Author: Irving L. Blackman
Publisher: Irwin Professional Pub
ISBN: 9781557388971
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 485
Book Description
Valuing Your Privately Held Business explains every facet of this topic, from accounting procedures to tax and legal considerations to forms of payment. In addition, the book explores the various reasons for valuation and demonstrates three fundamentals that in any case are critical to both buyers and sellers - as well as their accountants and attorneys: how to value a specific business for a specific purpose, how to control results without adverse tax consequences, and how to plan a valuation to achieve lifelong financial and estate planning goals. Author and renowned authority Irving L. Blackman applies his decades of experience and takes you step-by-step through every aspect of the valuation process, including valuation fundamentals; legal approaches to valuation; when to use comparables; valuation discounts; restrictive agreements and recapitalizations; and ESOPs, redemptions, and gifts and charitable contributions.
Valuing Your Privately Held Business
Author: Irving L. Blackman
Publisher: Irwin Professional Pub
ISBN: 9781557388971
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 485
Book Description
Valuing Your Privately Held Business explains every facet of this topic, from accounting procedures to tax and legal considerations to forms of payment. In addition, the book explores the various reasons for valuation and demonstrates three fundamentals that in any case are critical to both buyers and sellers - as well as their accountants and attorneys: how to value a specific business for a specific purpose, how to control results without adverse tax consequences, and how to plan a valuation to achieve lifelong financial and estate planning goals. Author and renowned authority Irving L. Blackman applies his decades of experience and takes you step-by-step through every aspect of the valuation process, including valuation fundamentals; legal approaches to valuation; when to use comparables; valuation discounts; restrictive agreements and recapitalizations; and ESOPs, redemptions, and gifts and charitable contributions.
Publisher: Irwin Professional Pub
ISBN: 9781557388971
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 485
Book Description
Valuing Your Privately Held Business explains every facet of this topic, from accounting procedures to tax and legal considerations to forms of payment. In addition, the book explores the various reasons for valuation and demonstrates three fundamentals that in any case are critical to both buyers and sellers - as well as their accountants and attorneys: how to value a specific business for a specific purpose, how to control results without adverse tax consequences, and how to plan a valuation to achieve lifelong financial and estate planning goals. Author and renowned authority Irving L. Blackman applies his decades of experience and takes you step-by-step through every aspect of the valuation process, including valuation fundamentals; legal approaches to valuation; when to use comparables; valuation discounts; restrictive agreements and recapitalizations; and ESOPs, redemptions, and gifts and charitable contributions.
Valuation for M&A
Author: Chris M. Mellen
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470648813
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 343
Book Description
Discover the tools necessary to determine what your company's value is, what drives its value, and how to enhance that value during an M&A transaction. The only book to focus on valuation specifically for mergers and acquisitions, Valuation For M&A: Building Value in Private Companies, Second Edition lays out the steps for measuring and managing value creation in privately held businesses. This groundbreaking work led directly to authors Chris M. Mellen and Franck C. Evans being named the joint 2010 AM&AA Middle Market Thought Leader of the Year by the Alliance of Merger & Acquisition Advisors, and its thorough overview of the subject: Recognizes a company as an investment and explains how to manage that value to maximize shareholder returns, focusing on returns, risks, and capital invested Explains investment or strategic value versus fair market value and provides a document request checklist; sample interview questions; and formats for adjusting financial statements, developing discount rates, the computation of net cash flow; and a valuation reconciliation form Includes a comprehensive case study to illustrate concepts and calculations Now covers fair value accounting and the impact of SFAS Nos. 141, 142, and 157 and their IFRS counterparts, intangible asset valuation techniques, exit planning, international M&As, and venture backed/early stage companies Showing corporate executives as well as M&A professionals and business appraisers how to value privately-held businesses for merger and acquisition purposes, this book helps investors, executives, and their advisors determine the optimum strategy to enhance both market value and strategic value to maximize return on investment.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470648813
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 343
Book Description
