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Author: Robert Glaser
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Reinforcement (Psychology)
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Robert Glaser
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Reinforcement (Psychology)
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: B. F. Skinner
Publisher: B. F. Skinner Foundation
ISBN: 0989983935
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 350
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Book Description
B. F. Skinner titled this book, Contingencies of Reinforcement, after the heart of his science of behavior. Contingencies relate classes of actions to postcedent events and to the contexts in which those action-postcedent relations occur. The basic processes seem straightforward, but many people do not know or understand the underlying theory. Skinner believed that ‘a theory is essential to the scientific understanding of behavior as a subject matter”. This book presents some of Skinner’s most sophisticated statements about theoretical issues. To his original articles, he added notes to clarify and expand subtle points. The book thus provides an overview of Skinner’s thinking about theory and the philosophy underpinning the science he began.
Author: B. F. Skinner
Publisher: B. F. Skinner Foundation
ISBN: 0989983951
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 794
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Book Description
The contingent relationship between actions and their consequences lies at the heart of Skinner’s experimental analysis of behavior. Particular patterns of behavior emerge depending upon the contingencies established. Ferster and Skinner examined the effects of different schedules of reinforcement on behavior. An extraordinary work, Schedules of Reinforcement represents over 70,000 hours of research primarily with pigeons, though the principles have now been experimentally verified with many species including human beings. At first glance, the book appears to be an atlas of schedules. And so it is, the most exhaustive in existence. But it is also a reminder of the power of describing and explaining behavior through an analysis of measurable and manipulative behavior-environment relations without appealing to physiological mechanisms in the brain. As en exemplar and source for the further study of behavioral phenomena, the book illustrates the scientific philosophy that Skinner and Ferster adopted: that a science is best built from the ground up, from a firm foundation of facts that can eventually be summarized as scientific laws.
Author: Daniel Shiffman
Publisher: No Starch Press
ISBN: 1718503709
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 642
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Book Description
All aboard The Coding Train! This beginner-friendly creative coding tutorial is designed to grow your skills in a fun, hands-on way as you build simulations of real-world phenomena with “The Coding Train” YouTube star Daniel Shiffman. What if you could re-create the awe-inspiring flocking patterns of birds or the hypnotic dance of fireflies—with code? For over a decade, The Nature of Code has empowered countless readers to do just that, bridging the gap between creative expression and programming. This innovative guide by Daniel Shiffman, creator of the beloved Coding Train, welcomes budding and seasoned programmers alike into a world where code meets playful creativity. This JavaScript-based edition of Shiffman’s groundbreaking work gently unfolds the mysteries of the natural world, turning complex topics like genetic algorithms, physics-based simulations, and neural networks into accessible and visually stunning creations. Embark on this extraordinary adventure with projects involving: A physics engine: Simulate the push and pull of gravitational attraction. Flocking birds: Choreograph the mesmerizing dance of a flock. Branching trees: Grow lifelike and organic tree structures. Neural networks: Craft intelligent systems that learn and adapt. Cellular automata: Uncover the magic of self-organizing patterns. Evolutionary algorithms: Play witness to natural selection in your code. Shiffman’s work has transformed thousands of curious minds into creators, breaking down barriers between science, art, and technology, and inviting readers to see code not just as a tool for tasks but as a canvas for boundless creativity. Whether you’re deciphering the elegant patterns of natural phenomena or crafting your own digital ecosystems, Shiffman’s guidance is sure to inform and inspire. The Nature of Code is not just about coding; it’s about looking at the natural world in a new way and letting its wonders inspire your next creation. Dive in and discover the joy of turning code into art—all while mastering coding fundamentals along the way. NOTE: All examples are written with p5.js, a JavaScript library for creative coding, and are available on the book's website.
Author: Tone Kvernbekk
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351039962
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 225
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Book Description
This important book offers a meta-theoretical account of educational theories and how they work. It offers a classification scheme of distinct types of educational theory in which the account developed can inform the work of educational theorists and practitioners. Kvernbekk observes throughout how meta-theoretical knowledge of the structure of theory types will improve the understanding and representation of educational phenomena and enhance theorists’ and practitioners’ ability to change those phenomena for the better. She explains how philosophical accounts of scientific theories can help us understand the nature of educational theories by applying two influential but different theory conceptions – the Received View and the Semantic Conception – to the field of education. Kvernbekk argues that educational theories, like other scientific theories, are representational devices that allow us to understand, describe and explain phenomena, and, when desired, to change them. The classification scheme offered allows us to discriminate distinct types of educational theory: goal-directed, equivalence and interlevel theories. Examples of all three types are discussed, explaining their structure, what they say about the phenomena and how they say it. The book also offers a critical overview of different conceptions of practice and different understandings of the theory–practice relationship. Encouraging a strong understanding of what theories say about the phenomena they represent, this book will be of interest to educational researchers and postgraduate students in the fields of philosophy of education, education theory and education policy, and to philosophers of science and philosophers working on ‘practical’ philosophical issues.
