Author: Tekeste Fekadu Gebrihiwet
Publisher: Hdri Publishing
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Tekeste Fekadu's The Tenacity and Resilience of Eritrea chronicles his country's armed struggle for independence from 1979 -1983 from the standpoint of an Eritrean war surgeon, continuing the story he began in his previous, much acclaimed account of the war from 1976 - 1979, Journey from Nakfa to Nakfa. Offering frontline, graphic eyewitness testimony of the massive and unrelenting sacrifice of human lives that the war demanded, Tekeste Fekadu also tells a compelling story of a physician's war to save them. He and his colleagues battled their terrible injuries, diseases and psychological suffering as tenaciously as the vastly outnumbered Eritrean armed forces fought six, large-scale Ethiopian military offensives - yet with as few precious resources. He established what was unprecedented on any previous African battlefield: effective, comprehensive and compassionate medical care - whether it required the setting up or tearing down of hospitals on the frontlines or the most delicate surgery and intensive care in trenches and underground wards under bombardment. Also dedicating himself to combating the array of problems suffered by Eritrea's equally unprecedented dependence on a female fighting force, Tekeste Fekadu fought for the recognition of women's unique health issues, ranging from the reproductive cycle to the challenge of negative sexual stereotypes. In a world in which the annals of war are many and often remarkable, Tekeste Fakudu's personal story of Eritrea's armed struggle is inimitable.
The Tenacity and Resilience of Eritrea
Author: Tekeste Fekadu Gebrihiwet
Publisher: Hdri Publishing
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Tekeste Fekadu's The Tenacity and Resilience of Eritrea chronicles his country's armed struggle for independence from 1979 -1983 from the standpoint of an Eritrean war surgeon, continuing the story he began in his previous, much acclaimed account of the war from 1976 - 1979, Journey from Nakfa to Nakfa. Offering frontline, graphic eyewitness testimony of the massive and unrelenting sacrifice of human lives that the war demanded, Tekeste Fekadu also tells a compelling story of a physician's war to save them. He and his colleagues battled their terrible injuries, diseases and psychological suffering as tenaciously as the vastly outnumbered Eritrean armed forces fought six, large-scale Ethiopian military offensives - yet with as few precious resources. He established what was unprecedented on any previous African battlefield: effective, comprehensive and compassionate medical care - whether it required the setting up or tearing down of hospitals on the frontlines or the most delicate surgery and intensive care in trenches and underground wards under bombardment. Also dedicating himself to combating the array of problems suffered by Eritrea's equally unprecedented dependence on a female fighting force, Tekeste Fekadu fought for the recognition of women's unique health issues, ranging from the reproductive cycle to the challenge of negative sexual stereotypes. In a world in which the annals of war are many and often remarkable, Tekeste Fakudu's personal story of Eritrea's armed struggle is inimitable.
Publisher: Hdri Publishing
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Tekeste Fekadu's The Tenacity and Resilience of Eritrea chronicles his country's armed struggle for independence from 1979 -1983 from the standpoint of an Eritrean war surgeon, continuing the story he began in his previous, much acclaimed account of the war from 1976 - 1979, Journey from Nakfa to Nakfa. Offering frontline, graphic eyewitness testimony of the massive and unrelenting sacrifice of human lives that the war demanded, Tekeste Fekadu also tells a compelling story of a physician's war to save them. He and his colleagues battled their terrible injuries, diseases and psychological suffering as tenaciously as the vastly outnumbered Eritrean armed forces fought six, large-scale Ethiopian military offensives - yet with as few precious resources. He established what was unprecedented on any previous African battlefield: effective, comprehensive and compassionate medical care - whether it required the setting up or tearing down of hospitals on the frontlines or the most delicate surgery and intensive care in trenches and underground wards under bombardment. Also dedicating himself to combating the array of problems suffered by Eritrea's equally unprecedented dependence on a female fighting force, Tekeste Fekadu fought for the recognition of women's unique health issues, ranging from the reproductive cycle to the challenge of negative sexual stereotypes. In a world in which the annals of war are many and often remarkable, Tekeste Fakudu's personal story of Eritrea's armed struggle is inimitable.