Discover the tools necessary to determine what your company's value is, what drives its value, and how to enhance that value during an M&A transaction. The only book to focus on valuation specifically for mergers and acquisitions, Valuation For M&A: Building Value in Private Companies, Second Edition lays out the steps for measuring and managing value creation in privately held businesses. This groundbreaking work led directly to authors Chris M. Mellen and Franck C. Evans being named the joint 2010 AM&AA Middle Market Thought Leader of the Year by the Alliance of Merger & Acquisition Advisors, and its thorough overview of the subject: Recognizes a company as an investment and explains how to manage that value to maximize shareholder returns, focusing on returns, risks, and capital invested Explains investment or strategic value versus fair market value and provides a document request checklist; sample interview questions; and formats for adjusting financial statements, developing discount rates, the computation of net cash flow; and a valuation reconciliation form Includes a comprehensive case study to illustrate concepts and calculations Now covers fair value accounting and the impact of SFAS Nos. 141, 142, and 157 and their IFRS counterparts, intangible asset valuation techniques, exit planning, international M&As, and venture backed/early stage companies Showing corporate executives as well as M&A professionals and business appraisers how to value privately-held businesses for merger and acquisition purposes, this book helps investors, executives, and their advisors determine the optimum strategy to enhance both market value and strategic value to maximize return on investment.
Small Business Valuation Methods
Author: Yannick Coulon
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030897192
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
Valuation is the natural starting point toward buying or selling a business or securities through the stock market. Essential in wealth management, the valuation process allows the measurement of the strengths and weaknesses of a company and provides a historical reference for its development. This guide on valuation methods focuses on three global approaches: the assetbased approach, the fundamental or DCF approach, and the market approach. Ultimately, this book provides the basics needed to estimate the value of a small business. Many pedagogical cases and illustrations underpin its pragmatic and didactic content. However, it also contains enough theories to satisfy an expert audience. This book is ideal for business owners and additional players in the business world, legal professionals, accountants, wealth management advisers, and bankers, while also of interest to business school students and investors.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030897192
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
Valuation is the natural starting point toward buying or selling a business or securities through the stock market. Essential in wealth management, the valuation process allows the measurement of the strengths and weaknesses of a company and provides a historical reference for its development. This guide on valuation methods focuses on three global approaches: the assetbased approach, the fundamental or DCF approach, and the market approach. Ultimately, this book provides the basics needed to estimate the value of a small business. Many pedagogical cases and illustrations underpin its pragmatic and didactic content. However, it also contains enough theories to satisfy an expert audience. This book is ideal for business owners and additional players in the business world, legal professionals, accountants, wealth management advisers, and bankers, while also of interest to business school students and investors.
Damodaran on Valuation
Author: Aswath Damodaran
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470049375
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 698
Book Description
"Aswath Damodaran is simply the best valuation teacher around. If you are interested in the theory or practice of valuation, you should have Damodaran on Valuation on your bookshelf. You can bet that I do." -- Michael J. Mauboussin, Chief Investment Strategist, Legg Mason Capital Management and author of More Than You Know: Finding Financial Wisdom in Unconventional Places In order to be a successful CEO, corporate strategist, or analyst, understanding the valuation process is a necessity. The second edition of Damodaran on Valuation stands out as the most reliable book for answering many of today?s critical valuation questions. Completely revised and updated, this edition is the ideal book on valuation for CEOs and corporate strategists. You'll gain an understanding of the vitality of today?s valuation models and develop the acumen needed for the most complex and subtle valuation scenarios you will face.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470049375
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 698
Book Description
"Aswath Damodaran is simply the best valuation teacher around. If you are interested in the theory or practice of valuation, you should have Damodaran on Valuation on your bookshelf. You can bet that I do." -- Michael J. Mauboussin, Chief Investment Strategist, Legg Mason Capital Management and author of More Than You Know: Finding Financial Wisdom in Unconventional Places In order to be a successful CEO, corporate strategist, or analyst, understanding the valuation process is a necessity. The second edition of Damodaran on Valuation stands out as the most reliable book for answering many of today?s critical valuation questions. Completely revised and updated, this edition is the ideal book on valuation for CEOs and corporate strategists. You'll gain an understanding of the vitality of today?s valuation models and develop the acumen needed for the most complex and subtle valuation scenarios you will face.