Author: Richard W. Morris
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128120991
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 486
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Book Description
Goal-Directed Decision Making: Computations and Neural Circuits examines the role of goal-directed choice. It begins with an examination of the computations performed by associated circuits, but then moves on to in-depth examinations on how goal-directed learning interacts with other forms of choice and response selection. This is the only book that embraces the multidisciplinary nature of this area of decision-making, integrating our knowledge of goal-directed decision-making from basic, computational, clinical, and ethology research into a single resource that is invaluable for neuroscientists, psychologists and computer scientists alike. The book presents discussions on the broader field of decision-making and how it has expanded to incorporate ideas related to flexible behaviors, such as cognitive control, economic choice, and Bayesian inference, as well as the influences that motivation, context and cues have on behavior and decision-making. - Details the neural circuits functionally involved in goal-directed decision-making and the computations these circuits perform - Discusses changes in goal-directed decision-making spurred by development and disorders, and within real-world applications, including social contexts and addiction - Synthesizes neuroscience, psychology and computer science research to offer a unique perspective on the central and emerging issues in goal-directed decision-making
Author: Jacqueline P. Leighton
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521009287
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 484
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Book Description
We are bombarded with information - press releases, television news, Internet websites, and office memos, just to name a few - on a daily basis. However, the important conclusions that may or need to be inferred from such information are typically not provided. We must draw the conclusions by ourselves. How do we draw these conclusions? This book addresses how we reason to reach sensible conclusions. The purpose of this book is to organize in one volume what is known about reasoning, such as its structural prerequisites, its mechanisms, its susceptibility to pragmatic influences, its pitfalls, and the bases for its development. Given that reasoning underlies so many of our intellectual activities - when we learn, criticize, analyze, judge, infer, evaluate, optimize, apply, discover, imagine, devise, and create - we stand to gain a great deal if we can learn to define, operate, apply, and nurture our reasoning.
Author: Meryl Englander
Publisher: AuthorHouse
ISBN: 1449083293
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 550
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Book Description
Prospective and in-service teachers are the intended readers of this book. Teaching involves much more then dispensing knowledge. Teaching is a process of arranging activities that will enable individuals to learn and behave appropriately. The appropriateness of the activities depends on the degree they interact with the status of the targeted individuals. Just as physicians need to know about the nature of the human body and carpenters need to now about the nature of wood, teachers need to know about the nature of people that is related to learning and behavior. Thereby, the focus of this text is the relevant personal characteristics: the intellect, motivation, and sense of self each of which influence learning and behavior. Research findings and models within educational psychology are used to define the relevant human personal characteristics . In order to arrange meaningful activities teachers strive to achieve selected objectives. The text identifies four broad objectives within which specific lesson objectives can be identified. The objectives themselves and more particularly the proposed activities must be oriented around the personal characteristics of the targeted learners. Age, grade level, ethnic background, and gender are insufficient indicators of learner qualifications.. Relevant information for learning are within individual learners as exhibited through behavior. Observations are the key indicators of learner readiness to learn. The text recommends that students begin now to develop skills for identifying the status of learners and classroom conditions through interviews, noting various classroom behaviors, and analyzing the findings by developing portfolios. Small group discussions are encouraged so that students can share skills in analyzing real problems and thereby develop habits and skills for working with colleagues.
Author: Arnold M. Ludwig Evalyn A. Edwards Professor of Psychiatry University of Kentucky School of Medicine
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780199762989
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 202
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Book Description
Despite the immense obstacles they face, many alcoholics do manage to recover. The question is "how?" In this groundbreaking book, a doctor with over 25 years experience working with alcoholics gets inside their minds and explains the behaviors and thought processes they use to get sober and stay sober. In most instances, Arnold Ludwig has found that a lasting recovery can only begin after certain crucial attitude changes. Regardless of the motivation of alcoholics, powerful forces lure them back to drink. To remain sober, alcoholics must recognize these forces and the dangerous frame of mind that fuels them. Then, they must use a variety of techniques that have been demonstrated to be effective for resisting temptation, particularly during the early phases of recovery. In time, individuals will need to develop a set of attitudes, values and behaviors--which the author describes in detail--that perpetuate and strengthen their sobriety. Being sober is far more than simply not drinking; it is a new way of life. Over the years, the author has worked with over 1000 alcoholics from all walks of life and within many different settings--hospital clinics, Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, detoxification centers, and private homes--about one fourth of whom had quit drinking for significant periods of time. Incorporating the findings of other researchers into his own and including many clinical vignettes and personal anecdotes, he explores the basic principles necessary for achieving a successful recovery. Ludwig has especially concerned himself with the nature of alcoholic craving and loss of control and describes the techniques that can help individuals to conquer their urges and also to lessen the chances of relapse. This book does not use the word "treatment." Instead it talks about what is really at the heart of the matter-- sobriety--and how to achieve it. It will give new hope and insight not only to the recovering alcoholic, but also to their families, counselors and doctors.
Author: Fred R. Volkmar
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781461464358
Category : Autism in children
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
