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Author: Rajanesh Kakumani
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The validity of the influence of urban form on travel behavior has been a topic of interest in travel behavior research. Empirical research shows that urban form influences travel behavior causing less travel impacts. However, according to the conventional travel impact assessment following the ITE's (Institute of Transportation Engineers) Trip Generation Handbook, developments with higher levels of urban form measures will generate a greater travel impacts because they generate higher number of trips. The ITE Trip Generation Handbook is typically used as a guideline to estimate the number of trips generated by a development. The hypothesis made in the present research is that a development defined with higher levels of land use mix, street connectivity and residential density will generate a higher number of trips because of the greater accessibility but they will be shorter in length. Therefore, the effective distance travelled will be less even though higher numbers of trips are generated. Considering the distance travelled on a roadway will be an appropriate unit for measuring the travel impacts, the research argues that VMT (Vehicle Miles Travelled) can be a better measurement unit than the number of trips to validate the influence of urban form on travel behavior.
Author: Rajanesh Kakumani
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The validity of the influence of urban form on travel behavior has been a topic of interest in travel behavior research. Empirical research shows that urban form influences travel behavior causing less travel impacts. However, according to the conventional travel impact assessment following the ITE's (Institute of Transportation Engineers) Trip Generation Handbook, developments with higher levels of urban form measures will generate a greater travel impacts because they generate higher number of trips. The ITE Trip Generation Handbook is typically used as a guideline to estimate the number of trips generated by a development. The hypothesis made in the present research is that a development defined with higher levels of land use mix, street connectivity and residential density will generate a higher number of trips because of the greater accessibility but they will be shorter in length. Therefore, the effective distance travelled will be less even though higher numbers of trips are generated. Considering the distance travelled on a roadway will be an appropriate unit for measuring the travel impacts, the research argues that VMT (Vehicle Miles Travelled) can be a better measurement unit than the number of trips to validate the influence of urban form on travel behavior.
Author: Steven E. Polzin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cities and towns
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: Yu-Jen Chen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Structural equation modeling
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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Book Description
Research on travel behavior continues to be one of the most prominent areas in the transportation area. Planners and policymakers try to understand and manage travel behavior. Making and implementation of travel demand management (TDM) policies greatly rely on the understanding of the determinants of activity-travel patterns and travel demand. Among the activity-travel patterns, trip chaining and joint travel have received much research interest. Trip chaining is typically viewed as a home-based tour that connects multiple out-of-home activities. Joint travel is commonly defined as traveling with others. Travel demand is generally measured by trip generation and travel distances. Investigating different aspects of travel behavior helps us better understand the links between activity participation and mobility, and improves the evaluation of the transportation infrastructure investments and policies such as high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduction programs. Several studies have regarded trip chaining, joint travel, trip generation, and travel distances as different dimensions of travel behavior to be examined in terms of various socio-demographics and urban form factors. However, limited work has been done to use activity-travel patterns as mediating variables and analyze how trip chaining and joint travel shape the resulting travel demand. Furthermore, relationships between travel behavior and urban form factors at out-of-home activity locations remain unclear. Based on the 2012 travel survey data from the Cleveland Metropolitan Area, this study first investigates the relationships among trip chaining, joint travel, home-based tour generation, and travel distances at three different levels: tour, individual, and household levels. Second, the influences of socio-demographics and urban form factors at tour origins and destinations on travel behavior are examined simultaneously. Lastly, while using trip chaining and joint travel as mediating variables, this study estimates the mediating effects of socio-demographics and urban form via activity-travel patterns on travel demand. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach is applied. The study reveals the existence of significant relationships between activity-travel patterns and travel demand. Trip chaining is negatively associated with joint travel. While it increases travel distances, this effects gets weakened through its indirect effect via decreased tour generation. Joint travel appears to increase tour generation but decrease the travel distances. Most socio-demographics have significant effects with expected signs on travel behavior. The analysis suggests that urban form factors at tour origins and destinations play important roles on the resulting travel demand. Some urban form factors may not have direct effects on travel demand but have significant indirect effects on tour generation or travel distances through activity-travel patterns. This research presents how activity-travel patterns shape travel demand and concludes that trip chaining and joint travel should be taken into consideration while analyzing travel demand. The findings on socio-demographics and urban form factors can be used as inputs to improve the future evaluation of transportation projects and help planners integrate land-use strategies as tools to change people’s travel behavior. This will further mitigate the negative externalities associated with our travel patterns.
