Author: Yvonne Carrico
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Algal biofuels
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
"The purpose of this paper is to analyze three of the alternative fuels that are currently (or soon to be) available that can meet U.S. Air Force aviation fuel requirements. While commercial airlines are also beginning to show interest in alternative fuels, the significance for the military extends beyond price and includes national security concerns. The three fuels showing the most promise for aviation are natural gas to liquid (GTL), coal to liquid (CTL), and biofuel from algae. This paper compares these three fuels using six traits either required of current aviation fuel or desired for their replacement: performance, energy content, compatibility, low cost and carbon, source, and storage/transport requirements. While all three fuels meet the required performance, energy, compatibility, storage and transport requirements of aviation fuel, they fall short in some of the other desired areas. Both GTL and CTL are not low carbon, and they are also not renewable or sustainable sources. Biofuel from algae meets all of the requirements, however the current cost of production is high and it could take up to a decade for this to become a viable alternative to oil. This analysis shows that the best option for the Air Force is to invest in carbon capture technology and pursue GTL or CTL fuels for the short term. However, research and development of biofuel from algae should also continue, as this fuel shows the most promise as a permanent, renewable, and sustainable replacement for oil."--Abstract.
Author: Mark S. Danigole
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437911080
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
The USAF is the largest energy consumer in the DoD. In conjunction with the Pres¿s. mandate to reduce dependency on foreign oil and in an effort to stem fuel exp., the USAF estab. an alternative energy program focused on increased conservation and the dev¿t. of new, domestic sources of fuel. This report examines biologically produced fuel alternatives and their ability to meet USAF jet fuel requirements by the year 2025. It examines ethanol, terrestrial produced biodiesel, algae oil and biobutanol and each fuel¿s ability to meet JP-8 fuel standards while achieving compatibility with USAF aircraft and fuel distribution systems. It recommends the continued development of biofuel technology to reduce USAF dependency on foreign oil. Illus.
Author: Mark S. Danigole
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biomass energy
Languages : en
Pages : 53
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Book Description
"The United States Air Force (USAF) is the largest energy consumer in the Department of Defense (DoD). Volatile oil prices force the USAF to divert money from training budgets and weapon system procurement accounts in order to cover increased costs due to unbudgeted fuel expenses. In conjunction with the President's mandate to reduce dependency on foreign procured oil and in an effort to stem unfunded fuel expenses, the USAF established an active alternative energy program focused on increased conservation and the development of new, domestic sources of fuel. This paper will examine biologically produced fuel alternatives and their ability to meet USAF jet fuel requirements by the year 2025. This paper examines ethanol, terrestrial produced biodiesel, algae oil and biobutanol and each fuel's ability to meet JP-8 fuel standards while achieving compatibility with USAF aircraft and fuel distribution systems. Finally, the paper concludes with recommendations that support the continued development of biofuel technology to reduce USAF dependency on foreign procured oil."--Abstract.
Author: Thomas P. Seymour
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Airplanes
Languages : en
Pages : 39
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Book Description
"In his 2006 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush established a national goal to replace 75 percent of U.S. oil imports by the year 2025. As the single largest consumer of energy within the Department of Defense, the USAF embraced the President's goal and began to reduce dependence on foreign oil through a strategy of energy conservation and the development of oil alternatives. The Air Force established a goal to acquire 50 percent of its domestic aviation fuel requirement by the year 2016 via domestically-sourced alternative fuel blend. To date, this initiative's focus has revolved around establishing a domestic coal-to-liquid (CTL) fuel industry with enough capacity to meet Air Force needs. However, technical, environmental and political realities have changed such that the Air Force should consider changing its focus on CTL jet fuel.This paper examined current realities to determine whether the Air Force should abandon initiatives that encourage a domestic CTL fuel industry and instead concentrate research, development and incentives toward acquiring renewable jet fuel derived from algae in order to stay on track toward its 2016 goal. Renewable fuels produced from algae are an attractive solution to the Air Force's alternative aviation fuel goal."--Abstract.
Author: Bruno Miller
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISBN: 0309213800
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
ACRP Report 60: Guidelines for Integrating Alternative Jet Fuel into the Airport Setting is a handbook for airport operators and others associated with drop in alternative jet fuel production and delivery that summarizes issues and opportunities associated with locating (on or off airport) an alternative jet fuel production facility, and its fuel storage and distribution requirements. The handbook identifies the types and characteristics of alternative fuels; summarizes potential benefits; addresses legal, financial, environmental, and logistical considerations and opportunities; and aids in evaluating the feasibility of alternative jet fuel production facilities.