Quantitative Business Valuation
Author: Jay B. Abrams
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470390166
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 672
Book Description
Quantitative Business Valuation A Mathematical Approach for Today's Professionals Essential reading for the serious business appraiser, Quantitative Business Valuation, Second Edition is the definitive guide to quantitative measurements in the valuation process. No other book written on business valuation is as well researched, innovative, and bottom-line beneficial to you as a practitioner. Written by leading valuation and litigation economist Jay B. Abrams, this text is a rigorous and eye-opening treatment filled with applications for a wide variety of scenarios in the valuation of your privately held business. Substantially revised for greater clarity and logical flow, the Second Edition includes new coverage of: Converting forecast net income to forecast cash flow Damages in manufacturing firms Regressing scaled y-variables as a way to control for heteroscedasticity Mathematical derivation of the Price-to-Sales (PS) ratio Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and Real Options (RO) Analysis Venture capital and angel investor rates of return Lost inventory and lost profits damage formulas in litigation Organized into seven sections, the first three parts of this book follow the chronological sequence of performing a discounted cash flow. The fourth part puts it all together, covering empirical testing of Abrams' valuation theory and measuring valuation uncertainty and error. Parts five to seven round it all out with discussion of litigation, valuing ESOPs and partnership buyouts, and probabilistic methods including valuing start-ups. The resulting work, solidly grounded in economic theory and including all necessary mathematics, integrates existing science into the valuation profession and develops valuation formulas and models that you will find useful on a daily basis.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470390166
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 672
Book Description
Quantitative Business Valuation A Mathematical Approach for Today's Professionals Essential reading for the serious business appraiser, Quantitative Business Valuation, Second Edition is the definitive guide to quantitative measurements in the valuation process. No other book written on business valuation is as well researched, innovative, and bottom-line beneficial to you as a practitioner. Written by leading valuation and litigation economist Jay B. Abrams, this text is a rigorous and eye-opening treatment filled with applications for a wide variety of scenarios in the valuation of your privately held business. Substantially revised for greater clarity and logical flow, the Second Edition includes new coverage of: Converting forecast net income to forecast cash flow Damages in manufacturing firms Regressing scaled y-variables as a way to control for heteroscedasticity Mathematical derivation of the Price-to-Sales (PS) ratio Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and Real Options (RO) Analysis Venture capital and angel investor rates of return Lost inventory and lost profits damage formulas in litigation Organized into seven sections, the first three parts of this book follow the chronological sequence of performing a discounted cash flow. The fourth part puts it all together, covering empirical testing of Abrams' valuation theory and measuring valuation uncertainty and error. Parts five to seven round it all out with discussion of litigation, valuing ESOPs and partnership buyouts, and probabilistic methods including valuing start-ups. The resulting work, solidly grounded in economic theory and including all necessary mathematics, integrates existing science into the valuation profession and develops valuation formulas and models that you will find useful on a daily basis.
