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Author: Napong Panitantum
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 97
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Book Description
As the number of autonomous data collection applications keep increasing, the demand for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has seen explosive growth. In this dissertation, an ultra-low-energy WSN transmitter is developed to reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes in WSNs. With an ultra-low-energy transceiver, it is possible to eliminate the battery in the sensor node and power itself with an energy harvester, thus creating a battery-free sensor node. A variety of applications can be accommodated with the battery-free sensor node as it has small size, light weight, and endless lifetime. Two prototype WSN transmitters are implemented to demonstrate the transmitter energy minimization. The first transmitter incorporates a fast frequency calibration to shorten the oscillation frequency tuning time. This minimizes energy wasted during the transmitter start-up period. The energy consumption of the second transmitter that employs a power oscillator architecture is minimized by maximizing the transmitter efficiency. The efficiency of the power oscillator circuit is analyzed and the design procedure for maximum efficiency is then developed. Prototype WSN transmitters were fabricated in 0.18-um CMOS technology. The first transmitter operates in the 915-MHz ISM band. With 0.5-MHz reference frequency, the transmitter takes only 72 us for the BFSK frequency calibration. It dissipates a power of 1.91 mW while radiating a power of -2.9 dBm. The second transmitter operates in the 2.45-GHz ISM band on a single supply of 0.65 V. The transmitter has efficiency as high as 23 % at -5.2 dBm radiated power. This corresponds to a low power consumption of 1.34 mW.
Author: Napong Panitantum
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 97
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Book Description
As the number of autonomous data collection applications keep increasing, the demand for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has seen explosive growth. In this dissertation, an ultra-low-energy WSN transmitter is developed to reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes in WSNs. With an ultra-low-energy transceiver, it is possible to eliminate the battery in the sensor node and power itself with an energy harvester, thus creating a battery-free sensor node. A variety of applications can be accommodated with the battery-free sensor node as it has small size, light weight, and endless lifetime. Two prototype WSN transmitters are implemented to demonstrate the transmitter energy minimization. The first transmitter incorporates a fast frequency calibration to shorten the oscillation frequency tuning time. This minimizes energy wasted during the transmitter start-up period. The energy consumption of the second transmitter that employs a power oscillator architecture is minimized by maximizing the transmitter efficiency. The efficiency of the power oscillator circuit is analyzed and the design procedure for maximum efficiency is then developed. Prototype WSN transmitters were fabricated in 0.18-um CMOS technology. The first transmitter operates in the 915-MHz ISM band. With 0.5-MHz reference frequency, the transmitter takes only 72 us for the BFSK frequency calibration. It dissipates a power of 1.91 mW while radiating a power of -2.9 dBm. The second transmitter operates in the 2.45-GHz ISM band on a single supply of 0.65 V. The transmitter has efficiency as high as 23 % at -5.2 dBm radiated power. This corresponds to a low power consumption of 1.34 mW.
Author: Zina Saheb
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Energy efficiency and power consumption are increasingly important in wireless communications and especially for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The limited energy budget in a WSN imposes many constraints on the transmitter side and limits WSN performance especially with the increasing demand for a high data rate in biomedical and imaging applications. In this dissertation, an energy-efficient, high data rate, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) class-E transmitter is developed. This transmitter is a promising alternative to conventional phase shift keying (PSK) and direct modulation transmitters. This prototype is fully integrated in CMOS 65 nm technology and has an optimized power consumption and output power to achieve good efficiency and a high data rate. The prototype transmitter employs a class-E power oscillator along with system and circuit level design methodology to maximize the efficiency. The power oscillator is a self-oscillating power amplifier that utilizes a positive feedback system. An efficient new technique for phase modulation (PM) that achieves the 360o phase shift without the need for an additional circuit is presented. The transmitter operates at 2.4 GHz with a data rate of 69 Mbps and transmitting power of -6.8 dBm with achieved energy/bit of 42 pJ/bit and 2.9 mW power consumption. The transmitter's global efficiency is between 7.7% to 23% under a 0.4 V power supply. The first class-E power oscillator is tunable between 1.9 and 3.3 GHz. It is robust to ∓20% frequency deviation due to PVT variations. The second power oscillator is designed to be suitable for more area-efficient applications to reduce the fabrication cost. It achieves a peak output power of −0.5 dBm and a peak efficiency of 37.5% under a 0.4 V power supply and frequency tuning range of 1.66-2.7 GHz. This oscillator is robust to ∓15% frequency deviation from a 2.4 GHz nominal frequency. Towards the implementation of a battery-free WSN, an autonomous and reconfigurable triple band energy harvester, capable of performing high RF power tracking to maximize the harvested DC power and enhance efficiency, is developed. The harvester has the potential of being deployed along with remote sensor nodes to enhance the nodes' operational life-time. A peak PCEs of 57%, 43% and 33% are achieved at 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 1.2 GHz respectively. 30% and 10% increments in the harvested voltage at 900 MHz and 1.2 GHz with a sensitivity of -19 dBm are achieved. This work emphasizes techniques to improve the energy efficiency of WSN transmitters towards the next generation of WSN. It is anticipated that these solutions will shape future work towards solving many challenging research problems in WSNs.
