Author: Dr. Terence M. Dorn
Publisher: Page Publishing Inc
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 91
Book Description
This book completes my unmanned systems trilogy and provides an update on the capabilities and threat potential of Unmanned Systems since my previous two books, entitled Unmanned Systems: Savior or Threat and The Importance and Vulnerabilities of U.S. Critical Infrastructure to Unmanned Systems and Cyber. The U.S. Congress and military services claim humans will control artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced autonomous weapon systems, yet they are severely mistaken. The age of autonomous warfare has already arrived, and its incorporation of AI has begun. Our strategic competitors know that AI will digest volumes of information and make decisions far faster than human beings. They have already been unleashed without a human in the loop to authorize engagements against human beings. Our world is embroiled in a technological revolution with unmanned systems and the meteoric rise of more responsive and innovative AI algorithms. These two entities are not in their infancy, for they have emerged and grown immensely in capability, potential, and threat. There is a fierce, modern-day race among countries to conduct research and development to get improved unmanned systems and AI out to military forces, governments, companies, and the general populace. By combining armed and autonomous unmanned systems with AI, we are leap-frogging humanity past science fiction movies towards real-world militarized, AI-enhanced, autonomous unmanned systems and, quite possibly, Skynet.
The Unmanned Systems and Artificial Intelligence Revolution
Author: Dr. Terence M. Dorn
Publisher: Page Publishing Inc
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 91
Book Description
This book completes my unmanned systems trilogy and provides an update on the capabilities and threat potential of Unmanned Systems since my previous two books, entitled Unmanned Systems: Savior or Threat and The Importance and Vulnerabilities of U.S. Critical Infrastructure to Unmanned Systems and Cyber. The U.S. Congress and military services claim humans will control artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced autonomous weapon systems, yet they are severely mistaken. The age of autonomous warfare has already arrived, and its incorporation of AI has begun. Our strategic competitors know that AI will digest volumes of information and make decisions far faster than human beings. They have already been unleashed without a human in the loop to authorize engagements against human beings. Our world is embroiled in a technological revolution with unmanned systems and the meteoric rise of more responsive and innovative AI algorithms. These two entities are not in their infancy, for they have emerged and grown immensely in capability, potential, and threat. There is a fierce, modern-day race among countries to conduct research and development to get improved unmanned systems and AI out to military forces, governments, companies, and the general populace. By combining armed and autonomous unmanned systems with AI, we are leap-frogging humanity past science fiction movies towards real-world militarized, AI-enhanced, autonomous unmanned systems and, quite possibly, Skynet.
Publisher: Page Publishing Inc
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 91
Book Description
This book completes my unmanned systems trilogy and provides an update on the capabilities and threat potential of Unmanned Systems since my previous two books, entitled Unmanned Systems: Savior or Threat and The Importance and Vulnerabilities of U.S. Critical Infrastructure to Unmanned Systems and Cyber. The U.S. Congress and military services claim humans will control artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced autonomous weapon systems, yet they are severely mistaken. The age of autonomous warfare has already arrived, and its incorporation of AI has begun. Our strategic competitors know that AI will digest volumes of information and make decisions far faster than human beings. They have already been unleashed without a human in the loop to authorize engagements against human beings. Our world is embroiled in a technological revolution with unmanned systems and the meteoric rise of more responsive and innovative AI algorithms. These two entities are not in their infancy, for they have emerged and grown immensely in capability, potential, and threat. There is a fierce, modern-day race among countries to conduct research and development to get improved unmanned systems and AI out to military forces, governments, companies, and the general populace. By combining armed and autonomous unmanned systems with AI, we are leap-frogging humanity past science fiction movies towards real-world militarized, AI-enhanced, autonomous unmanned systems and, quite possibly, Skynet.