Historical Dictionary of Eritrea
Author: Dan Connell
Publisher: Scarecrow Press
ISBN: 0810875055
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 689
Book Description
The history of Eritrea is told in this reference through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and over 500 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, events, places, organizations, and other aspects of Eritrea's history from the earliest times to the present. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Eritrea.
Publisher: Scarecrow Press
ISBN: 0810875055
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 689
Book Description
The history of Eritrea is told in this reference through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and over 500 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, events, places, organizations, and other aspects of Eritrea's history from the earliest times to the present. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Eritrea.
Conversations with Eritrean Political Prisoners
Author: Dan Connell
Publisher: The Red Sea Press
ISBN: 9781569022351
Category : Eritrea
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
In 2001, after a devastating war with Ethiopia, a huge debate erupted within Eritrea regarding government policy. This book revisits that debate through interviews with five critics - top government officials and former liberation movement leaders - shortly before they disappeared into the Eritrean gulag. As these conversations reveal, the speakers knew what was in store for them - arrest and indefinite detention. This book not only opens a critical window into that seminal moment, it also signals the persistent dream of a democratic future yet to be fulfilled.
Publisher: The Red Sea Press
ISBN: 9781569022351
Category : Eritrea
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
In 2001, after a devastating war with Ethiopia, a huge debate erupted within Eritrea regarding government policy. This book revisits that debate through interviews with five critics - top government officials and former liberation movement leaders - shortly before they disappeared into the Eritrean gulag. As these conversations reveal, the speakers knew what was in store for them - arrest and indefinite detention. This book not only opens a critical window into that seminal moment, it also signals the persistent dream of a democratic future yet to be fulfilled.
Gratitude in Low Voices
Author: Dawit Gebremichael Habte
Publisher: RosettaBooks
ISBN: 0795350287
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 223
Book Description
“A candid, inspiring memoir of cultural and historical importance” from an Eritrean-Ethiopian War refugee (Michael Bloomberg). Dawit Gebremichael Habte fled his homeland of Eritrea as a teenager. In the midst of the ongoing Eritrean-Ethiopian war, Dawit and his sisters crossed illegally into Kenya. Without their parents or documents to help their passage, they experienced the abuse and neglect known by so many refugees around the world. But Dawit refused to give up. He stayed resilient and positive. Journeying to the United States under asylum—and still a boy—Dawit found a new purpose in an unfamiliar land. Against impossible odds, he studied hard and was accepted to Johns Hopkins University, eventually landing a job as a software engineer at Bloomberg. After a few years, with the support of Michael Bloomberg himself, Dawit returned to his homeland to offer business opportunities for other Eritreans. Dawit found a way to help his ancestral land emerge from thirty years of debilitating war. Gratitude in Low Voices is about how one man was marginalized, but how compassion and love never abandoned him. It’s about learning how to care for family, and how to honor those who help the helpless. This account reminds us that hope is not lost. “An inspiring memoir by Dawit Gebremichael Habte, who poignantly portrays his childhood in Africa and his struggles as a refugee to the United States . . . This book is a reaffirmation of the good that people can do and how one young man succeeded despite the odds against him.”—Foreword Reviews
Publisher: RosettaBooks
ISBN: 0795350287
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 223
Book Description
“A candid, inspiring memoir of cultural and historical importance” from an Eritrean-Ethiopian War refugee (Michael Bloomberg). Dawit Gebremichael Habte fled his homeland of Eritrea as a teenager. In the midst of the ongoing Eritrean-Ethiopian war, Dawit and his sisters crossed illegally into Kenya. Without their parents or documents to help their passage, they experienced the abuse and neglect known by so many refugees around the world. But Dawit refused to give up. He stayed resilient and positive. Journeying to the United States under asylum—and still a boy—Dawit found a new purpose in an unfamiliar land. Against impossible odds, he studied hard and was accepted to Johns Hopkins University, eventually landing a job as a software engineer at Bloomberg. After a few years, with the support of Michael Bloomberg himself, Dawit returned to his homeland to offer business opportunities for other Eritreans. Dawit found a way to help his ancestral land emerge from thirty years of debilitating war. Gratitude in Low Voices is about how one man was marginalized, but how compassion and love never abandoned him. It’s about learning how to care for family, and how to honor those who help the helpless. This account reminds us that hope is not lost. “An inspiring memoir by Dawit Gebremichael Habte, who poignantly portrays his childhood in Africa and his struggles as a refugee to the United States . . . This book is a reaffirmation of the good that people can do and how one young man succeeded despite the odds against him.”—Foreword Reviews
Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Horn of Africa
Author: Redie Bereketeab
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031241622
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 257
Book Description
This book analyses the historical sociology of state formation in the Horn of Africa. It examines the genesis, trajectories, processes, routes and consequences of the evolution of state formation. Three analytical and explanatory models explain the process of state formation in the HOA: proto-state, colonial and national liberation. The models, heuristically and innovatively, provide understanding, interpretation and analysis of state formation. While the proto-state model explicates an indigenous historical process of state formation, the colonial model refers to an externally designed and imposed process of state formation. The national liberation model concern state formation conducted under liberation movement and ideology. The distinct significance of these models is that collectively they generate sufficient analysis of state formation. They are also unique in that they have never been employed as aggregate analytical and explicative instruments to address the predicament of state formation in the Horn of Africa.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031241622
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 257
Book Description
This book analyses the historical sociology of state formation in the Horn of Africa. It examines the genesis, trajectories, processes, routes and consequences of the evolution of state formation. Three analytical and explanatory models explain the process of state formation in the HOA: proto-state, colonial and national liberation. The models, heuristically and innovatively, provide understanding, interpretation and analysis of state formation. While the proto-state model explicates an indigenous historical process of state formation, the colonial model refers to an externally designed and imposed process of state formation. The national liberation model concern state formation conducted under liberation movement and ideology. The distinct significance of these models is that collectively they generate sufficient analysis of state formation. They are also unique in that they have never been employed as aggregate analytical and explicative instruments to address the predicament of state formation in the Horn of Africa.
Shallow Graves
Author: Richard Reid
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019754004X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 260
Book Description
This is a personal account of the war between Eritrea and Ethiopia, fought between May 1998 and June 2000, as well as of the periods immediately preceding and following the conflict. Shallow Graves traces shifting local perceptions of time, the nation and the region, beginning in the mid-1990s and concluding with the peace agreement signed between the two governments in 2018. Richard Reid is a historian who was based in Eritrea during the war, and who continued to visit both that country and Ethiopia for several years afterwards. This personal perspective offers a more vivid, intimate portrait of the experience of the war than can normally be offered by putatively "objective" academic accounts. As well as providing first-hand reportage and analysis, Reid problematises the role of the historian--and specifically the foreign historian--as the supposedly impartial observer of events. His eloquent narrative, constructed around conversations and interactions with a range of local witnesses, friends and colleagues, explores the impact of prolonged war and its aftermath--both on private and public memory, and on the nature of history itself.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019754004X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 260
Book Description
This is a personal account of the war between Eritrea and Ethiopia, fought between May 1998 and June 2000, as well as of the periods immediately preceding and following the conflict. Shallow Graves traces shifting local perceptions of time, the nation and the region, beginning in the mid-1990s and concluding with the peace agreement signed between the two governments in 2018. Richard Reid is a historian who was based in Eritrea during the war, and who continued to visit both that country and Ethiopia for several years afterwards. This personal perspective offers a more vivid, intimate portrait of the experience of the war than can normally be offered by putatively "objective" academic accounts. As well as providing first-hand reportage and analysis, Reid problematises the role of the historian--and specifically the foreign historian--as the supposedly impartial observer of events. His eloquent narrative, constructed around conversations and interactions with a range of local witnesses, friends and colleagues, explores the impact of prolonged war and its aftermath--both on private and public memory, and on the nature of history itself.
Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa
Author: Richard J. Reid
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191615927
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Northeast Africa has one of the richest histories in the world, and yet also one of the most violent. Richard Reid offers an historical analysis of violent conflict in northeast Africa through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, incorporating the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and their escarpment and lowland peripheries, stretching between the modern Eritrean Red Sea coast and the southern and eastern borderlands of present day Ethiopia. Sudanese and Somali frontiers are also examined insofar as they can be related to ethnic, political, and religious conflict, and the violent state- and empire-building processes which have defined the region since c.1800. Reid argues that this modern warfare is not solely the product of modern political 'failure', but rather has its roots in a network of frontier zones which are both violent and creative. Such borderlands have given rise to markedly militarised political cultures which are rooted in the violence of the nineteenth century, and which in recent decades are manifest in authoritarian systems of government. Reid thus traces the history of Amhara and Tigrayan imperialisms to the nationalist and ethnic revolutions which represented the march of volatile borderlands on the hegemonic centre. He suggests a new interpretation of Ethiopian and Eritrean history, arguing that the key to understanding the region's turbulent present lies in an appreciation of the role of the armed, and politically fertile, frontier in its deeper past.
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191615927
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Northeast Africa has one of the richest histories in the world, and yet also one of the most violent. Richard Reid offers an historical analysis of violent conflict in northeast Africa through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, incorporating the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and their escarpment and lowland peripheries, stretching between the modern Eritrean Red Sea coast and the southern and eastern borderlands of present day Ethiopia. Sudanese and Somali frontiers are also examined insofar as they can be related to ethnic, political, and religious conflict, and the violent state- and empire-building processes which have defined the region since c.1800. Reid argues that this modern warfare is not solely the product of modern political 'failure', but rather has its roots in a network of frontier zones which are both violent and creative. Such borderlands have given rise to markedly militarised political cultures which are rooted in the violence of the nineteenth century, and which in recent decades are manifest in authoritarian systems of government. Reid thus traces the history of Amhara and Tigrayan imperialisms to the nationalist and ethnic revolutions which represented the march of volatile borderlands on the hegemonic centre. He suggests a new interpretation of Ethiopian and Eritrean history, arguing that the key to understanding the region's turbulent present lies in an appreciation of the role of the armed, and politically fertile, frontier in its deeper past.
Africa as Method
Author: Uoldelul Chelati Dirar
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9819757673
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 309
Book Description
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9819757673
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 309
Book Description
Eritrea's Quest for Freedom
Author: Russom Teklay
Publisher: Russom Teklay
ISBN:
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
Its journey to independence, etched in the annals of the 20th century, reflects the aspirations of a people who dared to dream of sovereignty and freedom. This exploration begins by tracing the roots of Eritrea's identity, delving into the historical echoes that resonated with calls for...
Publisher: Russom Teklay
ISBN:
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 256
Book Description
Its journey to independence, etched in the annals of the 20th century, reflects the aspirations of a people who dared to dream of sovereignty and freedom. This exploration begins by tracing the roots of Eritrea's identity, delving into the historical echoes that resonated with calls for...
