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Author: Christian Rompf
Publisher: diplom.de
ISBN: 3836644460
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 91
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Book Description
Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: It is important to determine the distribution fillers in thickness direction of paper. However, the techniques that are available are limited in precision and accuracy. This thesis describes a new method for the determination of fillers in the z-direction of paper. The method is based on a splitting technique that offers a good reproducibility and provides good layer uniformity. The new method is used to estimate the effects of different factors of influences affecting the fillers distribution. During sheet forming a large amount of water is removed. This dewatering process creates an irregular distribution of fillers across the thickness of the paper. Therefore, the description of the distribution of fillers in the thickness direction is critical to optimize paper properties. The techniques currently available for this kind of characterization have limitations in terms of repeatability, resolution or precision. Another limitation to currently available techniques is the lack of a good sampling area. Considering the large effect of fillers on many paper properties, the ability to measure and thus control the filler distribution in the z-direction helps to control sheet structure, reduce two-sidedness and improve paper properties such as internal bond. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: Acknowledgements2 Abstract3 Index of contents4 1.Introduction6 1.1Paper structure7 1.1.1Three dimensional network8 1.1.2Formation11 1.2Fillers12 1.2.1Effects of filler loading on the properties of paper12 1.2.2The main fillers:14 1.3Retention and dewatering16 1.3.1First-pass retention and true retention17 1.3.2Agglomeration and flocculation20 1.3.3Retention fundamentals:23 1.3.4Filler distribution24 1.4Measuring filler content and distribution25 2.Materials and methods28 2.1.1Measuring filler distribution28 2.1.2The procedure of splitting33 2.1.3Acquisition of the images35 3.Results and Discussion37 3.1Settings of the scanner38 3.2Different backgrounds40 3.3Repeatability of the method42 3.4Influence of the position of filler addition43 3.5SC Paper with 42,8 % GCC53 3.6TMP - Paper 20% GCC57 3.7Fine paper with 20 % and 30 % of GCC63 3.8Different positions of adding GCC73 4.Summary83 5.Sources84 6.List of Figures86 Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 1.3.4, Filler distribution: The distribution of filler material in the paper depends on the forming process. Fillers can be entrapped mechanically into the web, [...]
Author: Christian Rompf
Publisher: diplom.de
ISBN: 3836644460
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 91
Get Book
Book Description
Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: It is important to determine the distribution fillers in thickness direction of paper. However, the techniques that are available are limited in precision and accuracy. This thesis describes a new method for the determination of fillers in the z-direction of paper. The method is based on a splitting technique that offers a good reproducibility and provides good layer uniformity. The new method is used to estimate the effects of different factors of influences affecting the fillers distribution. During sheet forming a large amount of water is removed. This dewatering process creates an irregular distribution of fillers across the thickness of the paper. Therefore, the description of the distribution of fillers in the thickness direction is critical to optimize paper properties. The techniques currently available for this kind of characterization have limitations in terms of repeatability, resolution or precision. Another limitation to currently available techniques is the lack of a good sampling area. Considering the large effect of fillers on many paper properties, the ability to measure and thus control the filler distribution in the z-direction helps to control sheet structure, reduce two-sidedness and improve paper properties such as internal bond. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: Acknowledgements2 Abstract3 Index of contents4 1.Introduction6 1.1Paper structure7 1.1.1Three dimensional network8 1.1.2Formation11 1.2Fillers12 1.2.1Effects of filler loading on the properties of paper12 1.2.2The main fillers:14 1.3Retention and dewatering16 1.3.1First-pass retention and true retention17 1.3.2Agglomeration and flocculation20 1.3.3Retention fundamentals:23 1.3.4Filler distribution24 1.4Measuring filler content and distribution25 2.Materials and methods28 2.1.1Measuring filler distribution28 2.1.2The procedure of splitting33 2.1.3Acquisition of the images35 3.Results and Discussion37 3.1Settings of the scanner38 3.2Different backgrounds40 3.3Repeatability of the method42 3.4Influence of the position of filler addition43 3.5SC Paper with 42,8 % GCC53 3.6TMP - Paper 20% GCC57 3.7Fine paper with 20 % and 30 % of GCC63 3.8Different positions of adding GCC73 4.Summary83 5.Sources84 6.List of Figures86 Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 1.3.4, Filler distribution: The distribution of filler material in the paper depends on the forming process. Fillers can be entrapped mechanically into the web, [...]