The Unmanned Systems and Artificial Intelligence Revolution
Author: Terence M. Dorn
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Uas) in the Cyber Domain: Protecting Usa's Advanced Air Assets
Author: Julie J. C. H. Ryan
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781724077066
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 430
Book Description
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are an integral part of the US national critical infrastructure. They must be protected from hostile intent or use to the same level as any other military or commercial asset involved in US national security. However, from the Spratly Islands to Djibouti to heartland America, the expanding Chinese Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS / Drone) industry has outpaced the US technologically and numerically on all fronts: military, commercial, and recreational. Both countries found that there were large information security gaps in unmanned systems that could be exploited on the international cyber-security stage. Many of those gaps remain today and are direct threats to US advanced Air Assets if not mitigated upfront by UAS designers and manufacturers. The authors contend that US military / commercial developers of UAS hardware and software must perform cyber risk assessments and mitigations prior to delivery of UAS systems to stay internationally competitive and secure. The authors have endeavored to bring a breadth and quality of information to the reader that is unparalleled in the unclassified sphere. This book will fully immerse and engage the reader in the cyber-security considerations of this rapidly emerging technology that we know as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Topics covered include National Airspace (NAS) policy issues, information security, UAS vulnerabilities in key systems (Sense and Avoid / SCADA), collision avoidance systems, stealth design, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) platforms; weapons systems security; electronic warfare considerations; data-links, jamming operational vulnerabilities and still-emerging political scenarios that affect US military / commercial decisions.
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781724077066
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 430
Book Description
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are an integral part of the US national critical infrastructure. They must be protected from hostile intent or use to the same level as any other military or commercial asset involved in US national security. However, from the Spratly Islands to Djibouti to heartland America, the expanding Chinese Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS / Drone) industry has outpaced the US technologically and numerically on all fronts: military, commercial, and recreational. Both countries found that there were large information security gaps in unmanned systems that could be exploited on the international cyber-security stage. Many of those gaps remain today and are direct threats to US advanced Air Assets if not mitigated upfront by UAS designers and manufacturers. The authors contend that US military / commercial developers of UAS hardware and software must perform cyber risk assessments and mitigations prior to delivery of UAS systems to stay internationally competitive and secure. The authors have endeavored to bring a breadth and quality of information to the reader that is unparalleled in the unclassified sphere. This book will fully immerse and engage the reader in the cyber-security considerations of this rapidly emerging technology that we know as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Topics covered include National Airspace (NAS) policy issues, information security, UAS vulnerabilities in key systems (Sense and Avoid / SCADA), collision avoidance systems, stealth design, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) platforms; weapons systems security; electronic warfare considerations; data-links, jamming operational vulnerabilities and still-emerging political scenarios that affect US military / commercial decisions.
Autonomous Horizons
Author: Greg Zacharias
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781092834346
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 420
Book Description
Dr. Greg Zacharias, former Chief Scientist of the United States Air Force (2015-18), explores next steps in autonomous systems (AS) development, fielding, and training. Rapid advances in AS development and artificial intelligence (AI) research will change how we think about machines, whether they are individual vehicle platforms or networked enterprises. The payoff will be considerable, affording the US military significant protection for aviators, greater effectiveness in employment, and unlimited opportunities for novel and disruptive concepts of operations. Autonomous Horizons: The Way Forward identifies issues and makes recommendations for the Air Force to take full advantage of this transformational technology.
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781092834346
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 420
Book Description
Dr. Greg Zacharias, former Chief Scientist of the United States Air Force (2015-18), explores next steps in autonomous systems (AS) development, fielding, and training. Rapid advances in AS development and artificial intelligence (AI) research will change how we think about machines, whether they are individual vehicle platforms or networked enterprises. The payoff will be considerable, affording the US military significant protection for aviators, greater effectiveness in employment, and unlimited opportunities for novel and disruptive concepts of operations. Autonomous Horizons: The Way Forward identifies issues and makes recommendations for the Air Force to take full advantage of this transformational technology.
