Thermally-driven Mesoscale Flows and their Interaction with Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence PDF Download
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Author: Jon Ander Arrillaga Mitxelena
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303048579X
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 169
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Book Description
This book presents developments of novel techniques and applies them in order to understand the interactions between thermally driven mesoscale flows (sea and mountain breezes) and the turbulent exchange within the atmospheric boundary layer. These interactions are not accurately reproduced in the meteorological models currently employed for weather forecasting. Consequently, important variables such as air temperature and wind speed are misrepresented. Also, the concentrations of relevant greenhouse gases such as CO2 are considerably affected by these interactions. By applying a systematic algorithm based on objective criteria (presented here), the thesis explores complete observational databases spanning up to 10 years. Further, it presents statistically significant and robust results on the topic, which has only been studied in a handful of cases in the extant literature. Lastly, by applying the algorithm directly to the outputs of the meteorological model, the thesis helps readers understand the processes discussed and reveals the biases in such models.
Author: Jon Ander Arrillaga Mitxelena
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303048579X
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 169
Get Book Here
Book Description
This book presents developments of novel techniques and applies them in order to understand the interactions between thermally driven mesoscale flows (sea and mountain breezes) and the turbulent exchange within the atmospheric boundary layer. These interactions are not accurately reproduced in the meteorological models currently employed for weather forecasting. Consequently, important variables such as air temperature and wind speed are misrepresented. Also, the concentrations of relevant greenhouse gases such as CO2 are considerably affected by these interactions. By applying a systematic algorithm based on objective criteria (presented here), the thesis explores complete observational databases spanning up to 10 years. Further, it presents statistically significant and robust results on the topic, which has only been studied in a handful of cases in the extant literature. Lastly, by applying the algorithm directly to the outputs of the meteorological model, the thesis helps readers understand the processes discussed and reveals the biases in such models.
Author: J. R. Garratt
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521467452
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 340
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Book Description
The book gives a comprehensive and lucid account of the science of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). There is an emphasis on the application of the ABL to numerical modelling of the climate. The book comprises nine chapters, several appendices (data tables, information sources, physical constants) and an extensive reference list. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction, with chapters 2 and 3 dealing with the development of mean and turbulence equations, and the many scaling laws and theories that are the cornerstone of any serious ABL treatment. Modelling of the ABL is crucially dependent for its realism on the surface boundary conditions, and chapters 4 and 5 deal with aerodynamic and energy considerations, with attention to both dry and wet land surfaces and sea. The structure of the clear-sky, thermally stratified ABL is treated in chapter 6, including the convective and stable cases over homogeneous land, the marine ABL and the internal boundary layer at the coastline. Chapter 7 then extends the discussion to the cloudy ABL. This is seen as particularly relevant, since the extensive stratocumulus regions over the subtropical oceans and stratus regions over the Arctic are now identified as key players in the climate system. Finally, chapters 8 and 9 bring much of the book's material together in a discussion of appropriate ABL and surface parameterization schemes in general circulation models of the atmosphere that are being used for climate simulation.
