The Preignition and Autoignition Oxidation of Alternatives to Petroleum Derived JP-8 and Their Surrogate Components in a Pressurized Flow Reactor and Single Cylinder Research Engine PDF Download
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Author: Matthew S. Kurman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fuel
Languages : en
Pages : 206
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Book Description
Author: Matthew S. Kurman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fuel
Languages : en
Pages : 206
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 4
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Book Description
In an effort to develop surrogate fuels for engine modeling and development, this project is examining the low and intermediate temperature oxidation chemistry of JP-8, potential JP-8 surrogates, and their components at elevated pressure. Experiments are being run in a pressurized flow reactor (PFR) and/or a single cylinder research engine. A fundamental understanding of the preignition chemistry of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, similar to, if not including, components of real fuels, is necessary to advance the development of fuel surrogates. This project is providing information necessary to determine the chemical reaction mechanisms of such hydrocarbons. In prior work, we developed a four-component JP-8 surrogate and a four-component gasoline surrogate, and we characterized their reactivity in the low and intermediate temperature regimes (600-800 K) using our PFR facility to oxidize the fuels and our gas chromatography/mass spectrometer facility to measure the intermediate species. This year, we examined the behavior of jet fuels and the JP-8 surrogate in our single cylinder engine facility, and we used our PFR to explore the autoignition of Fischer-Tropsch JP-8 and a potential Fischer-Tropsch JP-8 surrogate.
Author: Matthew S. Kurman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fuel
Languages : en
Pages : 402
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Book Description
Author: David Burton Lenhert
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Airplanes
Languages : en
Pages : 492
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Book Description
Author: Farinaz Farid
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemical kinetics
Languages : en
Pages : 258
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Book Description
The complexity of real fuels has fostered the use of simple mixtures of hydrocarbons whose combustion behavior approximates that of real fuels in both experimental and computational studies to develop models of the combustion of the real fuel. These simple mixtures have been called surrogates. Lightly branched paraffins are an important class of constituents in gasoline, diesel and aviation turbine fuels and therefore are primary candidates for use as a component in a surrogate. Unfortunately, fundamental studies on combustion characteristics of high molecular weight mono- and di-methylated iso-paraffins are scarce. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the low-temperature oxidation of 2,7-dimethyloctane (2,7-DMO) (C10H22), a lightly branched isomer of decane. Replicate 2,7-DMO oxidation experiments were conducted in a pressurized flow reactor (PFR) over the temperature range of 550 - 850 K, at a pressure of 8 atm and an equivalence ratio of 0.3 in 4.21% oxygen / nitrogen. The reactivity was mapped by continuous monitoring of CO, CO2, and O2 using a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) carbon monoxide / carbon dioxide analyzer and an electrochemical oxygen sensor. For examining the underlying reaction chemistry, detailed speciation of samples was performed at selected temperatures using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector coupled to a mass spectrometer. Comparable oxidation experiments for n-decane were carried out to examine the unique effects of branching on fuel reactivity and distribution of major stable intermediates. For both isomers, the onset of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region was observed near 700 K, with the reactivity decreasing with increasing the temperature. The flow reactor study of n-decane oxidation confirmed that the isomerization reduces the amount of CO produced at peak reactivity. In addition to reaction inhibition, branching affected the distribution of C2-C4 olefin intermediates. While the oxidation of n-decane resulted primarily in the formation of ethene near the NTC start, propene and isobutene were the major olefins produced from 2,7-DMO. A comparative analysis of experimental data with respect to a detailed chemical kinetic model for 2,7-DMO was performed and discrepancies were noted. Based on these results, a collaborative effort with Dr. Charles Westbrook (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) was initiated to refine the model predictions in the low temperature and NTC regimes. The effort resulted in an updated version of the 2,7-DMO mechanism, improving some of the key features such as calculated CO2 profile and final yields of iso-butene over the studied range of temperature. Fuel pyrolysis in the intermediate temperature regime, 850 - 1000 K, also was investigated for the first time in the PFR facility. However, preliminary n-decane experiments measured only a small amount of fuel decomposition, indicating that higher temperature operation would be beneficial. The major species produced from n-decane decomposition, in descending order of molar fraction, were ethene, propene, and 1-butene. These results were compared with the predictions of two existing chemical kinetic models and the sources of variations between the experiments and the models as well as among the mechanisms were investigated. At 1000 K, the mechanisms predicted higher levels of fuel depletion and ethene production. Also, while the mechanisms were similar in their predicted pathways for fuel depletion and formation of ethene, inconsistencies were observed in relative contribution of these pathways to the final yields as well as the rate parameter determination for several sensitive reactions with respect to n-decane and ethene. Overall, the research aided in achieving a data set quantifying the oxidation characteristics of 2,7-DMO (and n-decane for comparison) as well as an elucidation of critical reaction pathways based on experimental results. Preliminary pyrolysis experiments were carried out using n-decane and the limitations on companion 2,7-DMO pyrolysis experiments were established. The data was compared with the predictions of several chemical kinetic mechanisms and, using tools such as rate of production analysis and sensitivity analysis, the sources of deviations from experimental data as well as possible areas of improvement were identified. The findings from 2,7-DMO study was directly used to refine an existing chemical kinetic model for 2,7-DMO, in line with the ultimate goal of feeding the much needed experimental database for validation and refinement of kinetic models of jet fuel surrogates.