The Market Approach to Valuing Businesses
Author: Shannon P. Pratt
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047177541X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 429
Book Description
Your Best Approach to Determining Value If you're buying, selling, or valuing a business, how can you determine its true value? By basing it on present market conditions and sales of similar businesses. The market approach is the premier way to determine the value of a business or partnership. With convincing evidence of value for both buyers and sellers, it can end stalemates and get deals closed. Acclaimed for its empirical basis and objectivity, this approach is the model most favored by the IRS and the United States Tax Court-as long as it's properly implemented. Shannon Pratt's The Market Approach to Valuing Businesses, Second Edition provides a wealth of proven guidelines and resources for effective market approach implementation. You'll find information on valuing and its applications, case studies on small and midsize businesses, and a detailed analysis of the latest market approach developments, as well as: A critique of US acquisitions over the last twenty-five years An analysis of the effect of size on value Common errors in applying the market approach Court reactions to the market approach and information to help you avoid being blindsided by a litigation opponent Must reading for anyone who owns or holds a partial interest in a small or large business or a professional practice, as well as for CPAs consulting on valuations, appraisers, corporate development officers, intermediaries, and venture capitalists, The Market Approach to Valuing Businesses will show you how to successfully reach a fair agreement-one that will satisfy both buyers and sellers and stand up to scrutiny by courts and the IRS.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047177541X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 429
Book Description
Your Best Approach to Determining Value If you're buying, selling, or valuing a business, how can you determine its true value? By basing it on present market conditions and sales of similar businesses. The market approach is the premier way to determine the value of a business or partnership. With convincing evidence of value for both buyers and sellers, it can end stalemates and get deals closed. Acclaimed for its empirical basis and objectivity, this approach is the model most favored by the IRS and the United States Tax Court-as long as it's properly implemented. Shannon Pratt's The Market Approach to Valuing Businesses, Second Edition provides a wealth of proven guidelines and resources for effective market approach implementation. You'll find information on valuing and its applications, case studies on small and midsize businesses, and a detailed analysis of the latest market approach developments, as well as: A critique of US acquisitions over the last twenty-five years An analysis of the effect of size on value Common errors in applying the market approach Court reactions to the market approach and information to help you avoid being blindsided by a litigation opponent Must reading for anyone who owns or holds a partial interest in a small or large business or a professional practice, as well as for CPAs consulting on valuations, appraisers, corporate development officers, intermediaries, and venture capitalists, The Market Approach to Valuing Businesses will show you how to successfully reach a fair agreement-one that will satisfy both buyers and sellers and stand up to scrutiny by courts and the IRS.
Business Valuation For Dummies
Author: Lisa Holton
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470523387
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 379
Book Description
Buying or selling a business? Acquire the tools and learn the methods for accurate business valuation Business valuation is the process of determining the value of a business enterprise or ownership interest. Business Valuation For Dummies covers valuation methods, including advice on analyzing historical performance, evaluating assets and income value, understanding a company's financial statements, forecasting performance; estimating the cost of capital; and cash flow methods of valuation. Written in plain English, this no-nonsense guide is filled with expert guidance that business owners, managers at all levels, investors, and students can use when determining the value of a business. It contains a solid framework for valuation, including advice on analyzing historical performance, evaluating assets and income value, understanding a company's financial statements, estimating the cost of capital, business valuation models, and how to apply those models to different types of businesses. Business Valuation For Dummies takes you step-by-step through the business valuation process, explaining the major methods in an easy-to-understand manner with real-world examples. Inside you'll discover: The value of business valuation, including when it's necessary The fundamental methods and approaches to business valuation How to read a valuation report and financial statements The other players in the valuation process How to decide you're ready to sell -- and the best time to do so The three stages of due diligence: the meet and greet; the hunting and gathering; the once-over How to decide you're ready to buy -- and find the right business for you What due diligence means on the buying side of things When to call in the experts: divorce; estate planning and gifting; attracting investors and lenders This is an essential guide for anyone buying a business, selling a business, participating in a merger or acquisition, or evaluating for tax, loan, or credit purposes. Get your copy of Business Valuation For Dummies to get the information you need to successfully and accurately place a value on any business.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470523387
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 379
Book Description
Buying or selling a business? Acquire the tools and learn the methods for accurate business valuation Business valuation is the process of determining the value of a business enterprise or ownership interest. Business Valuation For Dummies covers valuation methods, including advice on analyzing historical performance, evaluating assets and income value, understanding a company's financial statements, forecasting performance; estimating the cost of capital; and cash flow methods of valuation. Written in plain English, this no-nonsense guide is filled with expert guidance that business owners, managers at all levels, investors, and students can use when determining the value of a business. It contains a solid framework for valuation, including advice on analyzing historical performance, evaluating assets and income value, understanding a company's financial statements, estimating the cost of capital, business valuation models, and how to apply those models to different types of businesses. Business Valuation For Dummies takes you step-by-step through the business valuation process, explaining the major methods in an easy-to-understand manner with real-world examples. Inside you'll discover: The value of business valuation, including when it's necessary The fundamental methods and approaches to business valuation How to read a valuation report and financial statements The other players in the valuation process How to decide you're ready to sell -- and the best time to do so The three stages of due diligence: the meet and greet; the hunting and gathering; the once-over How to decide you're ready to buy -- and find the right business for you What due diligence means on the buying side of things When to call in the experts: divorce; estate planning and gifting; attracting investors and lenders This is an essential guide for anyone buying a business, selling a business, participating in a merger or acquisition, or evaluating for tax, loan, or credit purposes. Get your copy of Business Valuation For Dummies to get the information you need to successfully and accurately place a value on any business.