Knowledge Sovereignty Among African Cattle Herders
Author: Zeremariam Fre
Publisher: UCL Press
ISBN: 1787353125
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 216
Book Description
Beni-Amer cattle owners in the western part of the Horn of Africa are not only masters in cattle breeding, they are also knowledge sovereign, in terms of owning productive genes of cattle and the cognitive knowledge base crucial to sustainable development. The strong bonds between the Beni-Amer, their animals, and their environment constitute the basis of their ways of knowing, and much of their knowledge system is built on experience and embedded in their cultural practices. In this book, the first to study Beni-Amer practices, Zeremariam Fre argues for the importance of their knowledge, challenging the preconceptions that regard it as untrustworthy when compared to scientific knowledge from more developed regions. Empirical evidence suggests that there is much one could learn from the other, since elements of pastoralist technology, such as those related to animal production and husbandry, make a direct contribution to our knowledge of livestock production. It is this potential for hybridisation, as well as the resilience of the herders, at the core of the indigenous knowledge system. Fre also argues that indigenous knowledge can be viewed as a stand-alone science, and that a community’s rights over ownership should be defended by government officials, development planners and policy makers, making the case for a celebration of the knowledge sovereignty of pastoralist communities Praise for Knowledge Sovereignty Among African Cattle Herders ‘This book greatly contributes to the limited literature on theoretical discourses and practices on indigenous knowledge of livestock herding communities in the Horn of Africa. It discusses knowledge heritage and sovereignty through the presentation of valid empirical evidence, and its subsequent relevance in nurturing sustainability of knowledge systems to enhance lives of pastoralists in Africa and beyond.’ Samuel Tefera PhD, Assistant Professor and Asian Desk Coordinator at the Centre for African and Oriental Studies, Associate Dean for Research and Technology Transfer, College of Social Sciences, Addis Ababa University ‘The author has worked with our Beni-Amer pastoral communities in Eastern Sudan and Western Eritrea for over 30 years and this book is the first of its kind in documenting our practices, knowledge systems, heritage and way of life.’ Mustafa Faid and Mohamed Ali, Leaders of the of the Pastoral and Environmental Association Kassala State (PEAKS) ‘A riveting and rare book! Zeremarian Fre guides you along the sandy [dusty] tracks and grassy pastures that the Beni-Amer and their herds have been softly tracing over time all through the Horn of Africa. One of the virtues of the book is that it illustrates vividly and in clear language how their continuous self-built endogenous knowledge on agro-pastoral life is not only at the core of their survival and the survival of their herds, but more importantly a powerful weapon in facing and resisting multiple aggressions . . . Ground-breaking and a huge achievement.’ Yves Cabannes, Emeritus Professor of Development Planning,, The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL ‘The book underlines the importance of enriching and utilizing the unrecognized, yet valuable scientific knowledge and practices that are deeply rooted in pastoral traditional expertise about their own environment and breeding practices. It is an important publication that reflects Dr Fre’s expertise and long term research in the region and thus, it is a significant addition to the African library.’ Hala Alkarib, Director of the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) ‘This fascinating book not only gives a unique insight into the knowledge and practice of pastoralists in the Horn of Africa from the author’s first-hand experience, it also provides an incisive critique of the multiple dimensions of knowledge, paying tribute to the sovereignty of indigenous knowledge. It has a timely relevance for global sustainability that will appeal to a wider readership.’ Nicole Kenton, International Development Consultant, former long serving senior staff member of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) ‘The book covers several intertwined issues relevant to contemporary development policy and practice. It goes beyond the rural-urban and peasant–nomadic livelihoods dichotomy by shedding more light on the inter-linkages within the multiple livelihood systems within the Horn of Africa and globally. A rich evidence-based resource for academics, development partners and social movements for promoting and designing state policies that embrace pastoralist aspirations.’ Bereket Tsegay MA, PhD candidate, Pastoral and Environmental Network in the Horn of Africa (PENHA) ‘Dr Zeremariam Fre has done a wonderful job of placing at the centre of this book the Beni-Amer pastoralists, the world they inhabit and the knowledge they use to navigate and thrive in it. The lessons contained in this book go beyond pastoralism; it is a must read for anyone serious about understanding the importance of located knowledge in the innovation and development process.’ Yusuf Dirie, PENHA Research Fellow and PhD researcher at the University of Sussex
