Author: Déwé Gorode
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN:
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
The first volume in a new series presenting for the first time Francophone writers of the Pacific in English translation. This volume presents the collected short fiction of Dewe Gorode, the leading Kanak writer of New Caledonia.
The Kanak Apple Season
The Literatures of the French Pacific
Author: Raylene Ramsay
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
ISBN: 1781385882
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 397
Book Description
A path-breaking analysis of hybridity in the literatures of the Francophone Pacific.
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
ISBN: 1781385882
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 397
Book Description
A path-breaking analysis of hybridity in the literatures of the Francophone Pacific.
Nights of Storytelling
Author: Raylene Ramsay
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 0824860357
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 409
Book Description
Nights of Storytelling is the first book to present and contextualize the founding texts of New Caledonia, a country sui generis in the relatively little-known French Pacific. Extracts from literary, ethnographic, and historical works in English translation introduce the many voices of a diverse culture as it moves toward “independence” or the “common destiny” framed by the 1998 Noumea Agreements. These texts reflect the coexistence of two major cultures, indigenous and European, shaped by the energies and shadows of empire and significantly influenced by one another. From the founding stories of Kanak oral tradition to the contradictory reports by Cook and d’Entrecasteaux, from the accounts of the French colony’s difficult first destiny as a penal settlement to the construction of settler mythologies, the book investigates the nature of overlapping spaces created by cultural contact between Europe and the Pacific. The final section focuses on the literary effervescence of the contemporary period and its revisiting of colonial histories in the difficult movement toward a national identity. Historical romances describe the harshness of life for freed convicts, the impossibility of love between a liberated prisoner and a free settler. Sagas of late-nineteenth-century indentured laborers seeking a living on the nickel-rich main island speak similarly of physical struggle, sacrifice, and ultimately, of contribution to the country’s development and the right to a place in the new land. Kanak texts disseminate that community’s oral culture and largely silenced voice through the printed word. In a world still moving from colonial to postcolonial frames, the engagement of these works with vital contemporary questions of historical legacy, legitimacy, and cultural hybridity is intensely political. Aesthetics is a political ethics as the different communities of New Caledonia experiment with artistic and textual forms to write their distinctive place in the land. Nights of Storytelling is a collaborative work complemented by La nuit des contes, a subtitled DVD of images and text, which features key works read or spoken, generally in the original French. It provides visual and aural access for the book’s Anglophone readers to the specific cultural, linguistic, and geographic contexts of these historical and literary works.
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 0824860357
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 409
Book Description
Nights of Storytelling is the first book to present and contextualize the founding texts of New Caledonia, a country sui generis in the relatively little-known French Pacific. Extracts from literary, ethnographic, and historical works in English translation introduce the many voices of a diverse culture as it moves toward “independence” or the “common destiny” framed by the 1998 Noumea Agreements. These texts reflect the coexistence of two major cultures, indigenous and European, shaped by the energies and shadows of empire and significantly influenced by one another. From the founding stories of Kanak oral tradition to the contradictory reports by Cook and d’Entrecasteaux, from the accounts of the French colony’s difficult first destiny as a penal settlement to the construction of settler mythologies, the book investigates the nature of overlapping spaces created by cultural contact between Europe and the Pacific. The final section focuses on the literary effervescence of the contemporary period and its revisiting of colonial histories in the difficult movement toward a national identity. Historical romances describe the harshness of life for freed convicts, the impossibility of love between a liberated prisoner and a free settler. Sagas of late-nineteenth-century indentured laborers seeking a living on the nickel-rich main island speak similarly of physical struggle, sacrifice, and ultimately, of contribution to the country’s development and the right to a place in the new land. Kanak texts disseminate that community’s oral culture and largely silenced voice through the printed word. In a world still moving from colonial to postcolonial frames, the engagement of these works with vital contemporary questions of historical legacy, legitimacy, and cultural hybridity is intensely political. Aesthetics is a political ethics as the different communities of New Caledonia experiment with artistic and textual forms to write their distinctive place in the land. Nights of Storytelling is a collaborative work complemented by La nuit des contes, a subtitled DVD of images and text, which features key works read or spoken, generally in the original French. It provides visual and aural access for the book’s Anglophone readers to the specific cultural, linguistic, and geographic contexts of these historical and literary works.
New Zealand-New Caledonia
Author: Frédéric Angleviel
Publisher: Victoria University Press
ISBN: 9780864735829
Category : France
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
"This book, the result of a series of meetings examining the New Caledonia - New Zealand relationship provides a new look at the relationship between two Pacific Island neighbours. The book offers a variety of perspectives, in both English and French, drawing attention to various facets of the relationship--literary, cultural, religious, economic, security, diplomatic and political -- with contributors including scholars from a range of disciplines"--Back cover.
