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Author: Georg S. Reuber
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : 3D model
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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Book Description
The Yellowstone magmatic system is one of the largest magmatic systems on Earth, and thus an ideal location to study magmatic processes. Whereas previous seismic tomography results could only image a shallow magma reservoir, a recent study using more seismometers showed that a second and massive partially molten mush reservoir exists above the Moho (Huang et al., 2015). To understand the measurable surface response of this system to visco-elasto-plastic deformation, it is thus important to take the whole system from the mantle plume up to the shallow magma reservoirs into account. Here, we employ lithospheric-scale 3D visco-elasto-plastic geodynamic models to test the influence of parameters such as the connectivity of the reservoirs and rheology of the lithosphere on the dynamics of the system. A gravity inversion is used to constrain the effective density of the magma reservoirs, and an adjoint modeling approach reveals the key model parameters affecting the surface velocity. Model results show that a combination of connected reservoirs with plastic rheology can explain the recorded slow vertical surface uplift rates of around 1.2 cm/year, as representing a long term background signal. A geodynamic inversion to fit the model to observed GPS surface velocities reveals that the magnitude of surface uplift varies strongly with the viscosity difference between the reservoirs and the crust. Even though stress directions have not been used as inversion parameters, modeled stress orientations are consistent with observations. However, phases of larger uplift velocities can also result from magma reservoir inflation which is a short term effect. We consider two approaches: (1) overpressure in the magma reservoir in the asthenosphere and (2) inflation of the uppermost reservoir prescribed by an internal kinematic boundary condition. We demonstrate that the asthenosphere inflation has a smaller effect on the surface velocities in comparison with the uppermost reservoir inflation. We show that the pure buoyant uplift of magma bodies in combination with magma reservoir inflation can explain (varying) observed uplift rates at the example of the Yellowstone volcanic system.
Author: Georg S. Reuber
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : 3D model
Languages : en
Pages : 17
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Book Description
The Yellowstone magmatic system is one of the largest magmatic systems on Earth, and thus an ideal location to study magmatic processes. Whereas previous seismic tomography results could only image a shallow magma reservoir, a recent study using more seismometers showed that a second and massive partially molten mush reservoir exists above the Moho (Huang et al., 2015). To understand the measurable surface response of this system to visco-elasto-plastic deformation, it is thus important to take the whole system from the mantle plume up to the shallow magma reservoirs into account. Here, we employ lithospheric-scale 3D visco-elasto-plastic geodynamic models to test the influence of parameters such as the connectivity of the reservoirs and rheology of the lithosphere on the dynamics of the system. A gravity inversion is used to constrain the effective density of the magma reservoirs, and an adjoint modeling approach reveals the key model parameters affecting the surface velocity. Model results show that a combination of connected reservoirs with plastic rheology can explain the recorded slow vertical surface uplift rates of around 1.2 cm/year, as representing a long term background signal. A geodynamic inversion to fit the model to observed GPS surface velocities reveals that the magnitude of surface uplift varies strongly with the viscosity difference between the reservoirs and the crust. Even though stress directions have not been used as inversion parameters, modeled stress orientations are consistent with observations. However, phases of larger uplift velocities can also result from magma reservoir inflation which is a short term effect. We consider two approaches: (1) overpressure in the magma reservoir in the asthenosphere and (2) inflation of the uppermost reservoir prescribed by an internal kinematic boundary condition. We demonstrate that the asthenosphere inflation has a smaller effect on the surface velocities in comparison with the uppermost reservoir inflation. We show that the pure buoyant uplift of magma bodies in combination with magma reservoir inflation can explain (varying) observed uplift rates at the example of the Yellowstone volcanic system.
Author: Mattia Pistone
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889637778
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 207
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Book Description
Author: Hsin-Hua Huang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Snake River Plain (Idaho and Or.)