Funding a Revolution
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309062780
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 300
Book Description
The past 50 years have witnessed a revolution in computing and related communications technologies. The contributions of industry and university researchers to this revolution are manifest; less widely recognized is the major role the federal government played in launching the computing revolution and sustaining its momentum. Funding a Revolution examines the history of computing since World War II to elucidate the federal government's role in funding computing research, supporting the education of computer scientists and engineers, and equipping university research labs. It reviews the economic rationale for government support of research, characterizes federal support for computing research, and summarizes key historical advances in which government-sponsored research played an important role. Funding a Revolution contains a series of case studies in relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality that demonstrate the complex interactions among government, universities, and industry that have driven the field. It offers a series of lessons that identify factors contributing to the success of the nation's computing enterprise and the government's role within it.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309062780
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 300
Book Description
The past 50 years have witnessed a revolution in computing and related communications technologies. The contributions of industry and university researchers to this revolution are manifest; less widely recognized is the major role the federal government played in launching the computing revolution and sustaining its momentum. Funding a Revolution examines the history of computing since World War II to elucidate the federal government's role in funding computing research, supporting the education of computer scientists and engineers, and equipping university research labs. It reviews the economic rationale for government support of research, characterizes federal support for computing research, and summarizes key historical advances in which government-sponsored research played an important role. Funding a Revolution contains a series of case studies in relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality that demonstrate the complex interactions among government, universities, and industry that have driven the field. It offers a series of lessons that identify factors contributing to the success of the nation's computing enterprise and the government's role within it.
The AI Revolution: How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape Our Lives, Careers, and Future
Author: Rick Spair
Publisher: Rick Spair
ISBN:
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 234
Book Description
Welcome to "The AI Revolution: How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape Our Lives, Careers, and Future," a comprehensive exploration of one of the most transformative technologies of our time. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not just a buzzword or a distant futuristic concept; it is a reality that is rapidly reshaping every facet of our lives. From the way we communicate, work, and learn to how we address global challenges, AI is at the forefront of innovation and change. As you delve into this book, you will embark on a journey through the history, development, and profound impact of AI. We will explore the foundational concepts that underpin AI technologies, demystify the jargon that often surrounds this field, and provide a clear understanding of how AI works. More importantly, we will examine the real-world applications of AI across various sectors, highlighting the benefits and challenges that come with integrating AI into our daily lives. The narrative will take you through the corridors of healthcare, where AI is revolutionizing diagnostics and treatment; into the financial world, where it is enhancing fraud detection and customer service; and onto the roads, where autonomous vehicles are becoming a reality. You will see how AI is personalizing education, transforming entertainment, and optimizing retail experiences. Each chapter is designed to provide insights into how AI is currently being utilized and the future possibilities it holds. Beyond the technological advancements, this book delves into the ethical considerations and societal impacts of AI. We will discuss the moral dilemmas, privacy concerns, and the need for transparency and accountability in AI development. Understanding these aspects is crucial for fostering a responsible AI ecosystem that benefits all of humanity. In the chapters dedicated to the future of work, you will learn about the skills and competencies required in an AI-driven job market. We will explore the opportunities and challenges posed by job automation and the importance of continuous learning and adaptability. This book aims to equip you with the knowledge to navigate and thrive in a rapidly changing world. We will also address the vital role of individuals, businesses, and governments in shaping the future of AI. From fostering innovation and ensuring ethical practices to promoting inclusivity and equity, the collective efforts of all stakeholders are essential for creating a balanced and beneficial AI landscape. "The AI Revolution: How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape Our Lives, Careers, and Future" is not just an academic discourse but a call to action. It encourages readers to engage with AI positively, responsibly, and proactively. As we stand on the brink of this technological revolution, it is imperative to understand its implications and harness its potential to create a better, more equitable world. Join us as we explore the fascinating world of AI, understand its transformative power, and envision a future where technology and humanity coexist harmoniously for the greater good.