Author: Andreas Mortensen
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 9780080524627
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1050
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Book Description
Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials draws its material from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, and includes updates and revisions not available in the original set. This customized collection of articles provides a handy reference for materials scientists and engineers with an interest in composite materials made from polymers, metals, ceramics, carbon, biocomposites, nanocomposites, wood, cement, fibers, etc. Brings together articles from the Encyclopedia of Materials: Science & Technology that focus on the essentials of composite materials, including recent updates Every article has been commissioned and written by an internationally recognized expert and provides a concise overview of a particular aspect of the field Enables rapid reference; extensive bibliographies, cross-referencing and indexes guide the user to the most relevant reading in the primary literature Covers areas of active research, such as biomaterials and porous materials
Author: Simon Quinn
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319422553
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 198
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Book Description
Residual Stress, Thermomechanics & Infrared Imaging, Hybrid Techniques and Inverse Problems, Volume 9 of the Proceedings of the 2016 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the ninth volume of ten from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on a wide range of areas, including: Damage Analysis from Thermal Measurements Quantitative Visualization Stress Analysis from Thermal Measurements New Approaches to Residual Stress Measurement Residual Stress & Optical Methods Non-homogeneous Parameters Identification General Inverse Methods Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction
Author: Kaarlo Niskanen
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
ISBN: 3110254638
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 273
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Book Description
This graduate level textbook focuses on the mechanical properties and performance of products made of fiber-based materials such as paper and board. The book aims to help students develop effective skills for solving problems of product performance and engineering challenges in new product development. Therefore the material is organized with a problem-based approach - a practical example of product performance is presented and then the relevant mechanics are analyzed to deduce which material properties control the performance.
Author: Stefano Farris
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039368508
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 350
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Book Description
The food packaging industry is experiencing one of the most relevant revolutions associated with the transition from fossil-based polymers to new materials of renewable origin. However, high production costs, low performance, and ethical issues still hinder the market penetration of bioplastics. Recently, coating technology was proposed as an additional strategy for achieving a more rational use of the materials used within the food packaging sector. According to the packaging optimization concept, the use of multifunctional thin layers would enable the replacement of multi-layer and heavy structures, thus reducing the upstream amount of packaging materials while maintaining (or even improving) the functional properties of the final package to pursue the goal of overall shelf life extension. Concurrently, the increasing requirements among consumers for convenience, smaller package sizes, and for minimally processed, fresh, and healthy foods have necessitated the design of highly sophisticated and engineered coatings. To this end, new chemical pathways, new raw materials (e.g., biopolymers), and non-conventional deposition technologies have been used. Nanotechnology, in particular, paved the way for the development of new architectures and never-before-seen patterns that eventually yielded nanostructured and nanocomposite coatings with outstanding performance. This book covers the most recent advances in the coating technology applied to the food packaging sector, with special emphasis on active coatings and barrier coatings intended for the shelf life extension of perishable foods.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Paper industry
Languages : en
Pages : 1116
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Author: Pratima Bajpai
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128142391
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 576
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Book Description
Biermann's Handbook of Pulp and Paper: Paper and Board Making, Third Edition provides a thorough introduction to paper and board making, providing paper technologists recent information. The book emphasizes principles and concepts behind papermaking, detailing both the physical and chemical processes. It has been updated, revised and extended. Several new chapters have been added. Papermaking chemistry has found an adequate scope covering this important area by basics and practical application. Scientific and technical advances in refining, including the latest developments have been presented. The process of stock preparation describes the unit processes. An exhaustive overview of Chemical additives in Pulp and Paper Industry is included. Paper and pulp processing and additive chemicals are an integral part of the total papermaking process from pulp slurry, through sheet formation, to effluent disposal. Water circuits with loop designs and circuit closure are presented. The chapter on paper and board manufacture covers the different sections in the paper machine and also fabrics, rolls and roll covers, and describes the different types of machines producing the various paper and board grades. Coating is dealt with in a separate chapter covering color formulation and preparation and also coating application. Paper finishing gives an insight into what happens at roll slitting and handling. The chapter on environmental impact includes waste water treatment and handling, air emissions, utilization and solid residue generation and mitigation . The major paper and board grades and their properties, are described. Biotechnological methods for paper processing are also presented. This handbook is essential reading for Applied Chemists, Foresters, Chemical Engineers, Wood Scientists, and Pulp and Paper technologist/ Engineers, and anyone else interested or involved in the pulp and paper industry. Provides comprehensive coverage on all aspects of papermaking Covers the latest science and technology in papermaking Includes traditional and biotechnological methods, a unique feature of this book Presents the environmental impact of papermaking industries Sets itself apart as a valuable reference that every pulp and papermaker/engineer/chemist will find extremely useful
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Paper industry
Languages : en
Pages : 412
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 542
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Author: Eastman Kodak Company. Research Laboratories
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Photography
Languages : en
Pages : 718
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