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Languages : en
Pages : 193
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Book Description
For many years, academics generally viewed uptick rules as short sale constraints that contribute to stock overvaluation and hamper stock price efficiency. Recently adopted Regulation SHO provides us with a natural experiment to study the impact of the suspension of uptick rules on various market quality measures in a controlled environment. In the first essay, I investigate the impact of removing short sale price test rules on stock returns and find that on the NYSE, removing the tick-test rule mitigates stock overvaluation. On the NASDAQ, however, lifting the bid-test rule goes beyond correcting such overvaluation. It shows that prices of high-dispersion stocks tend to be depressed relative to prices of low-dispersion stocks. I also examine the relationship between daily short selling activities and stock returns and find that on average short sellers are more likely to be value-driven "contrarians" who short sell following high stocks returns. In the second essay, I examine the information content of short selling around the release of analyst recommendations. By looking at the magnitude and the speed of price response to analyst downgrade recommendations, I provide intra-day evidence supporting the documented assertion that suspension of the uptick rule helps improve stock price efficiency. For after-hour downgrades, pilot stocks respond quickly, with virtually all of the price response incorporated by the following open, while control stocks take an extra half hour after opening to fully reflect the new information. For downgrades that occur during normal trading hours, downgrade information is partially incorporated into pilot stock prices up to two hours before the recommendation is released, while control stocks take up to an hour and a half after the recommendation release to impound the information into stock price. Finally, short selling activities prior to the release of analyst recommendations indicate that short sellers capitalize on their private information associated with upcoming downgrades in the control sample, but such behavior seems to disappear in the pilot sample. I conjecture that, during the pilot program, short sellers were aware of the SEC's regulatory scrutiny of pilot stocks and thus avoided trading on their private information in those stocks.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 193
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Book Description
For many years, academics generally viewed uptick rules as short sale constraints that contribute to stock overvaluation and hamper stock price efficiency. Recently adopted Regulation SHO provides us with a natural experiment to study the impact of the suspension of uptick rules on various market quality measures in a controlled environment. In the first essay, I investigate the impact of removing short sale price test rules on stock returns and find that on the NYSE, removing the tick-test rule mitigates stock overvaluation. On the NASDAQ, however, lifting the bid-test rule goes beyond correcting such overvaluation. It shows that prices of high-dispersion stocks tend to be depressed relative to prices of low-dispersion stocks. I also examine the relationship between daily short selling activities and stock returns and find that on average short sellers are more likely to be value-driven "contrarians" who short sell following high stocks returns. In the second essay, I examine the information content of short selling around the release of analyst recommendations. By looking at the magnitude and the speed of price response to analyst downgrade recommendations, I provide intra-day evidence supporting the documented assertion that suspension of the uptick rule helps improve stock price efficiency. For after-hour downgrades, pilot stocks respond quickly, with virtually all of the price response incorporated by the following open, while control stocks take an extra half hour after opening to fully reflect the new information. For downgrades that occur during normal trading hours, downgrade information is partially incorporated into pilot stock prices up to two hours before the recommendation is released, while control stocks take up to an hour and a half after the recommendation release to impound the information into stock price. Finally, short selling activities prior to the release of analyst recommendations indicate that short sellers capitalize on their private information associated with upcoming downgrades in the control sample, but such behavior seems to disappear in the pilot sample. I conjecture that, during the pilot program, short sellers were aware of the SEC's regulatory scrutiny of pilot stocks and thus avoided trading on their private information in those stocks.
Author: Chinmay Jain
Publisher:
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Languages : en
Pages :
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There are four essays in this dissertation. The first essay provides a detailed historical account of the evolution of short selling regulations and trading practices during both normal and crises periods. The second essay focuses on short selling Rule 201. We are unable to document any clear benefits of SEC Rule 201 in ensuring fair valuations and price stability, promoting higher liquidity and execution quality, or preventing a sudden flash crash or prolonged market crises. In the third essay, we examine various short selling regulatory frameworks ranging from total bans on the one extreme to unrestricted free play on the other, with partly restrictive regimes (e.g. an uptick rule or the current quote based rule) in the middle. We conclude that a rule that takes into account a stock's previous day's closing price and applies to stocks with high level of short interest is more effective than the current regulation in balancing the price efficiency benefits of short selling with its panic mongering effects. In the fourth essay, we examine after-hours short selling following quarterly earnings announcements that are released outside of the normal trading hours. We find that short sellers who trade after-hours earn a profit of 2.03% when an earnings announcement with negative surprise occurs after the close of the market. We also find that the magnitude of weighted price contribution during after-hours period increases with the increase in magnitude of after-hours short selling.