Languages : en
Pages : 4
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Book Description
The Yellowstone supervolcano is one of the largest active continental silicic volcanic fields in the world. An understanding of its properties is key to enhancing our knowledge of volcanic mechanisms and corresponding risk. Using a joint local and teleseismic earthquake P-wave seismic inversion, we revealed a basaltic lower-crustal magma body that provides a magmatic link between the Yellowstone mantle plume and the previously imaged upper-crustal magma reservoir. This lower-crustal magma body has a volume of 46,000 cubic kilometers, ~4.5 times that of the upper-crustal magma reservoir, and contains a melt fraction of ~2%. These estimates are critical to understanding the evolution of bimodal basaltic-rhyolitic volcanism, explaining the magnitude of CO2 discharge, and constraining dynamic models of the magmatic system for volcanic hazard assessment.
Author: Santosh Kumar
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319064711
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246
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Book Description
Modeling of Magmatic and Allied Processes presents methods and models for the quantification of geological processes. Conceptual models for magmatic differentiation involving crystallization and mixing are presented and applied to field and textural data. Model equations for the degree of partial melting in presence perturbations of lithospheric geotherms and partitioning of trace/radioactive elements in the matrix and melts, and the formation of continents with melt additions are described. Diverse magmatic products are shown to result from differentiation processes rather than magmatic source heterogeneities. The degree of partial melting depends on mantle temperatures, for which parameterized thermal convection models are reviewed. Perturbations in geotherms caused by mantle heat flow, CO2 flux from great depths and tectonic thrusting are analyzed. The petrogenetic significance of accessory minerals of felsic magma evolution is assessed with the help of examples from Carpathian granitoids. Methods for simulating the 3-D Concentration and Distribution Models (DC-DMs) and fractal dimension of evolving magma systems are described with examples. The use of conventional scanning electron microscopy methods and electron microprobe to characterize and infer magmatic processes is explained, and the background and economic potential of hydrothermal systems are examined. The nature of oxidizing felsic magmas along with their potential for copper mineralization is discussed. In closing, the handling, calculation and plotting of geochemical data for igneous rock suites using the R-language-based software Geochemical Data Toolkit (GCDkit) along with plug-in modules for the forward and reverse mass-balance calculation of fractional crystallization are demonstrated.
Author: Dylan P. Colon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geophysics
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
Geophysical imaging of the Yellowstone supervolcano shows a broad zone of partial melt interrupted by an amagmatic gap at depths of 15-20 km. We reproduce this structure through a series of regional-scale magmatic-thermomechanical forward models which assume that magmatic dikes stall at rheologic discontinuities in the crust. We find that basaltic magmas accumulate at the Moho and at the brittle-ductile transition, which naturally forms at depths of 5-10 km. This leads to the development of a 10-15 km thick mid-crustal sill complex with a top at a depth of approximately 10 km, consistent with geophysical observations of the pre-Yellowstone hotspot track. We show a linear relationship between melting rates in the mantle and rhyolite eruption rates along the hotspot track. Finally, melt production rates from our models suggest that the Yellowstone plume is ~175°C hotter than the surrounding mantle and that the thickness of the overlying lithosphere is ~80 km.