Author: Charles R. Martel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics, Military
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Book Description
This report consists of a brief history of US military fuels for aircraft turbine jet engines and ramjet engines. The report discusses the requirements of past and current US military jet fuel specifications, when and why the specification requirements originated, and the importance of these requirements today. The purpose and origin of the various specification test methods are presented, and an extensive discussion of jet fuel additives is provided. This report should be of value to anyone involved in research and development, logistics, and use of jet fuels. We hope that it will serve as a handy reference for the jet fuel specialist.
Author: Nathan A. Palmer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Diesel motor
Languages : en
Pages : 38
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Book Description
"The United States (US) is the world's top petroleum consumer, and without a doubt the United States Air Force (USAF) is the largest energy consumer in the Department of Defense (DoD). But the increasing price of oil has forced USAF leaders to pursue innovative and aggressive steps to incorporate alternative fuel sources into the military inventory. This increase in energy costs affects budgets in the form of unforecasted fuel expenditures and has resulted in an inward domestic search for alternative fuel sources. This paper will explore innovative fuel alternatives to assess their ability to meet the USAF ground fuel needs in austere locations. This will be accomplished by examining combinations of synthetic fuels, biodiesel, waste vegetable oil, used engine oil and blended fuel variants to meet this increasing requirement, without impacting current distribution and storage systems. Finally, using information gathered in this research, the paper will chronicle the effects of sample alternative fuels principles on a test vehicle, and conclude with recommendations based on test results."--Abstract.
Author: Bruno Miller
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISBN: 0309258960
Category : Airports
Languages : en
Pages : 127
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Book Description
"TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 83: Assessing Opportunities for Alternative Fuel Distribution Programs consists of a guidebook and toolkit designed to help airports introduce and market alternative fuels to their airport community that includes tenants and consumers off airport. Alternative fuels considered include alternative jet fuel, green diesel, biodiesel, ethanol, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity. The guidebook includes a step-by-step process to evaluate opportunities and constraints for alternative fuel distribution programs."--Publisher's description.
Author: Charles R. Martel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cost
Languages : en
Pages : 29
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Book Description
JP-4 has been the primary fuel for the USAF since 1951. However, in 1979 the USAF converted to JP-8 as its primary jet fuel for its operations in Great Britain. Recently, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began the switch from JP-4 (F40) to JP-8 (F34) as its primary jet fuel. However, JP-4 continues to be the primary USAF jet fuel within the continental United States. The cost and manpower savings possible by converting from JP-4 to JP-8, as the primary jet fuel for the Air Force, are identified and estimated. The much lower volatility of JP-8, as compared to JP-4, accounts for the anticipated savings. For example, aircraft fuel systems must be purged prior to maintenance, and purging aircraft fuel systems that have contained JP-4 can take hours to days. With JP-8 purging may not even be necessary under most ambient temperatures. Another major savings is the reduced evaporation of JP-8, as compared to the more volatile JP-4. Finally, reduced fatalities and casualty losses resulting from ground and flight accidents are estimated.
Author: Emily S. Nelson
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1136318194
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 493
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Book Description
Aircraft emissions currently account for ~3.5% of all greenhouse gas emissions. The number of passenger miles has increased by 5% annually despite 9/11, two wars and gloomy economic conditions. Since aircraft have no viable alternative to the internal combustion engine, improvements in aircraft efficiency and alternative fuel development become essential. This book comprehensively covers the relevant issues in green aviation. Environmental impacts, technology advances, public policy and economics are intricately linked to the pace of development that will be realized in the coming decades. Experts from NASA, industry and academia review current technology development in green aviation that will carry the industry through 2025 and beyond. This includes increased efficiency through better propulsion systems, reduced drag airframes, advanced materials and operational changes. Clean combustion and emission control of noise, exhaust gases and particulates are also addressed through combustor design and the use of alternative fuels. Economic imperatives from aircraft lifetime and maintenance logistics dictate the drive for "drop-in" fuels, blending jet-grade and biofuel. New certification standards for alternative fuels are outlined. Life Cycle Assessments are used to evaluate worldwide biofuel approaches, highlighting that there is no single rational approach for sustainable buildup. In fact, unless local conditions are considered, the use of biofuels can create a net increase in environmental impact as a result of biofuel manufacturing processes. Governmental experts evaluate current and future regulations and their impact on green aviation. Sustainable approaches to biofuel development are discussed for locations around the globe, including the US, EU, Brazil, China and India.