Author: EunJu Lee
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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This dissertation consists of two essays on short sellers' trading behavior. The first essay examines if short sellers exploit temporary mispricing in the equity market. Using a mispricing indicator that measures deviations from a stock's fundamental value, we find higher levels of short selling for temporarily overvalued stocks. The result is robust to controlling for short sale constraints and illiquidity, and it is more pronounced when short sale constraints do not bind and stocks are liquid. The result also remains intact after controlling for short sellers' reaction to fundamental information. We find that short sellers contribute to market quality by correcting overpricing quickly over time, but do not destabilize the stock market. The second essay documents trading activity of short sellers through the examination of intraday patterns in short sales. We find a U-shaped intraday pattern in short sales across the trading day. This pattern is robust to controlling for short trade size, market capitalization, and institutional ownership. We also find a positive association between short selling and past returns across the trading day, and this result is more pronounced in the first and last half hours of the day. A trading strategy based on intraday short sales generates the highest returns at the open of the trading day. Overall, the results suggest that high levels of short sales at the market open are attributed to strategic trading by informed short sellers. High levels of effective spreads and volatility at the open also support our findings.
Author: Tom Taulli
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 9780071393942
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Author: Song Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 125
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My dissertation contains three essays on short-selling, margin trading, and market efficiency. The first essay uses a unique exogenous event, the introduction of short selling in the Chinese stock market, to examine the direct link between idiosyncratic risk and short selling. Based on Shleifer and Vishny (1997), I hypothesize that idiosyncratic risk deters arbitrageurs with negative information from taking short positions in overvalued stocks. Consequently, the stocks with high idiosyncratic risk are more overvalued at the onset of the introduction of short sale and perform worse in the subsequent period. The second essay examines the impact of the introduction of margin trading and short selling in the Chinese stock market on market quality. The third essay examines the relationship between short selling and SEO discount under the SEC's amendment to Rule 105. If the amendment is binding, the short-selling prior to seasoned equity offering (SEO) should correctly reflect negative information and promote price efficiency. Thus the winner's curse problem during SEO process is reduced and the value discount of a SEO should be less.
Author: Douglas M. Branson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 39
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Many knowledgeable observers ascribe recent share price volatility to short selling, which has increased 4 or more times the historical 4% short interest in most large cap stocks. Much of this short selling has been naked short selling in which, contrary to SEC and stock exchange rules, short sellers sell stock without having first borrowed it and frequently with no intention of ever borrowing it in the future. Through Regulation SHO, which took effect in 2006, and then further efforts in August-October, 2008, the SEC initiated and then ratcheted up its campaign against naked short selling. The crackdown on naked short selling has increased the imperative that a short must borrow stock before selling it. This article asks whether or not stock borrowing from an individual investor is an investment contract, and therefore a security, or should be regulated in some other way. The article also disagrees with 35 years' academic commentary, which asserted that the uptick rule was harmful an should be eliminated as contrary to marklet efficiency. That commentary was wrong because, uniformly, it equates informational efficiency with overall market efficiency when a truly efficient market will exhibit both price continuity, to which an uptick rule would contribute, as well as some level of informational efficiency, which short selling aids.
Author: Tse-Chun Lin
Publisher: Rozenberg Publishers
ISBN: 9036101514
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 146
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Author: Andriy Shkilko
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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This dissertation consists of three essays on short selling. In the first essay, I find empirical evidence of short sellers' predatory practices. I show that traders extensively open short positions during significant intraday price drops and begin covering these positions, as the price approaches its minimum level for the day. Predatory short selling exacerbates price declines, while short covering enhances price reversals. Predators use aggressive order submission strategies and actively execute via ArcaEx to avoid abiding by the bid rule. Stocks that are most susceptible to predation have high institutional ownership, low historical returns, and high book-to-market ratios. Predatory events are fleeting, but recurring, contagious, and cannot be fully attributed to corporate or macroeconomic news releases. Predatory episodes are not good predictors of future returns. In the second essay, I investigate short selling in a marketplace with three major competitors: SuperMontage, ArcaEx, and INET. A trade-by-trade inquiry reveals that short sellers' contrarian traits are fleeting and mostly result from opportunistic executions. Short sellers are predominantly liquidity providers who constantly monitor market liquidity and time executions to most favorable conditions. On average, short sellers collect more in transaction revenues than they spend on trading costs. Stock prices increase immediately following short sales. Short sales are often routed to ArcaEx and INET, most likely because the venues do not enforce the bid test. In the third essay, I find that corporate insider purchases coincide with significant positive return reversals. Such reversals are rarely accompanied by corporate or media releases and are most likely caused by insider signaling through purchases. Insider signaling is more likely if the stock is actively shorted. I identify two types of short sellers who trade around insider purchases: (i) momentum short sellers who open new positions before insider purchase days and (ii) opportunistic short sellers who are active after such days. Additionally, I find evidence that information about purchases leaks out before insider activity is officially reported to the public.
Author: Wanxi Zhao
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Using detailed daily short interest data for U.S. common stocks over the period of 2006 to 2017, my second essay examines short selling activities around earnings announcements and their impact on stocks prices. Stocks with high short interest, large changes in short interest, more covered shorts, or more new short positions prior to earnings announcements have stronger price reactions to earnings news and much weaker post-earnings-announcement drifts (PEADs). Trades by short sellers during earnings announcements are consistent with the earnings surprises as well as announcement-period returns. However, these trades do not predict post-earnings-announcement drifts. The results suggest that on average short sellers do not actively trade on earnings-related news or anomalies, but their information acquisition and trading activities help improve price discovery during earnings announcements.
Author: Kevin Zhao
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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