Author: Robert Bero Hargraves
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780691643137
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
While the chemical aspects of igneous petrology have dominated research for many years, the physical processes associated with the generation, transport, and crystallization of magma have been somewhat neglected. Here a group of distinguished scientists, whose current research embraces both chemical and physical aspects of the field, illustrates these new directions in igneous petrology. Originally published in 1980. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Author: Mark Evan Stelten
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321609950
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Fields hosts a long-lived magmatic system that has produced three rhyolitic caldera-forming eruptions over the past 2.1 Ma, as well as numerous intracaldera rhyolitic eruptions between caldera-forming events. Whereas caldera-forming eruptions evacuate a large volume of magma near instantaneously, the eruption of intracaldera rhyolite flows intermittently over ≥ 100 kyr can be viewed as snapshots into an evolving magmatic system and allow the assessment of how large, multi-cyclical silicic magma systems evolve through time. I integrate age, trace-element, and isotopic data for minerals and volcanic glasses from the youngest post-caldera eruptive episode at Yellowstone, which generated the Central Plateau Member (CPM) of the Plateau Rhyolite from ca. 170 ka to 70 ka, to constrain [1] the physical nature of the Yellowstone magmatic system, [2] the processes controlling its compositional evolution, [3] the processes that produce compositional diversity within the eruptive sequence, and [4] the mechanisms/timescales of generating eruptible rhyolitic magmas. Linking 238U-230Th crystallization ages of zircon and sanidine hosted in the CPM rhyolites with their trace-element and isotopic compositions demonstrates that the magma reservoir that sourced the CPM rhyolites is characterized by a long-lived (150 - 250 kyr) and compositionally heterogeneous crystal mush, that is evolving over time to more fractionated trace-element compositions via cooling induced crystallization. While most of the CPM rhyolites show a coherent compositional evolution though time, compositionally anomalous rhyolites can be produced by the mixing of extracaldera magmas with the margin of the main Yellowstone magma reservoir. This highlights the dynamic nature of magmatic interactions that occur at the margins of large magma reservoirs, and represents a process by which compositional diversity within a magmatic suite can be produced. Although the crystal mush that sourced the CPM rhyolites is uneruptible due to its high degree of crystallinity, eruptible magmas are generated by extracting melt and antecrystic zircons (i.e., related to older stages of Yellowstone magmatism) from the crystal mush while the major phases (e.g., sanidine) remain trapped in the locked crystal network. The extracted liquids (plus zircon) are then amalgamated into a liquid dominated (i.e., eruptible) magma body from which autocrystic (i.e., akin to their host melt) sanidines and zircon rims crystallize. These liquid-dominated magma bodies reside in the crust for [less than/equal to] 2 kyr (conservatively
Author: Bill Bonnichsen
Publisher: Idaho Geological Survey
ISBN:
Category : Geology, Structural
Languages : en
Pages : 508
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Book Description
Author: Joachim Gottsmann
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 331958412X
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 313
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Book Description
This open access book summarizes the findings of the VUELCO project, a multi-disciplinary and cross-boundary research funded by the European Commission's 7th framework program. It comprises four broad topics: 1. The global significance of volcanic unrest 2. Geophysical and geochemical fingerprints of unrest and precursory activity 3. Magma dynamics leading to unrest phenomena 4. Bridging the gap between science and decision-making Volcanic unrest is a complex multi-hazard phenomenon. The fact that unrest may, or may not lead to an imminent eruption contributes significant uncertainty to short-term volcanic hazard and risk assessment. Although it is reasonable to assume that all eruptions are associated with precursory activity of some sort, the understanding of the causative links between subsurface processes, resulting unrest signals and imminent eruption is incomplete. When a volcano evolves from dormancy into a phase of unrest, important scientific, political and social questions need to be addressed. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers of volcanic phenomena, professionals in volcanic hazard and risk assessment, observatory personnel, as well as emergency managers who wish to learn about the complex nature of volcanic unrest and how to utilize new findings to deal with unrest phenomena at scientific and emergency managing levels. This book is open access under a CC BY license.
Author: Michael P. Ryan
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080959911
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 427
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Book Description
With its integrated and cohesive coverage of the current research, Magmatic Systems skillfully explores the physical processes, mechanics, and dynamics of volcanism. The text utilizes a synthesized perspective--theoretical, experimental, and observational--to address the powerful regulatory mechanisms controlling the movement of melts and cooling, with emphasis on mantle plumes, mid-ocean ridges, and intraplate magmatism. Further coverage of subduction zone magmatism includes:Fluid mechanics of mixed magma migrationInternal structure of active systemsGrain-scale melt flowRheology of partial meltsNumerical simulation of porous media melt migrationNonlinear (chaotic and fractal) processes in magma transportIn all, Magmatic Systems will prove invaluable reading to those in search of an interdisciplinary perspective on this active topic. Key Features* Fluid mechanics of magma migration from surface region to eruption site* Internal structure of active magmatic systems* Grain-scale melt flow in mantle plumes and beneath mid-ocean ridges* Physics of magmatic systems and magma dynamics