Author: Paul Richards
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768006384
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 870
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Book Description
The first two editions of this title, published by SAE International in 1990 and 1995, have been best-selling definitive references for those needing technical information about automotive fuels. This long-awaited new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, yet retains the original fundamental fuels information that readers find so useful. This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines. Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together. It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered. New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels’ physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included. There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
Automotive engine knock limits the maximum operating compression ratio and ultimate thermodynamic efficiency of spark-ignition (SI) engines. In compression-ignition (CI) or diesel cycle engines the premixed urn phase, which occurs shortly after injection, determines the time it takes for autoignition to occur. In order to improve engine efficiency and to recommend more efficient, cleaner-burning alternative fuels, we must understand the chemical kinetic processes which lead to autoignition in both SI and CI engines. These engines burn large molecular-weight blended fuels, a class to which the primary reference fuels (PRF), n-heptane and isooctane belong. In this study, experiments were performed under engine-like conditions in a high pressure flow reactor using both the pure PRF fuels and their mixtures in the temperature range 550-880 K and at 12.5 atm pressure. These experiments not only provide information on the reactivity of each fuel but also identify the major intermediate products formed during the oxidation process. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism is used to simulate these experiments and comparisons of experimentally measures and model predicted profiles for O2, CO, CO2, H2O and temperature rise are presented. Intermediates identified in the flow reactor are compared with those present in the computations, and the kinetic pathways leading to their formation are discussed. In addition, autoignition delay times measured in a shock tube over the temperature range 690- 1220 K and at 40 atm pressure were simulated. Good agreement between experiment and simulation was obtained for both the pure fuels and their mixtures. Finally, quantitative values of major intermediates measured in the exhaust gas of a cooperative fuels research engine operating under motored engine conditions are presented together with those predicted by the detailed method.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 23
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Book Description
A research program studying the oxidation and ignition characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels has been conducted. The research program entailed mechanistic studies examining the oxidation chemistry of single- component hydrocarbons and ignition studies examining the overall ignition behavior of pure single-component fuels and binary and ternary fuel blends. Three separate and complementary bench scale experiments, which include a static reactor, an atmospheric pressure flow reactor, and a pressurized flow reactor were used to examine the preignition chemistry and ignition behavior of hydrocarbons over a range of temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios. Gas chromatography and GC/MS were used for chemical analysis of the stable reaction intermediates and products. (AW).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Gasoline
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
Author: John Drury Clark
Publisher: Rutgers University Press
ISBN: 0813599199
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 217
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Book Description
This newly reissued debut book in the Rutgers University Press Classics Imprint is the story of the search for a rocket propellant which could be trusted to take man into space. This search was a hazardous enterprise carried out by rival labs who worked against the known laws of nature, with no guarantee of success or safety. Acclaimed scientist and sci-fi author John Drury Clark writes with irreverent and eyewitness immediacy about the development of the explosive fuels strong enough to negate the relentless restraints of gravity. The resulting volume is as much a memoir as a work of history, sharing a behind-the-scenes view of an enterprise which eventually took men to the moon, missiles to the planets, and satellites to outer space. A classic work in the history of science, and described as “a good book on rocket stuff…that’s a really fun one” by SpaceX founder Elon Musk, readers will want to get their hands on this influential classic, available for the first time in decades.
