Author: Ibrahim Sirkeci
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 1910781010
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 550
Book Description
This book is a collection of selected papers presented at the 3rd Turkish Migration Conference (TMC). TMC 2015 was hosted by Charles University Prague, Czech Republic from 25 to 27 June 2015. The TMC 2015 was the third event in the series that we were proud to organise and host at Charles University Prague. This selection of papers presented at the conference are only a small portion of contributions. Many other papers are included in edited books and submitted to refereed journals in due course. There were a total of about 146 papers by over 200 authors presented in 40 parallel sessions and three plenary sessions at Jinonice Campus of Charles University Prague. About a fıfth of the sessions at the conference were in Turkish language although the main language was English. Therefore some of the proceedings are in Turkish too. The keynote speakers included Douglas Massey of Princeton University, Caroline Brettell of Southern Methodist University, and Nedim Gürsel of CNRS.
Turkish Migration Conference 2015 Selected Proceedings
Author: Ibrahim Sirkeci
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 1910781010
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 550
Book Description
This book is a collection of selected papers presented at the 3rd Turkish Migration Conference (TMC). TMC 2015 was hosted by Charles University Prague, Czech Republic from 25 to 27 June 2015. The TMC 2015 was the third event in the series that we were proud to organise and host at Charles University Prague. This selection of papers presented at the conference are only a small portion of contributions. Many other papers are included in edited books and submitted to refereed journals in due course. There were a total of about 146 papers by over 200 authors presented in 40 parallel sessions and three plenary sessions at Jinonice Campus of Charles University Prague. About a fıfth of the sessions at the conference were in Turkish language although the main language was English. Therefore some of the proceedings are in Turkish too. The keynote speakers included Douglas Massey of Princeton University, Caroline Brettell of Southern Methodist University, and Nedim Gürsel of CNRS.
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 1910781010
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 550
Book Description
This book is a collection of selected papers presented at the 3rd Turkish Migration Conference (TMC). TMC 2015 was hosted by Charles University Prague, Czech Republic from 25 to 27 June 2015. The TMC 2015 was the third event in the series that we were proud to organise and host at Charles University Prague. This selection of papers presented at the conference are only a small portion of contributions. Many other papers are included in edited books and submitted to refereed journals in due course. There were a total of about 146 papers by over 200 authors presented in 40 parallel sessions and three plenary sessions at Jinonice Campus of Charles University Prague. About a fıfth of the sessions at the conference were in Turkish language although the main language was English. Therefore some of the proceedings are in Turkish too. The keynote speakers included Douglas Massey of Princeton University, Caroline Brettell of Southern Methodist University, and Nedim Gürsel of CNRS.
Turkish Migration Policy
Author: Ibrahim Sirkeci
Publisher: Transnational Press London
ISBN: 1910781983
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 233
Book Description
TURKISH MIGRATION POLICY aims to shed light on changes in migration policy, determinants beneath these changes, and practical implications for movers and non-movers in Turkey. Nevertheless, one should note that Turkey has only recently faced mass immigration and the number of foreign born has more than doubled in less than five years. Such sudden change in population composition warrants policy adjustments and reviews. Policy shift from “exporting excess labour” in the 1960s and 1970s to immigrant integration today is a drastic but necessary one. Nevertheless, Turkish migration policy is still far from settled as several chapters in this book point out. Despite the exemplary humanitarian engagement in admitting Syrians, Turkey is still at the bottom of the league table of favourable integration policies with an overall score of 25 out of 100. Turkish migration policy is likely to be adjusted further in response to the continuing immigration. Contents: Foreword by Philip L. Martin Introduction: Turkish migration policy at a glance by Barbara Pusch and Ibrahim Sirkeci Chapter 1: Transformation and Europeanization of migration policy in Turkey: multiculturalism, republicanism and alignment by Bianca Kaiser and Ayhan Kaya Chapter 2: Turkey’s migration law and policy: is it a new era? by Ali Zafer Sağıroğlu Chapter 3: Gendered citizenship: experiences and perceptions of the Bulgarian Turkish immigrant women by Özge Kaytan Chapter 4: European Union and Turkish migration policy reform: from accession to policy conditionality by Birce Demiryontar Chapter 5: From assertive to opportunist usage of mass migration for foreign and asylum policy: Turkey’s response to the refugees from Syria by N. Ela Gokalp-Aras and Zeynep Sahin-Mencutek Chapter 6: Stuck in the Aegean: Syrians leaving Turkey face European barriers by H. Deniz Genç and N. Aslı Şirin Öner Chapter 7: Fragile balance of EU-Turkey readmission agreement by Ülkü Sezgi Sözen Chapter 8: Turkish diaspora policy: transnationalism or long-distance nationalism? by Yaşar Aydın Chapter 9: Migration and citizenship in Turkey by Zeynep Kadirbeyoğlu and Dilek Çınar Chapter 10: Legal membership on the Turkish side of the transnational German-Turkish space by Barbara Pusch
Publisher: Transnational Press London
ISBN: 1910781983
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 233
Book Description
TURKISH MIGRATION POLICY aims to shed light on changes in migration policy, determinants beneath these changes, and practical implications for movers and non-movers in Turkey. Nevertheless, one should note that Turkey has only recently faced mass immigration and the number of foreign born has more than doubled in less than five years. Such sudden change in population composition warrants policy adjustments and reviews. Policy shift from “exporting excess labour” in the 1960s and 1970s to immigrant integration today is a drastic but necessary one. Nevertheless, Turkish migration policy is still far from settled as several chapters in this book point out. Despite the exemplary humanitarian engagement in admitting Syrians, Turkey is still at the bottom of the league table of favourable integration policies with an overall score of 25 out of 100. Turkish migration policy is likely to be adjusted further in response to the continuing immigration. Contents: Foreword by Philip L. Martin Introduction: Turkish migration policy at a glance by Barbara Pusch and Ibrahim Sirkeci Chapter 1: Transformation and Europeanization of migration policy in Turkey: multiculturalism, republicanism and alignment by Bianca Kaiser and Ayhan Kaya Chapter 2: Turkey’s migration law and policy: is it a new era? by Ali Zafer Sağıroğlu Chapter 3: Gendered citizenship: experiences and perceptions of the Bulgarian Turkish immigrant women by Özge Kaytan Chapter 4: European Union and Turkish migration policy reform: from accession to policy conditionality by Birce Demiryontar Chapter 5: From assertive to opportunist usage of mass migration for foreign and asylum policy: Turkey’s response to the refugees from Syria by N. Ela Gokalp-Aras and Zeynep Sahin-Mencutek Chapter 6: Stuck in the Aegean: Syrians leaving Turkey face European barriers by H. Deniz Genç and N. Aslı Şirin Öner Chapter 7: Fragile balance of EU-Turkey readmission agreement by Ülkü Sezgi Sözen Chapter 8: Turkish diaspora policy: transnationalism or long-distance nationalism? by Yaşar Aydın Chapter 9: Migration and citizenship in Turkey by Zeynep Kadirbeyoğlu and Dilek Çınar Chapter 10: Legal membership on the Turkish side of the transnational German-Turkish space by Barbara Pusch
The External Dimension of EU Migration and Asylum Policies
Author: Markus Kotzur
Publisher: Nomos Verlag
ISBN: 3845298375
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
Der vorliegende Band geht zurück auf eine internationale Summer School zum Migrations-, Asyl- und Flüchtlingsrecht in Barcelona. Im Sinne eines intergenerationellen wissenschaftlichen Austausches kommen Studierende, Nachwuchswissenschaftler*innen und arrivierte Expertinnen ins disziplinübergreifende Gespräch zu migrationsrechtlichen respektive migrationspolitischen Grundsatzfragen, die seit der Flüchtlingsschutzkrise des Jahres 2015 virulenter denn je geworden sind. Europa-, menschen- und völkerrechtliche Aspekte werden um nationalstaatliche Perspektiven aus Belgien, Bulgarien, der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Italien, Spanien, der Türkei und dem Vereinigten Königreich ergänzt. Mit Beiträgen von Claudia Candelmo, Carmine Conte, Francisco Javier Donaire Villa, Arolda Elbasani, Leonard Amaru Feil, Francesco Luigi Gatta, Chad Heimrich, Markus Kotzur, Annalisa Morticelli, David Moya, Claudia Pretto, Andrea Romano, David Fernandez Rojo, Senada Šelo Šabić, Valentina Savazzi, Ülkü Sezgi Sözen und Catharina Ziebritzki.