Principles of Private Firm Valuation
Author: Stanley J. Feldman
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047148721X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 192
Book Description
A complete explanation of the issues that determine private firm value Principles of Private Firm Valuation combines recent academic research and practical real-world experience to help readers better understand the multitude of factors that determine private firm value. For the financial professional serving private firms-who are increasingly being called upon to give advice on issues related to firm valuation and deal structure-this comprehensive guide discusses critical topics, including how firms create value and how to measure it, valuing control, determining the size of the marketability discount, creating transparency and the implications for value, the value of tax pass-through entities versus a C corporation, determining transaction value, and the valuation implications of FASB 141 (purchase price accounting) and 142 (goodwill impairment). Dr. Stanley J. Feldman (Lowell, MA) is Associate Professor of Finance at Bentley College, where he currently teaches courses in corporate finance with a focus on business valuation and business strategy at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. He is a member of the FASB Valuation Resource Group and is Chairman and cofounder of Axiom Valuation Solutions.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 047148721X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 192
Book Description
A complete explanation of the issues that determine private firm value Principles of Private Firm Valuation combines recent academic research and practical real-world experience to help readers better understand the multitude of factors that determine private firm value. For the financial professional serving private firms-who are increasingly being called upon to give advice on issues related to firm valuation and deal structure-this comprehensive guide discusses critical topics, including how firms create value and how to measure it, valuing control, determining the size of the marketability discount, creating transparency and the implications for value, the value of tax pass-through entities versus a C corporation, determining transaction value, and the valuation implications of FASB 141 (purchase price accounting) and 142 (goodwill impairment). Dr. Stanley J. Feldman (Lowell, MA) is Associate Professor of Finance at Bentley College, where he currently teaches courses in corporate finance with a focus on business valuation and business strategy at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. He is a member of the FASB Valuation Resource Group and is Chairman and cofounder of Axiom Valuation Solutions.
Valuation for M&A
Author: Chris M. Mellen
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119437385
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 459
Book Description
Determine a company's value, what drives it, and how to enhance value during a M&A Valuation for M&A lays out the steps for measuring and managing value creation in non-publicly traded entities, and helps investors, executives, and their advisors determine the optimum strategy to enhance both market value and strategic value and maximize return on investment. As a starting point in planning for a transaction, it is helpful to compute fair market value, which represents a “floor” value for the seller since it by definition represents a value agreed upon by any hypothetical willing and able buyer and seller. But for M&A, it is more important to compute investment value, which is the value of the target company to a strategic buyer (and which can vary with each prospective buyer). Prepare for the sale and acquisition of a firm Identify, quantify, and qualify the synergies that increase value to strategic buyers Get access to new chapters on fairness opinions and professional service firms Find a discussion of Roger Grabowski's writings on cost of capital, cross-border M&A, private cost of capital, intangible capital, and asset vs. stock transactions Inside, all the necessary tools you need to build and measure private company value is just a page away!