Publisher: Victoria University Press
ISBN: 9780864735829
Category : France
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
"This book, the result of a series of meetings examining the New Caledonia - New Zealand relationship provides a new look at the relationship between two Pacific Island neighbours. The book offers a variety of perspectives, in both English and French, drawing attention to various facets of the relationship--literary, cultural, religious, economic, security, diplomatic and political -- with contributors including scholars from a range of disciplines"--Back cover.
Cultural Crossings
Author: Raylene L. Ramsay
Publisher: Peter Lang
ISBN: 9789052016559
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 308
Book Description
Hitherto undiscovered yet fundamental historical and literary texts from the Pacific provide the subject matter of this collection of essays which sets out to explore the new forms of writing and hybrid identities emerging from both past and contemporary cultural contact and exchange in the 'South Seas'. This is also a weaving of the connections between Francophone and Anglophone writers long separated by colonial history. Luis Cardoso, writing in Portuguese from East Timor offers further points of contrast. The places of encounter - the beaches of Tahiti, the retelling of the texts of oral tradition, indigenous mastery of writing and appropriation of Western technology, the construction of contemporary Pacific anthologies or emerging post-colonial writing and translation - are sites of interaction and mixing that also involve negotiations of mana or power. From Pierre Loti's mythical and feminised Tahitians to Déwé Gorodé's silenced women, the outcomes of such negotiations are dynamic and different syncretisms. Two chapters reexamine the theoretical concept of hybridity from these Pacific perspectives. Les articles publiés dans le présent recueil explorent les nouvelles formes d'écriture et les identités hybrides issues du creuset des Mers du Sud. Relativement inconnus, les textes au coeur de ces articles n'en sont pas moins les oeuvres fondatrices de la région du Pacifique Sud dont ils constituent la trame historique et littéraire. Longtemps tenus à l'écart les uns des autres par l'histoire coloniale de la région, les textes d'auteurs francophones et anglophones s'enchevêtrent et se recoupent en de multiples domaines. La reprise des textes de tradition orale, l'appropriation autochtone des technologies occidentales, la création d'anthologies contemporaines et l'émergence d'une littérature postcoloniale, sont autant de sites d'interactions et de convergence qui exigent une négociation permanente entre les pouvoirs et mana en présence. C'est une nouvelle facette du concept d'hybridité que nous proposent ces études de la région Pacifique.
Publisher: Peter Lang
ISBN: 9789052016559
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 308
Book Description
Hitherto undiscovered yet fundamental historical and literary texts from the Pacific provide the subject matter of this collection of essays which sets out to explore the new forms of writing and hybrid identities emerging from both past and contemporary cultural contact and exchange in the 'South Seas'. This is also a weaving of the connections between Francophone and Anglophone writers long separated by colonial history. Luis Cardoso, writing in Portuguese from East Timor offers further points of contrast. The places of encounter - the beaches of Tahiti, the retelling of the texts of oral tradition, indigenous mastery of writing and appropriation of Western technology, the construction of contemporary Pacific anthologies or emerging post-colonial writing and translation - are sites of interaction and mixing that also involve negotiations of mana or power. From Pierre Loti's mythical and feminised Tahitians to Déwé Gorodé's silenced women, the outcomes of such negotiations are dynamic and different syncretisms. Two chapters reexamine the theoretical concept of hybridity from these Pacific perspectives. Les articles publiés dans le présent recueil explorent les nouvelles formes d'écriture et les identités hybrides issues du creuset des Mers du Sud. Relativement inconnus, les textes au coeur de ces articles n'en sont pas moins les oeuvres fondatrices de la région du Pacifique Sud dont ils constituent la trame historique et littéraire. Longtemps tenus à l'écart les uns des autres par l'histoire coloniale de la région, les textes d'auteurs francophones et anglophones s'enchevêtrent et se recoupent en de multiples domaines. La reprise des textes de tradition orale, l'appropriation autochtone des technologies occidentales, la création d'anthologies contemporaines et l'émergence d'une littérature postcoloniale, sont autant de sites d'interactions et de convergence qui exigent une négociation permanente entre les pouvoirs et mana en présence. C'est une nouvelle facette du concept d'hybridité que nous proposent ces études de la région Pacifique.
