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Author: Sven Beiker
Publisher: Sae Edge Research Report
ISBN: 9781468602746
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The impending deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) represents a major shift in the traditional approach to ground transportation; its effects will inevitably be felt by parties directly involved with the vehicle manufacturing and use (e.g., automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), public transportation systems, heavy goods transportation providers) and those that play roles in the mobility ecosystem (e.g., aftermarket and maintenance industries, infrastructure and planning organizations, automotive insurance providers, marketers, telecommunication companies). The focus of this SAE EDGE Research Report is to address a topic overlooked by many who choose to view automated driving systems and AVs from a "10,000-foot perspective: " the topic of how AVs will communicate with other road users such as conventional (human-driven) vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians while in operation. This unsettled issue requires assessing the spectrum of existing modes of communication - both implicit and explicit, both biological and technological - employed by road users today. NOTE: SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Author: Sven Beiker
Publisher: Sae Edge Research Report
ISBN: 9781468602746
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
The impending deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) represents a major shift in the traditional approach to ground transportation; its effects will inevitably be felt by parties directly involved with the vehicle manufacturing and use (e.g., automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), public transportation systems, heavy goods transportation providers) and those that play roles in the mobility ecosystem (e.g., aftermarket and maintenance industries, infrastructure and planning organizations, automotive insurance providers, marketers, telecommunication companies). The focus of this SAE EDGE Research Report is to address a topic overlooked by many who choose to view automated driving systems and AVs from a "10,000-foot perspective: " the topic of how AVs will communicate with other road users such as conventional (human-driven) vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians while in operation. This unsettled issue requires assessing the spectrum of existing modes of communication - both implicit and explicit, both biological and technological - employed by road users today. NOTE: SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Author: Felix Leach
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781468603491
Category : Automated vehicles
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
As automated road vehicles begin their deployment into public traffic, they will need to interact with human driven vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, etc. This requires some form of communication between those automated vehicles (AVs) and other road users. Some of these communication modes (e.g., auditory, motion) were previously addressed in 0́−Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users.0́+ Unsettled Issues Regarding Visual Communication Between Automated Vehicles and Other Road Users focuses on visual communication and its balance of reach, clarity, and intuitiveness, and discusses how different visual modes (e.g., simple lights, rich text) can be used between AVs and other road users. A particular emphasis is put on standardization to highlight how uniformity and mass adoption increase communication efficacy.
Author: Philipp Wintersberger
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832550517
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 151
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Book Description
An increasing number of automated vehicles will pervade our traffic systems in the future. The absence of a human driver requires these vehicles to communicate to, and interact with other traffic participants, such as vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, and emerging mobility forms like eBikes or scooters), but potentially also drivers of manual vehicles. In this regard, various studies and concepts demonstrating so-called “external Human-Machine Interfaces” (eHMIs) have been presented in the past couple of years. Many of these works have investigated comparably simple scenarios, such as a single pedestrian aiming to cross the street when an automated vehicle is approaching. Although we still welcome such contributions, research in this area will have to take more complex situations into account. This drives the need for research addressing other situations involving groups of vulnerable road users and traffic participants, different scenarios including roundabouts or urban shared spaces, but also exploring the potential of communication and interaction beyond such classical situations to improve cooperation in traffic.
Author: Janina Bindschädel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Abstract: In today ́s traffic, drivers communicate with pedestrians explicitly through a variety of means, including gestures and eye contact or implicitly through the vehicle itself. Road users infer the driver ́s intention from these communication cues. However, as the level of automation increases, the driver will no longer be in control of the vehicle behavior and will instead be engaged in non-driving related tasks. Nevertheless, automated vehicles (AVs) will still need to coordinate with other road users to ensure road safety and traffic flow, without relying on today ́s driver-centric communication cues. In the recent years, many studies have focused on the design of vehicle behavior and additional external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) to ensure the communication between AVs and pedestrians. In the vast majority of studies, interactions with AVs equipped with a communication interface were found to be more efficient and perceived as safer and more satisfying. To measure the effectiveness of communication, these studies asked participants to explicitly indicate their decision to cross the road. Research on the actual behavior of pedestrians has been neglected so far, probably due to the lack of precise data collection and analysis tools. This dissertation addresses the current state of research and has two aims. First, by presenting five empirical studies, the dissertation takes up the prevalent lack of actual behavior in previous research. It takes a deep dive into exploring pedestrian behavior when it comes to AV-pedestrian interaction, both in laboratory and real-world settings. Secondly, the dissertation deals with the research question of how AVs can communicate with pedestrians. Given that much of the current interaction between road users is based on the motion patterns of the vehicle, we propose to further investigate the role of its "body language" as a communication modality. In addition to eHMIs, we aimed to explore an implicit communication through an artificial