Publisher: Nomos Verlag
ISBN: 3845298375
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
Der vorliegende Band geht zurück auf eine internationale Summer School zum Migrations-, Asyl- und Flüchtlingsrecht in Barcelona. Im Sinne eines intergenerationellen wissenschaftlichen Austausches kommen Studierende, Nachwuchswissenschaftler*innen und arrivierte Expertinnen ins disziplinübergreifende Gespräch zu migrationsrechtlichen respektive migrationspolitischen Grundsatzfragen, die seit der Flüchtlingsschutzkrise des Jahres 2015 virulenter denn je geworden sind. Europa-, menschen- und völkerrechtliche Aspekte werden um nationalstaatliche Perspektiven aus Belgien, Bulgarien, der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Italien, Spanien, der Türkei und dem Vereinigten Königreich ergänzt. Mit Beiträgen von Claudia Candelmo, Carmine Conte, Francisco Javier Donaire Villa, Arolda Elbasani, Leonard Amaru Feil, Francesco Luigi Gatta, Chad Heimrich, Markus Kotzur, Annalisa Morticelli, David Moya, Claudia Pretto, Andrea Romano, David Fernandez Rojo, Senada Šelo Šabić, Valentina Savazzi, Ülkü Sezgi Sözen und Catharina Ziebritzki.
Living in Two Homes
Author: Mariella Espinoza Herold
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1787146308
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 351
Book Description
This book gathers researchers from across the globe to examine paradigms, policies, and practices for developing an inclusive intercultural and transnational framework to reduce societal inequities brought about by transnational migration. This is necessary to positively integrate culturally-diverse families into schools and societies.
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1787146308
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 351
Book Description
This book gathers researchers from across the globe to examine paradigms, policies, and practices for developing an inclusive intercultural and transnational framework to reduce societal inequities brought about by transnational migration. This is necessary to positively integrate culturally-diverse families into schools and societies.
Sex, Love, and Migration
Author: Alexia Bloch
Publisher: Cornell University Press
ISBN: 1501709410
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
Sex, Love, and Migration goes beyond a common narrative of women's exploitation as a feature of migration in the early twenty-first century, a story that features young women from poor countries who cross borders to work in low paid and often intimate labor. Alexia Bloch argues that the mobility of women is marked not only by risks but also by personal and social transformation as migration fundamentally reshapes women's emotional worlds and aspirations. Bloch documents how, as women have crossed borders between the former Soviet Union and Turkey since the early 1990s, they have forged new forms of intimacy in their households in Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, but also in Istanbul, where they often work for years on end. Sex, Love, and Migration takes as its subject the lives of post-Soviet migrant women employed in three distinct spheres—sex work, the garment trade, and domestic work. Bloch challenges us to decouple images of women on the move from simple assumptions about danger, victimization, and trafficking. She redirects our attention to the aspirations and lives of women who, despite myriad impediments, move between global capitalist centers and their home communities.