Author: Chun-Chih Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Mesoscale thermal circulations regulate important meteorological phenomena like convection initiation and boundary-layer pollutant transport. Due to their turbulent and complex nature, these circulations and their effects remain inadequately understood. This dissertation advances this understanding by utilizing intensive field-campaign observations and complementary cloud-resolving numerical simulations of two such circulations (mountain-plain solenoids and lake/sea breezes) and the cumuli they initiate. The first objective was to quantify different types of thermal circulations and their associated moist convection, which was addressed by intensive analysis of observations and numerical simulations of multiple real-world events. In two case studies of lake breezes over southern Ontario, it was found that the ascent along the lake-breeze front increased substantially (by around 40%) after two opposing lake breezes merged over the Niagara Peninsula. This updraft enhancement was necessary to generate precipitating convection in both cases. However, the depth, intensity, and duration of this convection differed greatly between the two cases. In a case study of diurnally forced cumulus convection over the mountainous Caribbean island of Dominica, the onset of diurnal heating quickly generated localized upslope flows and shallow cumuli over small-scale ridges, followed by an 'island-scale' solenoidal circulation. As the day progressed, the island cumuli deepened and multiplied, reaching peak heights of around 4 km and covering up to 40% of the island, but generated little to no radar-observed precipitation (less than 1 mm/day).The second objective was to evaluate the sensitivity of thermal circulations and associated convection to environmental and terrain-related parameters, again by synthesizing observations and numerical simulations. In the lake-breeze studies, subtle differences on the larger-scale (e.g. horizontal advection, synoptic descent) were found to be the dominant factors behind the large difference in convection intensity between the two cases. By contrast, the mesoscale subcloud forcing of the lake breezes was very similar in the two cases. In the Dominica study, stronger or more cross-island ambient winds weakened the island circulation by reducing the thermal contrast that drove it. Compared to simulations of a flattened Dominica, the presence of the rugged Dominica terrain increased the island cloud fraction by creating more localized convergence pockets. However, contrary to previous findings that higher terrain tends to produce stronger thermal circulations, the presence of the island orography weakened the island-scale circulation by about 15%.The final objective was to better understand the complex interactions between thermal circulations and their associated moist convection and between different types of thermal circulations. Numerical sensitivity experiments were conducted to isolate the impacts of three moist-convection feedbacks on the parent thermal circulations and the effects of up-mountain flows on sea breezes. The findings revealed that moist convection could feed back either positively (cloud latent heating) or negatively (cloud shading and precipitation) onto the parent circulation. Ultimately, the negative effects dominated to weaken the thermal circulation that triggered the convection. In addition, the inland propagation speed of the sea-breeze front (SBF) increased over taller islands due to increased advection by the stronger up-mountain flow. However, both the SBF updraft and sea-breeze circulation weakened over taller islands, similar to the above-mentioned tendency for the island-scale circulation to weaken over a more mountainous Dominica. Using scaling arguments, it was shown that the weakening of thermal circulations over taller islands stemmed from the mountain protrusion into the free troposphere, which weakened the pressure gradient driving the onshore flow"--
Author: Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316300277
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 283
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Book Description
Based on more than twenty years of research and lecturing, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano and his team's textbook provides an excellent introduction to the interactions between the atmosphere and the land for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and a reference text for researchers in atmospheric physics and chemistry, hydrology, and plant physiology. The combination of the book, which provides the essential theoretical concepts, and the associated interactive Chemistry Land-surface Atmosphere Soil Slab (CLASS) software, which provides hands-on practical exercises and allows students to design their own numerical experiments, will prove invaluable for learning about many aspects of the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system. This book has a modular and flexible structure, allowing instructors to accommodate it to their own learning-outcome needs.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309046874
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 112
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Book Description
Almost half the U.S. population lives along the coast. In another 20 years this population is expected to more than double in size. The unique weather and climate of the coastal zone, circulating pollutants, altering storms, changing temperature, and moving coastal currents affect air pollution and disaster preparedness, ocean pollution, and safeguarding near-shore ecosystems. Activities in commerce, industry, transportation, freshwater supply, safety, recreation, and national defense also are affected. The research community engaged in studies of coastal meteorology in recent years has made significant advancements in describing and predicting atmospheric properties along coasts. Coastal Meteorology reviews this progress and recommends research that would increase the value and application of what is known today.
Author: Robert M. Haberle
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107016185
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 613
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Book Description
This volume reviews all aspects of Mars atmospheric science from the surface to space, and from now and into the past.