vehicle motion, namely active pitch motion. Five empirical studies were conducted to pursue these objectives. All studies analyzed the effect of AV communication on actual pedestrian behavior. Study 1 investigated eHMIs and their behavioral counterparts in terms of actual pedestrian crossing behavior. A motion-based evaluation approach for virtual reality (VR) experiments was developed to operationalize the effectiveness of different eHMIs (Study 1). Derived from the implicit communication literature, Study 2 evaluated a recently discussed artificial vehicle pitch motion in a VR pedestrian simulator. An active pitch motion was pitted against an eHMI and a combination of the two to understand how the motion dynamics of the vehicle affect the comprehension of the AV ́s intention and interacts with the effect of an eHMI. Overall, any form of communication reduced the time taken by pedestrians to make a decision to cross. The results suggest that AV communication is most effective when implicit (active pitch motion) and explicit communication (eHMI) are combined. Study 3 introduced the role of vehicle distance in effective AV communication. The study discussed the potential benefits of a phased communication providing implicit and explicit communication based on distance between the AV and the pedestrian, rather than communicating at a single point in time. Our virtual reality studies suggest that the use of novel eHMIs or pitch motions could bridge the communication gap between AVs and pedestrians. This recommendation needs to be thoroughly validated, and it is of interest how explicit and implicit communication cues influence pedestrian crossing behavior in real-world conditions. In a controlled Wizard of Oz experiment (Study 4), we contrasted an eHMI and an acoustic signal with three pitch motions of the vehicle. Two optical motion tracking systems, a light barrier and a SMARTTRACK3/IF, were used to capture pedestrian behavior in real-world conditions. Consistent with previous work, the eHMI and the acoustic signal had a positive effect on pedestrian crossing behavior, whereas the pitch motion had no effect. Finally, Study 5 compared the applicability of the two optical tracking systems used and concluded with a recommendation on how to capture pedestrian crossing behavior in a real-world setting. Overall, the results of this dissertation demonstrate that the use of behavioral data adds value to the study of AV-pedestrian interaction. In particular, the integration of pedestrian behavior can enhance the understanding of how an AV communication affects traffic flow. Based on this, the dissertation provides an outlook on how behavioral data could be collected in the future in both virtual reality and Wizard of Oz studies to evaluate AV communication concepts. However, the empirical studies also highlighted the current limitations of the research approach, ranging from high inter-individual variation in crossing behavior to the limited generalizability of the findings due to the simplified and artificial experimental setup
Author: Mikael Fallgren
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119692644
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 340
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Book Description
CELLULAR V2X FOR CONNECTED AUTOMATED DRIVING A unique examination of cellular communication technologies for connected automated driving, combining expert insights from telecom and automotive industries as well as technical and scientific knowledge from industry and academia Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) technologies enable vehicles to communicate both with the network, with each other, and with other road users using reliable, responsive, secure, and high-capacity communication links. Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving provides an up-to-date view of the role of C-V2X technologies in connected automated driving (CAD) and connected road user (CRU) services, such as advanced driving support, improved road safety, infotainment, over-the-air software updates, remote driving, and traffic efficiency services enabling the future large-scale transition to self-driving vehicles. This timely book discusses where C-V2X technology is situated within the increasingly interconnected ecosystems of the mobile communications and automotive industries. An expert contributor team from both industry and academia explore potential applications, business models, standardization, spectrum and channel modelling, network enhancements, security and privacy, and more. Broadly divided into two parts—introductory and advanced material—the text first introduces C-V2X technology and introduces a variety of use cases and opportunities, requiring no prerequisite technical knowledge. The second part of the book assumes a basic understanding of the field of telecommunications, presenting technical descriptions of the radio, system aspects, and network design for the previously discussed applications. This up-to-date resource: Provides technical details from the finding of the European Commission H2020 5G PPP 5GCAR project, a collaborative research initiative between the telecommunications and automotive industries and academic researchers Elaborates on use cases, business models, and a technology roadmap for those seeking to shape a start-up in the area of automated and autonomous driving Provides up to date descriptions of standard specifications, standardization and industry organizations and important regulatory aspects for connected vehicles Provides technical insights and solutions for the air interface, network architecture, positioning and security to support vehicles at different automation levels Includes detailed tables, plots, and equations to clarify concepts, accompanied by online tutorial slides for use in teaching and seminars Thanks to its mix of introductory content and technical information, Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving is a must-have for industry and academic researchers, telecom and automotive industry practitioners, leaders, policymakers, and regulators, and university-level instructors and students. Additional resources available at the following site: Cellular V2X for Connected Automated Driving – 5GCAR
Author: Bryant Walker Smith
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781481135177
Category : Motor vehicles