Author: Yuen Hui Chee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Book Description
Author: Jens Masuch
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3319000985
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 126
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Book Description
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are expected to promote new applications for the ambulatory health monitoring of chronic patients and elderly population, aiming to improve their quality of life and independence. These networks are composed by wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) used for measuring physiological variables (e.g., glucose level in blood or body temperature) or controlling therapeutic devices (e.g., implanted insulin pumps). These nodes should exhibit a high degree of energy autonomy in order to extend their battery lifetime or even make the node supply to rely on harvesting techniques. Typically, the power budget of WSNs is dominated by the wireless link and, hence, many efforts have been directed during the last years toward the implementation of power efficient transceivers. Because of the short range (typically no more than a few meters) and low data rate (typically in between 10 kb/s and 1 Mb/s), simple communication protocols can be employed. One of these protocols, specifically tailored for WBAN applications, is the Bluetooth low energy (BLE) standard. This book describes the challenges and solutions for the design of ultra-low power transceivers for WBANs applications and presents the implementation details of a BLE transceiver prototype. Coverage includes not only the main concepts and architectures for achieving low power consumption, but also the details of the circuit design and its implementation in a standard CMOS technology.
Author: Chong-Min Kyung
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400716796
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 295
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Book Description
Power consumption becomes the most important design goal in a wide range of electronic systems. There are two driving forces towards this trend: continuing device scaling and ever increasing demand of higher computing power. First, device scaling continues to satisfy Moore’s law via a conventional way of scaling (More Moore) and a new way of exploiting the vertical integration (More than Moore). Second, mobile and IT convergence requires more computing power on the silicon chip than ever. Cell phones are now evolving towards mobile PC. PCs and data centers are becoming commodities in house and a must in industry. Both supply enabled by device scaling and demand triggered by the convergence trend realize more computation on chip (via multi-core, integration of diverse functionalities on mobile SoCs, etc.) and finally more power consumption incurring power-related issues and constraints. Energy-Aware System Design: Algorithms and Architectures provides state-of-the-art ideas for low power design methods from circuit, architecture to software level and offers design case studies in three fast growing areas of mobile storage, biomedical and security. Important topics and features: - Describes very recent advanced issues and methods for energy-aware design at each design level from circuit and architecture to algorithm level, and also covering important blocks including low power main memory subsystem and on-chip network at architecture level - Explains efficient power conversion and delivery which is becoming important as heterogeneous power sources are adopted for digital and non-digital parts - Investigates 3D die stacking emphasizing temperature awareness for better perspective on energy efficiency - Presents three practical energy-aware design case studies; novel storage device (e.g., solid state disk), biomedical electronics (e.g., cochlear and retina implants), and wireless surveillance camera systems. Researchers and engineers in the field of hardware and software design will find this book an excellent starting point to catch up with the state-of-the-art ideas of low power design.