Author: Gerald R. North
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0123822262
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 2874
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Book Description
Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition, Six Volume Set is an authoritative resource covering all aspects of atmospheric sciences, including both theory and applications. With more than 320 articles and 1,600 figures and photographs, this revised version of the award-winning first edition offers comprehensive coverage of this important field. The six volumes in this set contain broad-ranging articles on topics such as atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, boundary layers, clouds, general circulation, global change, mesoscale meteorology, ozone, radar, satellite remote sensing, and weather prediction. The Encyclopedia is an ideal resource for academia, government, and industry in the fields of atmospheric, ocean, and environmental sciences. It is written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with the latest information in the field. Covers all aspects of atmospheric sciences—including both theory and applications Presents more than 320 articles and more than 1,600 figures and photographs Broad-ranging articles include topics such as atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, boundary layers, clouds, general circulation, global change, mesoscale meteorology, ozone, radar, satellite remote sensing, and weather prediction An ideal resource for academia, government, and industry in the fields of atmospheric, ocean, and environmental sciences
Author: Roland B. Stull
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9789027727695
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 688
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Book Description
Part of the excitement in boundary-layer meteorology is the challenge associated with turbulent flow - one of the unsolved problems in classical physics. An additional attraction of the filed is the rich diversity of topics and research methods that are collected under the umbrella-term of boundary-layer meteorology. The flavor of the challenges and the excitement associated with the study of the atmospheric boundary layer are captured in this textbook. Fundamental concepts and mathematics are presented prior to their use, physical interpretations of the terms in equations are given, sample data are shown, examples are solved, and exercises are included. The work should also be considered as a major reference and as a review of the literature, since it includes tables of parameterizatlons, procedures, filed experiments, useful constants, and graphs of various phenomena under a variety of conditions. It is assumed that the work will be used at the beginning graduate level for students with an undergraduate background in meteorology, but the author envisions, and has catered for, a heterogeneity in the background and experience of his readers.
Author: Miguel A. C. Teixeira
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889450163
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 162
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Book Description
Mountainous regions occupy a significant fraction of the Earth's continents and are characterized by specific meteorological phenomena operating on a wide range of scales. Being a home to large human populations, the impact of mountains on weather and hydrology has significant practical consequences. Mountains modulate the climate and create micro-climates, induce different types of thermally and dynamically driven circulations, generate atmospheric waves of various scales (known as mountain waves), and affect the boundary layer characteristics and the dispersion of pollutants. At the local scale, strong downslope winds linked with mountain waves (such as the Foehn and Bora) can cause severe damage. Mountain wave breaking in the high atmosphere is a source of Clear Air Turbulence, and lee wave rotors are a major near-surface aviation hazard. Mountains also act to block strongly stratified air layers, leading to the formation of valley cold air-pools (with implications for road safety, pollution, crop damage, etc.) and gap flows. Presently, neither the fine-scale structure of orographic precipitation nor the initiation of deep convection by mountainous terrain can be resolved adequately by regional-to global-scale models, requiring appropriate downscaling or parameterization. Additionally, the shortest mountain waves need to be parameterized in global weather and climate prediction models, because they exert a drag on the atmosphere. This drag not only decelerates the global atmospheric circulation, but also affects temperatures in the polar stratosphere, which control ozone depletion. It is likely that both mountain wave drag and orographic precipitation lead to non-trivial feedbacks in climate change scenarios. Measurement campaigns such as MAP, T-REX, Materhorn, COLPEX and i-Box provided a wealth of mountain meteorology field data, which is only starting to be explored. Recent advances in computing power allow numerical simulations of unprecedented resolution, e.g. LES modelling of rotors, mountain wave turbulence, and boundary layers in mountainous regions. This will lead to important advances in understanding these phenomena, as well as mixing and pollutant dispersion over complex terrain, or the onset and breakdown of cold air pools. On the other hand, recent analyses of global circulation biases point towards missing drag, especially in the southern hemisphere, which may be due to processes currently neglected in parameterizations. A better understanding of flow over orography is also crucial for a better management of wind power and a more effective use of data assimilation over complex terrain. This Research Topic includes contributions that aim to shed light on a number of these issues, using theory, numerical modelling, field measurements, and laboratory experiments.
Author: David J. Stensrud
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521865409
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
Contents: 1.