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Note: This is the original 2012 report. An updated 2014 law review article is available as 1 Tex. A&M. L. Rev. 411. This report provides the most comprehensive discussion to date of whether so-called automated, autonomous, self-driving, or driverless vehicles can be lawfully sold and used on public roads in the United States. The short answer is that the computer direction of a motor vehicle's steering, braking, and accelerating without real-time human input is probably legal. The long answer, contained in the report, provides a foundation for tailoring regulations and understanding liability issues related to these vehicles. The report's largely descriptive analysis, which begins with the principle that everything is permitted unless prohibited, covers three key legal regimes: the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, regulations enacted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the vehicle codes of all fifty US states. The Geneva Convention, to which the United States is a party, probably does not prohibit automated driving. The treaty promotes road safety by establishing uniform rules, one of which requires every vehicle or combination thereof to have a driver who is "at all times ... able to control" it. However, this requirement is likely satisfied if a human is able to intervene in the automated vehicle's operation. NHTSA's regulations, which include the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards to which new vehicles must be certified, do not generally prohibit or uniquely burden automated vehicles, with the possible exception of one rule regarding emergency flashers. State vehicle codes probably do not prohibit-but may complicate-automated driving. These codes assume the presence of licensed human drivers who are able to exercise human judgment, and particular rules may functionally require that presence. New York somewhat uniquely directs a driver to keep one hand on the wheel at all times. In addition, far more common rules mandating reasonable, prudent, practicable, and safe driving have uncertain application to automated vehicles and their users. Following distance requirements may also restrict the lawful operation of tightly spaced vehicle platoons. Many of these issues arise even in the three states that expressly regulate automated vehicles. The primary purpose of this report is to assess the current legal status of automated vehicles. However, the report includes draft language for US states that wish to clarify this status. It also recommends five near-term measures that may help increase legal certainty without producing premature regulation. First, regulators and standards organizations should develop common vocabularies and definitions that are useful in the legal, technical, and public realms. Second, the United States should closely monitor efforts to amend or interpret the 1969 Vienna Convention, which contains language similar to the Geneva Convention but does not bind the United States. Third, NHTSA should indicate the likely scope and schedule of potential regulatory action. Fourth, US states should analyze how their vehicle codes would or should apply to automated vehicles, including those that have an identifiable human operator and those that do not. Finally, additional research on laws applicable to trucks, buses, taxis, low-speed vehicles, and other specialty vehicles may be useful. This is in addition to ongoing research into the other legal aspects of vehicle automation.
Author: Sergiu C. Stanciu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automated vehicles
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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Book Description
Interpersonal roadway communication is a vital component of the transportation system. Road users communicate to coordinate movement and increase roadway safety. Future autonomous vehicle research needs to account for the role of interpersonal roadway communication. This literature review synthesizes research on interpersonal interaction between drivers, bicyclists, and pedestrians while also directing attention to implications for autonomous and connected vehicle research. Articles were collected from TRID, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using search terms relevant to driving, communication, and vulnerable road users. The synthesis documents that interpersonal communication not only takes place but is also an important and understudied aspect of safe roadway travel. The review also found that road users employ a variety of communication methods that include gestures, facial expressions, and built-in vehicular devices. Comprehension of messages is influenced by a number of factors including culture, context, and experience. These results shed light on potential issues and challenges of interpersonal communication and the introduction of autonomous vehicles to the roadway.
Author: Markus Maurer
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781013267673
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 698
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Book Description
This book takes a look at fully automated, autonomous vehicles and discusses many open questions: How can autonomous vehicles be integrated into the current transportation system with diverse users and human drivers? Where do automated vehicles fall under current legal frameworks? What risks are associated with automation and how will society respond to these risks? How will the marketplace react to automated vehicles and what changes may be necessary for companies?Experts from Germany and the United States define key societal, engineering, and mobility issues related to the automation of vehicles. They discuss the decisions programmers of automated vehicles must make to enable vehicles to perceive their environment, interact with other road users, and choose actions that may have ethical consequences. The authors further identify expectations and concerns that will form the basis for individual and societal acceptance of autonomous driving. While the safety benefits of such vehicles are tremendous, the authors demonstrate that these benefits will only be achieved if vehicles have an appropriate safety concept at the heart of their design. Realizing the potential of automated vehicles to reorganize traffic and transform mobility of people and goods requires similar care in the design of vehicles and networks. By covering all of these topics, the book aims to provide a current, comprehensive, and scientifically sound treatmentof the emerging field of "autonomous driving". This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Author: SAE International
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781468601619
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Carolin Zachäus
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030658716
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
This book gathers papers from the 23rd International Forum on Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications (AMAA 2020) held online from Berlin, Germany, on May 26-27, 2020. Focusing on intelligent system solutions for auto mobility and beyond, it discusses in detail innovations and technologies enabling electrification, automation and diversification, as well as strategies for a better integration of vehicles into the networks of traffic, data and power. Further, the book addresses other relevant topics, including the role of human factors and safety issues in automated driving, solutions for shared mobility, as well as automated bus transport in rural areas. Implications of current circumstances, such as those generated by climate change, on the future development of auto mobility, are also analysed, providing researchers, practitioners and policy makers with an authoritative snapshot of the state-of-the-art, and a source of inspiration for future developments and collaborations.