Corporeal Archipelagos
Author: Julia Frengs
Publisher: Lexington Books
ISBN: 1498542301
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 223
Book Description
Corporeal Archipelagos: Writing the Body in Francophone Oceanian Women’s Literature offers an examination of contemporary literature from the French-speaking Oceanian region through a focus on four of its most prolific women writers and the ways in which these writers negotiate identity construction through one of the most powerful identity markers in the region: the body. The question of the body – how one is to make meaning through corporeality, how one represents the body, and what role the body plays in identity construction – is not only a question with which feminists and postcolonial theorists have been grappling for nearly a half-century. The body is of integral significance to autochthonous Oceanian societies, whose views of corporeality are not built upon a dualistic mind-body binary that has influenced Western thought since the era of Descartes, but rather on a cosmological, epistemological axis that comprehends the body as intertwined with symbolic, social, and ideological understandings of identity. Beginning with an analysis of the ways in which the Oceanian body has been portrayed and consumed as an exotic object of fascination throughout three centuries of European literature, the book examines the myriad methods by which women writers break away from exotic myths and reappropriate the body as a powerful tool that enables them to confront the question of self-definition in French-speaking Oceania. The authors examined in this book employ culturally, racially, and sexually specific bodies in the creation of an original, confrontational literature that transgresses historically and culturally imposed boundaries, audaciously inserting their voices, the voices of Oceania, into the postcolonial francophone literary scene.
Publisher: Lexington Books
ISBN: 1498542301
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 223
Book Description
Corporeal Archipelagos: Writing the Body in Francophone Oceanian Women’s Literature offers an examination of contemporary literature from the French-speaking Oceanian region through a focus on four of its most prolific women writers and the ways in which these writers negotiate identity construction through one of the most powerful identity markers in the region: the body. The question of the body – how one is to make meaning through corporeality, how one represents the body, and what role the body plays in identity construction – is not only a question with which feminists and postcolonial theorists have been grappling for nearly a half-century. The body is of integral significance to autochthonous Oceanian societies, whose views of corporeality are not built upon a dualistic mind-body binary that has influenced Western thought since the era of Descartes, but rather on a cosmological, epistemological axis that comprehends the body as intertwined with symbolic, social, and ideological understandings of identity. Beginning with an analysis of the ways in which the Oceanian body has been portrayed and consumed as an exotic object of fascination throughout three centuries of European literature, the book examines the myriad methods by which women writers break away from exotic myths and reappropriate the body as a powerful tool that enables them to confront the question of self-definition in French-speaking Oceania. The authors examined in this book employ culturally, racially, and sexually specific bodies in the creation of an original, confrontational literature that transgresses historically and culturally imposed boundaries, audaciously inserting their voices, the voices of Oceania, into the postcolonial francophone literary scene.
Transnational French Studies
Author: Alec G. Hargreaves
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
ISBN: 1846318106
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 321
Book Description
The 2007 manifesto in favour of a "Litterature-monde en francais" has generated new debates in both "francophone" and "postcolonial" studies. Praised by some for breaking down the hierarchical division between "French" and "Francophone" literatures, the manifesto has been criticized by othersfor recreating that division through an exoticizing vision that continues to privilege the publishing industry of the former colonial metropole. Does the manifesto signal the advent of a new critical paradigm destined to render obsolescent those of "francophone" and/or "postcolonial" studies? Or isit simply a passing fad, a glitzy but ephemeral publicity stunt generated and promoted by writers and publishing executives vis-a-vis whom scholars and critics should maintain a skeptical distance? Does it offer an all-embracing transnational vista leading beyond the confines of postcolonialism orreintroduce an incipient form of neocolonialism even while proclaiming the end of the centre/periphery divide? In addressing these questions, leading scholars of "French", "Francophone" and "postcolonial" studies from around the globe help to assess the wider question of the evolving status ofFrench Studies as a transnational field of study amid the challenges of globalization.
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
ISBN: 1846318106
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 321
Book Description
The 2007 manifesto in favour of a "Litterature-monde en francais" has generated new debates in both "francophone" and "postcolonial" studies. Praised by some for breaking down the hierarchical division between "French" and "Francophone" literatures, the manifesto has been criticized by othersfor recreating that division through an exoticizing vision that continues to privilege the publishing industry of the former colonial metropole. Does the manifesto signal the advent of a new critical paradigm destined to render obsolescent those of "francophone" and/or "postcolonial" studies? Or isit simply a passing fad, a glitzy but ephemeral publicity stunt generated and promoted by writers and publishing executives vis-a-vis whom scholars and critics should maintain a skeptical distance? Does it offer an all-embracing transnational vista leading beyond the confines of postcolonialism orreintroduce an incipient form of neocolonialism even while proclaiming the end of the centre/periphery divide? In addressing these questions, leading scholars of "French", "Francophone" and "postcolonial" studies from around the globe help to assess the wider question of the evolving status ofFrench Studies as a transnational field of study amid the challenges of globalization.