Publisher: Rick Spair
ISBN:
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 234
Book Description
Welcome to "The AI Revolution: How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape Our Lives, Careers, and Future," a comprehensive exploration of one of the most transformative technologies of our time. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not just a buzzword or a distant futuristic concept; it is a reality that is rapidly reshaping every facet of our lives. From the way we communicate, work, and learn to how we address global challenges, AI is at the forefront of innovation and change. As you delve into this book, you will embark on a journey through the history, development, and profound impact of AI. We will explore the foundational concepts that underpin AI technologies, demystify the jargon that often surrounds this field, and provide a clear understanding of how AI works. More importantly, we will examine the real-world applications of AI across various sectors, highlighting the benefits and challenges that come with integrating AI into our daily lives. The narrative will take you through the corridors of healthcare, where AI is revolutionizing diagnostics and treatment; into the financial world, where it is enhancing fraud detection and customer service; and onto the roads, where autonomous vehicles are becoming a reality. You will see how AI is personalizing education, transforming entertainment, and optimizing retail experiences. Each chapter is designed to provide insights into how AI is currently being utilized and the future possibilities it holds. Beyond the technological advancements, this book delves into the ethical considerations and societal impacts of AI. We will discuss the moral dilemmas, privacy concerns, and the need for transparency and accountability in AI development. Understanding these aspects is crucial for fostering a responsible AI ecosystem that benefits all of humanity. In the chapters dedicated to the future of work, you will learn about the skills and competencies required in an AI-driven job market. We will explore the opportunities and challenges posed by job automation and the importance of continuous learning and adaptability. This book aims to equip you with the knowledge to navigate and thrive in a rapidly changing world. We will also address the vital role of individuals, businesses, and governments in shaping the future of AI. From fostering innovation and ensuring ethical practices to promoting inclusivity and equity, the collective efforts of all stakeholders are essential for creating a balanced and beneficial AI landscape. "The AI Revolution: How Artificial Intelligence Will Reshape Our Lives, Careers, and Future" is not just an academic discourse but a call to action. It encourages readers to engage with AI positively, responsibly, and proactively. As we stand on the brink of this technological revolution, it is imperative to understand its implications and harness its potential to create a better, more equitable world. Join us as we explore the fascinating world of AI, understand its transformative power, and envision a future where technology and humanity coexist harmoniously for the greater good.
Burn-in
Author: P. W. Singer
Publisher: Mariner Books
ISBN: 1328637239
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 437
Book Description
An FBI agent teams up with the first police robot to hunt a shadowy terrorist in this gripping technothriller--and fact-based tour of tomorrow--from the authors of Ghost Fleet America is on the brink of a revolution. AI and robotics have realized science fiction's dreams, but have also taken millions of jobs and left many citizens fearful that the future is leaving them behind. After narrowly averting a bombing at Washington's Union Station, FBI Special Agent Lara Keegan receives a new assignment: to field test the first police robot. In the wake of a series of shocking catastrophes, the two find themselves investigating a conspiracy whose mastermind is using cutting-edge tech to rip the nation apart. To stop this new breed of terrorist, Keegan's only hope is to forge a new kind of partnership. With every tech, trend, and scene drawn from the real world, Burn-In blends a technothriller's excitement with nonfiction's insight to illuminate the darkest corners of our chilling tomorrow.
Publisher: Mariner Books
ISBN: 1328637239
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 437
Book Description
An FBI agent teams up with the first police robot to hunt a shadowy terrorist in this gripping technothriller--and fact-based tour of tomorrow--from the authors of Ghost Fleet America is on the brink of a revolution. AI and robotics have realized science fiction's dreams, but have also taken millions of jobs and left many citizens fearful that the future is leaving them behind. After narrowly averting a bombing at Washington's Union Station, FBI Special Agent Lara Keegan receives a new assignment: to field test the first police robot. In the wake of a series of shocking catastrophes, the two find themselves investigating a conspiracy whose mastermind is using cutting-edge tech to rip the nation apart. To stop this new breed of terrorist, Keegan's only hope is to forge a new kind of partnership. With every tech, trend, and scene drawn from the real world, Burn-In blends a technothriller's excitement with nonfiction's insight to illuminate the darkest corners of our chilling tomorrow.