Publisher: Cornell University Press
ISBN: 1501709410
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 273
Book Description
Sex, Love, and Migration goes beyond a common narrative of women's exploitation as a feature of migration in the early twenty-first century, a story that features young women from poor countries who cross borders to work in low paid and often intimate labor. Alexia Bloch argues that the mobility of women is marked not only by risks but also by personal and social transformation as migration fundamentally reshapes women's emotional worlds and aspirations. Bloch documents how, as women have crossed borders between the former Soviet Union and Turkey since the early 1990s, they have forged new forms of intimacy in their households in Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, but also in Istanbul, where they often work for years on end. Sex, Love, and Migration takes as its subject the lives of post-Soviet migrant women employed in three distinct spheres—sex work, the garment trade, and domestic work. Bloch challenges us to decouple images of women on the move from simple assumptions about danger, victimization, and trafficking. She redirects our attention to the aspirations and lives of women who, despite myriad impediments, move between global capitalist centers and their home communities.
Culture, Literature and Migration
Author: Ali Tilbe
Publisher: Transnational Press London
ISBN: 1912997282
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
Culture, Literature and Migration gives us a unique insight into the emotional and physical experiences of immigrants. By shedding light on the challenges of the plight, the chapters in this book raise awareness of the global scale of the crisis and reduces hostility towards the displaced as a result of a better understanding of that which is often left unspoken of and unheard of. The distinctiveness of voluntary and involuntary immigration is brought forward and contextualized in order to emphasise the trauma of forced departure and the often forgotten psychological complications of the host nation. With such matters arising, there is an ultimate return to notions of hegemony, colonialism, otherness, hybridity and citizenship. New understandings of identity, nationalism and multiculturalism are explored in context of transnationalism and multiculturalism. Culture, Literature and Migration critically analyzes the transformation of the immigrant and highlights the importance of hope and the power of inclusiveness in a fragmented global environment. Content Introduction – Ali Tilbe and Rania M Rafik Khalil Chapter 1 – The Bildungsroman and Building a Hybrid Identity in the Postcolonial Context: Migration as Formative Experience in Monica Ali’s Brick Lane Petru Golban and Derya Benli Chapter 2 – The Migrant Female Writer, Originally from Muslim Country in the Literary Field: A Sociological Approach Francesco Bellinzis Chapter 3 – Migration, Integration and Power. The Image of “the Dumb Swede” in Swede Hollow and the Image of Contemporary New Swedes in One Eye Red and She Is Not Me Maria Bäcke Chapter 4 – Coerced Migration, Migrating Rhetoric: The ‘Forked Tongue’ of Native American Removal Policy in the Nineteenth-Century United States Estella Ciobanu Chapter 5 – The Migrant Hero’s Boundaries of Masculine Honour Code in Elif Shafak’s Honour Tatiana Golban Chapter 6 – Literary Representations of Progressive Era Lithuanian Immigrants in the United States and the Question of Genre: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) Cansu Özge Özmen Chapter 7 – Migration, Maturation and Identity Crisis in Abani’s Select Novels: A Postcolonial Reading Bernard Dickson and Chinyere Egbuta
Publisher: Transnational Press London
ISBN: 1912997282
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
Culture, Literature and Migration gives us a unique insight into the emotional and physical experiences of immigrants. By shedding light on the challenges of the plight, the chapters in this book raise awareness of the global scale of the crisis and reduces hostility towards the displaced as a result of a better understanding of that which is often left unspoken of and unheard of. The distinctiveness of voluntary and involuntary immigration is brought forward and contextualized in order to emphasise the trauma of forced departure and the often forgotten psychological complications of the host nation. With such matters arising, there is an ultimate return to notions of hegemony, colonialism, otherness, hybridity and citizenship. New understandings of identity, nationalism and multiculturalism are explored in context of transnationalism and multiculturalism. Culture, Literature and Migration critically analyzes the transformation of the immigrant and highlights the importance of hope and the power of inclusiveness in a fragmented global environment. Content Introduction – Ali Tilbe and Rania M Rafik Khalil Chapter 1 – The Bildungsroman and Building a Hybrid Identity in the Postcolonial Context: Migration as Formative Experience in Monica Ali’s Brick Lane Petru Golban and Derya Benli Chapter 2 – The Migrant Female Writer, Originally from Muslim Country in the Literary Field: A Sociological Approach Francesco Bellinzis Chapter 3 – Migration, Integration and Power. The Image of “the Dumb Swede” in Swede Hollow and the Image of Contemporary New Swedes in One Eye Red and She Is Not Me Maria Bäcke Chapter 4 – Coerced Migration, Migrating Rhetoric: The ‘Forked Tongue’ of Native American Removal Policy in the Nineteenth-Century United States Estella Ciobanu Chapter 5 – The Migrant Hero’s Boundaries of Masculine Honour Code in Elif Shafak’s Honour Tatiana Golban Chapter 6 – Literary Representations of Progressive Era Lithuanian Immigrants in the United States and the Question of Genre: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) Cansu Özge Özmen Chapter 7 – Migration, Maturation and Identity Crisis in Abani’s Select Novels: A Postcolonial Reading Bernard Dickson and Chinyere Egbuta