Author: Lawrence D. Frank
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Choice of transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 332
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Author: Eric T. Hill
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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This paper provides analysis of the 1983 and 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS) databases. Data presented here represents research by the Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) assessing travel behavior by Blacks. It is also part of the National Urban Transit Institute research program at CUTR. The assessment of travel behavior by Blacks in the U.S. showed that all four indicators of travel (vehicle trips, vehicle miles of travel, person trips, and person miles of travel) increased between 1983 and 1990. The rate of increase in travel by Blacks exceeded the rate of increase by Non-Blacks during this period.
Author: Bjoern Hagen
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 131763652X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 198
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Book Description
Despite the findings on global climate change presented by the scientific community, there remains a significant gap between its recommendations and the actions of the public and policy makers. So far scientists and the media have failed to successfully communicate the urgency of the climate change situation in such a way that long-term, comprehensive, and legally binding policy commitments are being made on the national and international level. This book examines the way the public processes information, how they perceive threats and other perceptual factors that have a significant effect on how and to what degree climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies are supported. Understanding public risk perception plays a vital role in communicating the challenges of global climate change. Using a diverse range of international case studies, this book explores the nature of public perceptions of climate change and identifies the perception factors which have a significant impact on the public’s willingness to support global climate change policies or commit to behavioral changes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve urban resiliency. The comparative study of social and cultural factors, beliefs, attitudes and trust provides an international overview of best practices regarding the design, implementation and generation of public support for climate change policies at a global level. Offering valuable insight into climate change and risk communication, the book should be of interest to students and scholars of environment studies, politics, urban planning, and media and cultural studies.
Author: Lee Woods
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This research seeks to shed light on the relationship between urban-form and travel behaviour. There is a large body of literature on those factors that affect travel behaviour at the disaggregate level of the individual. These studies have suggested that numerous and varied factors can influence travel behaviour such as car ownership, income, workplace location and family structure. However, many unanswered questions remain as to the causal mechanisms by which urban form and travel behaviour relate. This thesis describes analyses using a current and retrospective recall dataset of households, including a high proportion of households who had recently moved home to explore possible causal paths in more detail. Data were collected from six case study areas in Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland. A set of regression equations were developed including those derived from generalized estimating equations to explore how urban form, car ownership and travel behaviour relate. Cross sectional analyses based on the current home showed little in the way of statistically significant associations between urban forms and vehicle miles driven after car ownership and other socio-demographic factors were controlled for. However, change in urban form was significantly associated with reported change in miles driven in the expected directions for people who had recently moved home. Cross sectional and longitudinal analyses of urban form and car ownership showed significant associations, especially so for those who had moved home. Population to jobs ratio, ward population density and distance to urban centre were all significant. This analysis goes some way to supporting the theory that changing urban form characteristics can influence travel behaviours, which underpins various planning policies in Scotland and elsewhere; albeit more strongly through car ownership decisions than directly. Effects may however be temporary with the relationship between urban form and car ownership dissipating over time since relocating home.