Publisher: UCL Press
ISBN: 1787353125
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 216
Book Description
Beni-Amer cattle owners in the western part of the Horn of Africa are not only masters in cattle breeding, they are also knowledge sovereign, in terms of owning productive genes of cattle and the cognitive knowledge base crucial to sustainable development. The strong bonds between the Beni-Amer, their animals, and their environment constitute the basis of their ways of knowing, and much of their knowledge system is built on experience and embedded in their cultural practices. In this book, the first to study Beni-Amer practices, Zeremariam Fre argues for the importance of their knowledge, challenging the preconceptions that regard it as untrustworthy when compared to scientific knowledge from more developed regions. Empirical evidence suggests that there is much one could learn from the other, since elements of pastoralist technology, such as those related to animal production and husbandry, make a direct contribution to our knowledge of livestock production. It is this potential for hybridisation, as well as the resilience of the herders, at the core of the indigenous knowledge system. Fre also argues that indigenous knowledge can be viewed as a stand-alone science, and that a community’s rights over ownership should be defended by government officials, development planners and policy makers, making the case for a celebration of the knowledge sovereignty of pastoralist communities Praise for Knowledge Sovereignty Among African Cattle Herders ‘This book greatly contributes to the limited literature on theoretical discourses and practices on indigenous knowledge of livestock herding communities in the Horn of Africa. It discusses knowledge heritage and sovereignty through the presentation of valid empirical evidence, and its subsequent relevance in nurturing sustainability of knowledge systems to enhance lives of pastoralists in Africa and beyond.’ Samuel Tefera PhD, Assistant Professor and Asian Desk Coordinator at the Centre for African and Oriental Studies, Associate Dean for Research and Technology Transfer, College of Social Sciences, Addis Ababa University ‘The author has worked with our Beni-Amer pastoral communities in Eastern Sudan and Western Eritrea for over 30 years and this book is the first of its kind in documenting our practices, knowledge systems, heritage and way of life.’ Mustafa Faid and Mohamed Ali, Leaders of the of the Pastoral and Environmental Association Kassala State (PEAKS) ‘A riveting and rare book! Zeremarian Fre guides you along the sandy [dusty] tracks and grassy pastures that the Beni-Amer and their herds have been softly tracing over time all through the Horn of Africa. One of the virtues of the book is that it illustrates vividly and in clear language how their continuous self-built endogenous knowledge on agro-pastoral life is not only at the core of their survival and the survival of their herds, but more importantly a powerful weapon in facing and resisting multiple aggressions . . . Ground-breaking and a huge achievement.’ Yves Cabannes, Emeritus Professor of Development Planning,, The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL ‘The book underlines the importance of enriching and utilizing the unrecognized, yet valuable scientific knowledge and practices that are deeply rooted in pastoral traditional expertise about their own environment and breeding practices. It is an important publication that reflects Dr Fre’s expertise and long term research in the region and thus, it is a significant addition to the African library.’ Hala Alkarib, Director of the Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) ‘This fascinating book not only gives a unique insight into the knowledge and practice of pastoralists in the Horn of Africa from the author’s first-hand experience, it also provides an incisive critique of the multiple dimensions of knowledge, paying tribute to the sovereignty of indigenous knowledge. It has a timely relevance for global sustainability that will appeal to a wider readership.’ Nicole Kenton, International Development Consultant, former long serving senior staff member of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) ‘The book covers several intertwined issues relevant to contemporary development policy and practice. It goes beyond the rural-urban and peasant–nomadic livelihoods dichotomy by shedding more light on the inter-linkages within the multiple livelihood systems within the Horn of Africa and globally. A rich evidence-based resource for academics, development partners and social movements for promoting and designing state policies that embrace pastoralist aspirations.’ Bereket Tsegay MA, PhD candidate, Pastoral and Environmental Network in the Horn of Africa (PENHA) ‘Dr Zeremariam Fre has done a wonderful job of placing at the centre of this book the Beni-Amer pastoralists, the world they inhabit and the knowledge they use to navigate and thrive in it. The lessons contained in this book go beyond pastoralism; it is a must read for anyone serious about understanding the importance of located knowledge in the innovation and development process.’ Yusuf Dirie, PENHA Research Fellow and PhD researcher at the University of Sussex