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119437385
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 459
Book Description
Determine a company's value, what drives it, and how to enhance value during a M&A Valuation for M&A lays out the steps for measuring and managing value creation in non-publicly traded entities, and helps investors, executives, and their advisors determine the optimum strategy to enhance both market value and strategic value and maximize return on investment. As a starting point in planning for a transaction, it is helpful to compute fair market value, which represents a “floor” value for the seller since it by definition represents a value agreed upon by any hypothetical willing and able buyer and seller. But for M&A, it is more important to compute investment value, which is the value of the target company to a strategic buyer (and which can vary with each prospective buyer). Prepare for the sale and acquisition of a firm Identify, quantify, and qualify the synergies that increase value to strategic buyers Get access to new chapters on fairness opinions and professional service firms Find a discussion of Roger Grabowski's writings on cost of capital, cross-border M&A, private cost of capital, intangible capital, and asset vs. stock transactions Inside, all the necessary tools you need to build and measure private company value is just a page away!
Accounting and Valuation Guide: Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation
Author: AICPA
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1937352226
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
This new Guide has been developed by AICPA staff and the Equity Securities Task Force and is the first in a series of 3 NEW AICPA Accounting Valuation Guides to be released. This long anticipated release reflects best practices developed over the previous decade. Since the issuance of FASB ASC 718 and 505-50 in 2004, valuing stock-based compensation ("cheap stock") has been a significant challenge for private companies. This New Guide has been designed to mitigate those challenges. It brings you practical guidance and illustrations related to accounting, disclosures and valuation of privately held company equity securities issued as compensation. This guide includes: Evaluating private and secondary market transactions — What should companies do when transaction activity doesn't match their estimates of value? Adjustments for control and marketability — How should companies think about the value of the enterprise for the purpose of valuing minority securities? When is it appropriate to apply a discount for lack of marketability, and how should the estimated discount be supported? Highly leveraged entities — How should companies incorporate the fair value of debt in the valuation of equity securities? What is the impact of leverage on the expected volatility of various securities? The relevance of ASC 820 (SFAS 157) to cheap stock issues Updated guidance and illustrations regarding the valuation of, and disclosures related to, privately held company equity securities issued as compensation This Guide also provides expanded and more robust valuation material to reflect advances in the theory and practice of valuation since 2004. This edition includes guidance from FASB ASC 718, 505-50, 820-10 and SSVS 1 which were all issued since the last AICPA guidance dedicated to this issue.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1937352226
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
This new Guide has been developed by AICPA staff and the Equity Securities Task Force and is the first in a series of 3 NEW AICPA Accounting Valuation Guides to be released. This long anticipated release reflects best practices developed over the previous decade. Since the issuance of FASB ASC 718 and 505-50 in 2004, valuing stock-based compensation ("cheap stock") has been a significant challenge for private companies. This New Guide has been designed to mitigate those challenges. It brings you practical guidance and illustrations related to accounting, disclosures and valuation of privately held company equity securities issued as compensation. This guide includes: Evaluating private and secondary market transactions — What should companies do when transaction activity doesn't match their estimates of value? Adjustments for control and marketability — How should companies think about the value of the enterprise for the purpose of valuing minority securities? When is it appropriate to apply a discount for lack of marketability, and how should the estimated discount be supported? Highly leveraged entities — How should companies incorporate the fair value of debt in the valuation of equity securities? What is the impact of leverage on the expected volatility of various securities? The relevance of ASC 820 (SFAS 157) to cheap stock issues Updated guidance and illustrations regarding the valuation of, and disclosures related to, privately held company equity securities issued as compensation This Guide also provides expanded and more robust valuation material to reflect advances in the theory and practice of valuation since 2004. This edition includes guidance from FASB ASC 718, 505-50, 820-10 and SSVS 1 which were all issued since the last AICPA guidance dedicated to this issue.