Author: Young-Jae Yi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Increasing concerns about climate change have attracted global interests in reducing auto travel. Regional average vehicle miles traveled (VMT) vary across the urbanized areas in the U.S., suggesting a potential influence of development patterns on greenhouse gas emission. To explore the contribution of development control to driving reduction at the regional scale, this dissertation estimated impacts of urban form on two travel outcomes at the metropolitan scale: daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) per capita and daily transit passenger miles (DPMT) per capita. To overcome major problems of previous studies, i.e., lack of generalizability and multicollinearity, a cross-sectional analysis of 203 U.S. urbanized areas was conducted, using directed acyclic graph and structural equation modeling. A literature review revealed gaps in the previous research: while individual-level behavioral studies have identified distance from the center as the most influential factor on VMT, regional-level studies have not reflected this relationship and failed to deliver effective implications for land use policies. A method to identify regional centers was evaluated to appropriately measure polycentric urban structure of contemporary metropolitan areas. The evaluation found that lower density cutoff, wider reference area, and equal treatment between central business district (CBD) and subcenters yielded better performance in McMillen's two-stage nonparametric method. Results also showed that for polycentric areas, the use of a polycentric model produced a better model fit than the monocentric model. Major findings of this dissertation include 1) higher regional concentration, greater local density and less road supply per capita lowered VMT, and 2) higher local density and more transit supply per capita increased PMT. These results imply that different approaches to development control are needed for different sustainable transportation goals - intensifying regional centers such as infill developments for VMT reduction, and compact neighborhood development approaches, such as transit oriented development for transit promotion. However, CBD has a limited capacity and indiscreet compact developments at the urban fringe can lead to decentralization from the regional perspective, and consequently result in increased VMT. This study suggests polycentricism as a potential solution for the contradictive development principle. By allowing dispersion and concentration at the same time, urban form control at the regional level will be more beneficial than conventional local-level control.
Author: Markus Otto Botte
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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[Truncated] A renewed interest in public transport, and particularly rail, has sparked a renaissance of Transit Oriented Development (TOD), with the aim of creating more liveable urban environments and fostering more sustainable travel behaviour. But without in-depth knowledge of the complex interactions between urban form, human activities and travel behaviour, the risk of mismatched urban planning outcomes, failing to adequately address human needs and desires, appears obvious. Hence, a debate on the relative roles of built environment and personal preferences and attitudes in shaping travel behaviour has been ongoing; however, the related empirical and theoretical research has often remained inconclusive in its findings. This research further adds to the discourse on the associations between different TOD opportunities and households' travel behaviour. There are a number of contributions that this research is making: 1) it compares various geometries and highlights the benefits of kernel density as the most appropriate spatial tool for Activity Spaces for a one-day travel diary; 2) through a data enrichment methodology, it reveals the potential for GPS methods to enhance the Activity Space measures; 3) it analyses changes in Activity Spaces as a result of changes in urban form and development of TODs; 4) it evaluates in a structural equation model the connections between TODs and travel behaviour after accounting for household preferences and self-selection; and 5) it validates findings of the multivariate model with an Artificial Neural Network for enhanced credibility and confidence in the findings. These contributions are explained briefly in the following paragraphs. After investigating the potential of Activity Space Analysis and adopting the concept as a central research element for the behavioural analysis of activity-travel patterns, Activity Space analysis was systematically examined in terms of methodology, visualisation, and practical application and subsequently deployed to evaluate urban form implications on household travel behaviour, with the aim to measure TOD success. The examination of a new public transport railway line, crossing the southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia (WA), along a 72km long network spine, provided a real world scenario for measuring realised Activity Spaces and validation of the holistic modelling approach developed for this research.
Author: Lei Zhang (Ph.D.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Traffic surveys
Languages : en
Pages : 43
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Book Description
The interaction between the built environment, travel behavior and public health is now a major concern for both researchers and urban planners. Currently, there is little empirical research that explores and examines the relationship between each of them. This study explores the linkages between an individual’s health, the urban form and his/her everyday travel behavior. The objective of this study is two-fold: (1) to develop a Smartphone Application that would serve as a platform to automatically collect person-level travel behavior data, and (2) to analyze the influence of daily activity patterns of an individual, his/her healthy-living and the urban form of their neighborhood of residence, on each other. In the past, scholars have explored different variables and linked them with the individual’s travel behavior. This study explores the linkages between an individual’s health, urban form and his/her everyday travel behavior. In order to capture accurate and comprehensive travel behavior information, a smartphone application is developed that can track user location for long periods without the need of user intervention. Focus is placed on designing the application to have minimum respondent burden and long-standing battery life of the smart device. Subjects are recruited through a web survey designed to collect information about the individual’s healthy living habits. Data from the application is regressed against the health measure data acquired from the survey. Results show that active modes of travel are positively associated with the person’s general health measures. The feasibility of this platform as a data collection method is highlighted while explaining the limitations due to the sample distribution and size.
