326
Book Description
Despite the fact that the case-law of the European Court of Justice on employment related issues has become increasingly erratic of late,there is no denying the centrality of the Court's role in the development of EC employment law. Though concentration on the work of the Court of Justice may no longer be in vogue, this book examines its contribution in the employment law field in its political and economic context, as well as with reference to the juridical structures within which the Community's judicial arm is obliged to operate. The objective is not simply to critique the employment jurisprudence of the Court but also to examine the procedural, operational and structural context in which the Court of Justice is obliged to work and to reflect on how this context may affect the jurisprudential outcome. The book focuses, in particular, on the shortcomings of the preliminary reference procedure. When the Court of Justice hands down decisions in the employment law field, Article 234 EC dictates a particular type of judicial dialogue between it and the national referring courts. It is contended that the dual dispute resolution/public interest nature of the Court's role in the preliminary reference procedure goes some way to explaining why its answers are often regarded as unsatisfactory from the perspective of the referring court and “users” of EC law generally. The book further outlines the developing Community policy on employment and reflects on the effect which this nascent policy may have on the balancing exercises which the Court is inevitably called upon to perform in a variety of social policy contexts. Finally, part two of the book examines specific substantive areas of EC employment law. The policy considerations at play in the case-law of the Court are discussed in detail, as is the coherence of this case-law with the Community's political stance on employment.