(Un)Settled Sojourners in Cities
Author: Elizabeth Chacko
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000840700
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 184
Book Description
Temporary migration is a human response to uncertain economic, ecological, political and socio-cultural environments. This book provides an important contribution to the literature on the rights, lived experiences and trajectories of temporary migrants. It focuses on the precarity of temporary migrants at different scales in urban settings, varying from the household, institution, and neighbourhood, to the city. Temporary migrants experience oscillations in precarity that vary with their categorization as skilled (professionals with valued skill sets, international students) or unskilled (domestic workers, labourers), their ambiguous legal status and the locales in which they reside and work. Individual chapters use case studies from around the world (USA, Canada, Ireland, Turkey, Singapore, China) to show how temporal and scalar precarity intersect and are mediated by national and local policies, civil society, as well as the personal and social attributes of migrants themselves such as gender, race, and country of origin. Although often overlooked due to their transitory status, the chapters demonstrate how temporary migrants are embedded in urban life and resist their categorization as disposable through individual and collective efforts. This book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students of Sociology, Politics, Human Geography, Urban Studies, and Social and Cultural Anthropology. It was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1000840700
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 184
Book Description
Temporary migration is a human response to uncertain economic, ecological, political and socio-cultural environments. This book provides an important contribution to the literature on the rights, lived experiences and trajectories of temporary migrants. It focuses on the precarity of temporary migrants at different scales in urban settings, varying from the household, institution, and neighbourhood, to the city. Temporary migrants experience oscillations in precarity that vary with their categorization as skilled (professionals with valued skill sets, international students) or unskilled (domestic workers, labourers), their ambiguous legal status and the locales in which they reside and work. Individual chapters use case studies from around the world (USA, Canada, Ireland, Turkey, Singapore, China) to show how temporal and scalar precarity intersect and are mediated by national and local policies, civil society, as well as the personal and social attributes of migrants themselves such as gender, race, and country of origin. Although often overlooked due to their transitory status, the chapters demonstrate how temporary migrants are embedded in urban life and resist their categorization as disposable through individual and collective efforts. This book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students of Sociology, Politics, Human Geography, Urban Studies, and Social and Cultural Anthropology. It was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.
Street-Level Governing
Author: Elise Massicard
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 1503631869
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 450
Book Description
Muhtars, the lowest level elected political position in Turkey, hold an ambiguously defined place within the administrative hierarchy. They are public officials, but local citizens do not always associate them with the central government. Street-Level Governing is the first book to investigate how muhtars carry out their role—not only what they are supposed to do, but how they actually operate—to provide an ethnographic study of the state as viewed from its margins. It starts from the premise that the seeming "margin" of state administration is not peripheral at all, but instructive as to how it functions. As Elise Massicard shows, muhtars exist at the intersection of everyday life and the exercise of power. Their position offers a personalized point of contact between citizens and state institutions, enabling close oversight of the citizenry, yet simultaneously projecting the sense of an accessible state to individuals. Challenging common theories of the state, Massicard outlines how the position of the muhtar throws into question an assumed dichotomy between domination and social resistance, and suggests that considerations of circumvention and accommodation are normal attributes of state-society functioning.