One Nation Under Drones
Author: John E Jackson
Publisher: Naval Institute Press
ISBN: 168247240X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 220
Book Description
One Nation Under Drones is an interesting and informative review of how robotic and unmanned systems are impacting every aspect of American life, from how we fight our wars; to how we play; to how we grow our food. Edited by Professor John Jackson, who holds the E.A. Sperry Chair of Unmanned and Robotic Systems at the United States Naval War College, this highly readable book features chapters from a dozen experts, researchers, and operators of the sophisticated systems that have become ubiquitous across the nation and around the world. Press reports have focused primarily on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, officially designated as UAVs, but more often referred to as "drones". This book takes you behind the scenes and describes how Predators, Reapers, Scan Eagles and dozens of other pilotless aircraft have been used to fight the Global War on Terrorism. Although these systems seemed to emerge fully-developed into the skies above America's distant battlefields following the attacks of 9-11-2001, readers will discover how they actually trace their lineage to the First World War, when the "automatic airplane/aerial torpedo", designed and built by the Sperry Gyroscope Company, made its first flight just over a century ago. Unmanned aircraft were used by various combatants in World War II, and took many forms: from converted manned bombers to inter-continental attacks on the American homeland by rice-paper balloons. Technology developed in the latter decades of the 20th century enabled crews stationed thousands of miles away to attack targets on remote battlefields. Such long-range and remote-controlled weapons have been extensively used, but are controversial from both legal and ethical stand-points. Chapters written by international law specialists and drone pilots with advanced education in ethics address these issues from both sides of the argument. The book also details how robotic systems are being used on land, in and below the seas, and in civilian applications such as driverless cars. Three dozen photographs display drones as small as an insect up to those as large as a 737 airliner. One Nation Under Drones covers such a wide array of topics that it will be of interest to everyone from the casual reader seeking to know more about these systems, to national security professionals, both in and out of uniform, who will be making decisions about their procurement and use in decades to come. This work will become the definitive volume on the subject, providing the facts and avoiding the hype about systems that have moved off the pages of science fiction and into the environment all around us.
Publisher: Naval Institute Press
ISBN: 168247240X
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 220
Book Description
One Nation Under Drones is an interesting and informative review of how robotic and unmanned systems are impacting every aspect of American life, from how we fight our wars; to how we play; to how we grow our food. Edited by Professor John Jackson, who holds the E.A. Sperry Chair of Unmanned and Robotic Systems at the United States Naval War College, this highly readable book features chapters from a dozen experts, researchers, and operators of the sophisticated systems that have become ubiquitous across the nation and around the world. Press reports have focused primarily on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, officially designated as UAVs, but more often referred to as "drones". This book takes you behind the scenes and describes how Predators, Reapers, Scan Eagles and dozens of other pilotless aircraft have been used to fight the Global War on Terrorism. Although these systems seemed to emerge fully-developed into the skies above America's distant battlefields following the attacks of 9-11-2001, readers will discover how they actually trace their lineage to the First World War, when the "automatic airplane/aerial torpedo", designed and built by the Sperry Gyroscope Company, made its first flight just over a century ago. Unmanned aircraft were used by various combatants in World War II, and took many forms: from converted manned bombers to inter-continental attacks on the American homeland by rice-paper balloons. Technology developed in the latter decades of the 20th century enabled crews stationed thousands of miles away to attack targets on remote battlefields. Such long-range and remote-controlled weapons have been extensively used, but are controversial from both legal and ethical stand-points. Chapters written by international law specialists and drone pilots with advanced education in ethics address these issues from both sides of the argument. The book also details how robotic systems are being used on land, in and below the seas, and in civilian applications such as driverless cars. Three dozen photographs display drones as small as an insect up to those as large as a 737 airliner. One Nation Under Drones covers such a wide array of topics that it will be of interest to everyone from the casual reader seeking to know more about these systems, to national security professionals, both in and out of uniform, who will be making decisions about their procurement and use in decades to come. This work will become the definitive volume on the subject, providing the facts and avoiding the hype about systems that have moved off the pages of science fiction and into the environment all around us.