Author: Joshua F. Ensworth
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 165
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Book Description
This thesis explores new wireless power and backscatter communication architectures for ultra-low-power wireless sensors and other devices such as wearables. We first present measurement, analysis and harvesting approaches for extracting energy from 2.4 GHz wireless communication signals, including an approach for powering a relatively high power sensor in burst mode at an input power level of -15 dBm. We present the first backscatter-based data uplink approach that achieves compatibility between backscatter devices and billions of completely unmodified standard wireless devices using the Bluetooth Low Energy standard. We show that this data uplink approach can communicate with BLE receivers with a radio communication efficiency of 28.4 pJ/bit. This is over 100x lower energy per bit than conventional BLE transmitters. One microcontroller based implementation consumes over 6x less power than the best commercially-available Bluetooth transmitters, and can leverage both modulated and unmodulated carriers to provide the backscatter uplink. This al- lows us to transform one BLE signal as a carrier source for another BLE-Backscatter signal. We investigate the range of the BLE-Backscatter system in both bistatic and monostatic, full-duplex application scenarios. The range analysis considers the BLE receiver sensitivity and performance in the presence of self-jamming interference from the external carrier source in the bistatic case. We also present a carrier cancellation architecture that reduces self-jamming in the monostatic case. We characterize the packet error rate and received signal strength in both cabled and over-the-air scenarios. Finally we present an ultra-low power superheterodyne receiver architecture that leverages an external carrier as the local oscillator, removing the need for on board (or on chip) generation of the local oscillator signal. The receiver uses a two- port mixer for simultaneous mixing and power harvesting of the external carrier and desired BLE signal. This thesis shows a path toward the widespread adoption of backscatter communication in low-power wireless devices such as smart watches, fitness bands, biomedical sensors, etc. Other wireless devices, such as sensors for the Internet of Things (IoT) where power consumption is a crucial consideration could also benefit from the approaches presented.
Author: Triviño-Cabrera, Alicia
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522558713
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 399
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Book Description
Technologies that enable powering a device without the need for being connected with a cable to the grid are gaining attention in recent years due to the advantages that they provide. They are a commodity to users and provide additional functionalities that promote autonomy among the devices. Emerging Capabilities and Applications of Wireless Power Transfer is an essential reference source that analyzes the different applications of wireless power transfer technologies and how the technologies are adapted to fulfill the electrical, magnetic, and design-based requirements of different applications. Featuring research on topics such as transfer technologies, circuital analysis, and inductive power transfer, this book is a vital resource for academicians, electrical engineers, scientists, researchers, and industry professionals seeking coverage on device power and creating autonomy through alternative power options for devices.
Author: Hao Gao
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319729802
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 145
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Book Description
This book describes the PREMISS system, which enables readers to overcome the limitations of state-of-the-art battery-less wireless sensors in size, cost, robustness and range, with a system concept for a 60 GHz wireless sensor system with monolithic sensors. The authors demonstrate a system in which the wireless sensors consist of wireless power receiving, sensing and communication functions in a single chip, without external components, avoiding costly IC-interfaces that are sensitive to mechanical and thermal stress.
Author: Shad Roundy
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9781461351009
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The vast reduction in size and power consumption of CMOS circuitry has led to a large research effort based around the vision of wireless sensor networks. The proposed networks will be comprised of thousands of small wireless nodes that operate in a multi-hop fashion, replacing long transmission distances with many low power, low cost wireless devices. The result will be the creation of an intelligent environment responding to its inhabitants and ambient conditions. Wireless devices currently being designed and built for use in such environments typically run on batteries. However, as the networks increase in number and the devices decrease in size, the replacement of depleted batteries will not be practical. The cost of replacing batteries in a few devices that make up a small network about once per year is modest. However, the cost of replacing thousands of devices in a single building annually, some of which are in areas difficult to access, is simply not practical. Another approach would be to use a battery that is large enough to last the entire lifetime of the wireless sensor device. However, a battery large enough to last the lifetime of the device would dominate the overall system size and cost, and thus is not very attractive. Alternative methods of powering the devices that will make up the wireless networks are desperately needed.
Author: Alyosha C. Molnar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