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 1503631869
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 450
Book Description
Muhtars, the lowest level elected political position in Turkey, hold an ambiguously defined place within the administrative hierarchy. They are public officials, but local citizens do not always associate them with the central government. Street-Level Governing is the first book to investigate how muhtars carry out their role—not only what they are supposed to do, but how they actually operate—to provide an ethnographic study of the state as viewed from its margins. It starts from the premise that the seeming "margin" of state administration is not peripheral at all, but instructive as to how it functions. As Elise Massicard shows, muhtars exist at the intersection of everyday life and the exercise of power. Their position offers a personalized point of contact between citizens and state institutions, enabling close oversight of the citizenry, yet simultaneously projecting the sense of an accessible state to individuals. Challenging common theories of the state, Massicard outlines how the position of the muhtar throws into question an assumed dichotomy between domination and social resistance, and suggests that considerations of circumvention and accommodation are normal attributes of state-society functioning.
Educational Development and Infrastructure for Immigrants and Refugees
Author: Erçetin, ?efika ?ule
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522533265
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Book Description
Education is a pivotal influence on all members of society. However, in the case of immigrants and refugees integrating into a new country, allowing proper learning opportunities can offer specific challenges that must be overcome. Educational Development and Infrastructure for Immigrants and Refugees is an innovative source of scholarly research on the role of education for refugees and immigrants, and it examines methods to develop effective learning processes for these students. Highlighting a range of perspectives on topics such as lifelong learning, legal considerations, and multiculturalism, this book is ideally designed for teachers, policy makers, researchers, academics, and professionals actively involved in the education sector.
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522533265
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Book Description
Education is a pivotal influence on all members of society. However, in the case of immigrants and refugees integrating into a new country, allowing proper learning opportunities can offer specific challenges that must be overcome. Educational Development and Infrastructure for Immigrants and Refugees is an innovative source of scholarly research on the role of education for refugees and immigrants, and it examines methods to develop effective learning processes for these students. Highlighting a range of perspectives on topics such as lifelong learning, legal considerations, and multiculturalism, this book is ideally designed for teachers, policy makers, researchers, academics, and professionals actively involved in the education sector.
Fortress Europe?
Author: Annette Jünemann
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3658170115
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 186
Book Description
An unprecedented number of people is currently on the move seeking refuge in Europe. Large parts of European societies respond with anxiety and mistrust to the influx of people. Nationalist, anti-migrant parties from Slovakia over Germany to the UK have gained increasing support among the electorate and challenge the political mainstream. Europe is struggling how to respond. While the search for solutions is ongoing one pattern seems to be emerging: Fortress Europe is in the making. Unfortunately, few of these discussions and measures consider the structural root causes and dynamics of migration, the motives of migrants or societal challenges more thoroughly. This book seeks to address this deficit. Taking migration and asylum policies as a starting point, it analyses the various dimensions underpinning migration. In doing so, it identifies why receiving countries are in many ways part of the problem. To eschew an overtly Euro-centric perspective and stimulate a debate between science and politics, it contains contributions by academics and practitioners alike from both shores of the Mediterranean.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3658170115
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 186
Book Description
An unprecedented number of people is currently on the move seeking refuge in Europe. Large parts of European societies respond with anxiety and mistrust to the influx of people. Nationalist, anti-migrant parties from Slovakia over Germany to the UK have gained increasing support among the electorate and challenge the political mainstream. Europe is struggling how to respond. While the search for solutions is ongoing one pattern seems to be emerging: Fortress Europe is in the making. Unfortunately, few of these discussions and measures consider the structural root causes and dynamics of migration, the motives of migrants or societal challenges more thoroughly. This book seeks to address this deficit. Taking migration and asylum policies as a starting point, it analyses the various dimensions underpinning migration. In doing so, it identifies why receiving countries are in many ways part of the problem. To eschew an overtly Euro-centric perspective and stimulate a debate between science and politics, it contains contributions by academics and practitioners alike from both shores of the Mediterranean.