Wired for War
Author: P. W. Singer
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1440685975
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 536
Book Description
“[Singer's] enthusiasm becomes infectious . . . Wired for War is a book of its time: this is strategy for the Facebook generation.” —Foreign Affairs “An engrossing picture of a new class of weapon that may revolutionize future wars. . .” —Kirkus Reviews P. W. Singer explores the greatest revolution in military affairs since the atom bomb: the dawn of robotic warfare We are on the cusp of a massive shift in military technology that threatens to make real the stuff of I, Robot and The Terminator. Blending historical evidence with interviews of an amazing cast of characters, Singer shows how technology is changing not just how wars are fought, but also the politics, economics, laws, and the ethics that surround war itself. Travelling from the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan to modern-day "skunk works" in the midst of suburbia, Wired for War will tantalise a wide readership, from military buffs to policy wonks to gearheads.
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 1440685975
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 536
Book Description
“[Singer's] enthusiasm becomes infectious . . . Wired for War is a book of its time: this is strategy for the Facebook generation.” —Foreign Affairs “An engrossing picture of a new class of weapon that may revolutionize future wars. . .” —Kirkus Reviews P. W. Singer explores the greatest revolution in military affairs since the atom bomb: the dawn of robotic warfare We are on the cusp of a massive shift in military technology that threatens to make real the stuff of I, Robot and The Terminator. Blending historical evidence with interviews of an amazing cast of characters, Singer shows how technology is changing not just how wars are fought, but also the politics, economics, laws, and the ethics that surround war itself. Travelling from the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan to modern-day "skunk works" in the midst of suburbia, Wired for War will tantalise a wide readership, from military buffs to policy wonks to gearheads.
Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War
Author: Paul Scharre
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 0393608999
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Book Description
Winner of the 2019 William E. Colby Award "The book I had been waiting for. I can't recommend it highly enough." —Bill Gates The era of autonomous weapons has arrived. Today around the globe, at least thirty nations have weapons that can search for and destroy enemy targets all on their own. Paul Scharre, a leading expert in next-generation warfare, describes these and other high tech weapons systems—from Israel’s Harpy drone to the American submarine-hunting robot ship Sea Hunter—and examines the legal and ethical issues surrounding their use. “A smart primer to what’s to come in warfare” (Bruce Schneier), Army of None engages military history, global policy, and cutting-edge science to explore the implications of giving weapons the freedom to make life and death decisions. A former soldier himself, Scharre argues that we must embrace technology where it can make war more precise and humane, but when the choice is life or death, there is no replacement for the human heart.
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN: 0393608999
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Book Description
Winner of the 2019 William E. Colby Award "The book I had been waiting for. I can't recommend it highly enough." —Bill Gates The era of autonomous weapons has arrived. Today around the globe, at least thirty nations have weapons that can search for and destroy enemy targets all on their own. Paul Scharre, a leading expert in next-generation warfare, describes these and other high tech weapons systems—from Israel’s Harpy drone to the American submarine-hunting robot ship Sea Hunter—and examines the legal and ethical issues surrounding their use. “A smart primer to what’s to come in warfare” (Bruce Schneier), Army of None engages military history, global policy, and cutting-edge science to explore the implications of giving weapons the freedom to make life and death decisions. A former soldier himself, Scharre argues that we must embrace technology where it can make war more precise and humane, but when the choice is life or death, there is no replacement for the human heart.