Pacific Islands Writing
Author: Michelle Keown
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 019152798X
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 296
Book Description
The Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures series offers stimulating and accessible introductions to definitive topics and key genres and regions within the rapidly diversifying field of postcolonial literary studies in English. The first book of its kind, Pacific Islands Writing offers a broad-ranging introduction to the postcolonial literatures of the Pacific region. Drawing upon metaphors of oceanic voyaging, Michelle Keown takes the reader on a discursive journey through a variety of literary and cultural contexts in the Pacific, exploring the Indigenous literatures of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia, and also investigating a range of European or Western writing about the Pacific, from the adventure fictions of Herman Melville, R. L. Stevenson, and Jack London to the Päkehä (European) settler literatures of Aotearoa/New Zealand. The book explores the relevance of 'international' postcolonial theoretical paradigms to a reading of Pacific literatures, but it also offers a region-specific analysis of key authors and texts, drawing upon indigenous Pacific literary theories, and sketching in some of the key socio-historical trajectories that have inflected Pacific writing. Well-established Indigenous Pacific authors such as Albert Wendt, Witi Ihimaera, Alan Duff, and Patricia Grace are considered alongside emerging writers such as Sia Figiel, Caroline Sinavaiana-Gabbard, and Dan Taulapapa McMullin. The book focuses primarily upon Pacific literature in English - the language used by the majority of Pacific writers - but also breaks new ground in examining the growing corpus of francophone and hispanophone writing in French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Easter Island/Rapa Nui.
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 019152798X
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 296
Book Description
The Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures series offers stimulating and accessible introductions to definitive topics and key genres and regions within the rapidly diversifying field of postcolonial literary studies in English. The first book of its kind, Pacific Islands Writing offers a broad-ranging introduction to the postcolonial literatures of the Pacific region. Drawing upon metaphors of oceanic voyaging, Michelle Keown takes the reader on a discursive journey through a variety of literary and cultural contexts in the Pacific, exploring the Indigenous literatures of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia, and also investigating a range of European or Western writing about the Pacific, from the adventure fictions of Herman Melville, R. L. Stevenson, and Jack London to the Päkehä (European) settler literatures of Aotearoa/New Zealand. The book explores the relevance of 'international' postcolonial theoretical paradigms to a reading of Pacific literatures, but it also offers a region-specific analysis of key authors and texts, drawing upon indigenous Pacific literary theories, and sketching in some of the key socio-historical trajectories that have inflected Pacific writing. Well-established Indigenous Pacific authors such as Albert Wendt, Witi Ihimaera, Alan Duff, and Patricia Grace are considered alongside emerging writers such as Sia Figiel, Caroline Sinavaiana-Gabbard, and Dan Taulapapa McMullin. The book focuses primarily upon Pacific literature in English - the language used by the majority of Pacific writers - but also breaks new ground in examining the growing corpus of francophone and hispanophone writing in French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Easter Island/Rapa Nui.
Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia
Author: Lonely Planet
Publisher: Lonely Planet
ISBN: 1786574004
Category : Travel
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Book Description
Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Stare into the volcanic cauldron of Vanuatu's Mt Yasur; eat snails by turquoise coves on New Caledonia's Ile des Pins; or discover traditional tribal culture, all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Vanuatu and New Caledonia and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia Travel Guide: Colour maps and images throughout Highlights and itineraries help you tailor your trip to your personal needs and interests Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots Essential info at your fingertips - hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, prices Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, politics, food, drink, tribal culture, environment, arts, architecture. Over 45 colour maps Covers Vanuatu, Port Vila, Mt Yasur, Efate, Ambrym, Ouvea, Malekula, Espiritu Santo, Luganville, New Caledonia, Noumea, Grand Terre, Ile des Pins and more eBook Features: (Best viewed on tablet devices and smartphones) Downloadable PDF and offline maps prevent roaming and data charges Effortlessly navigate and jump between maps and reviews Add notes to personalise your guidebook experience Seamlessly flip between pages Bookmarks and speedy search capabilities get you to key pages in a flash Embedded links to recommendations' websites Zoom-in maps and images Inbuilt dictionary for quick referencing The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia, our most comprehensive guide to Vanuatu and New Caledonia, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less travelled. Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet South Pacific for a comprehensive look at all the region has to offer. Looking for a guide for Rarotonga, Samoa, Tonga or Fiji? Check out Lonely Planet's Rarotonga, Samoa & Tonga and Fiji guides for a comprehensive look at all these islands have to offer. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet About Lonely Planet: Since 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel media company with guidebooks to every destination, an award-winning website, mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveller community. Lonely Planet covers must-see spots but also enables curious travellers to get off beaten paths to understand more of the culture of the places in which they find themselves. Important Notice: The digital edition of this book may not contain all of the images found in the physical edition.
Publisher: Lonely Planet
ISBN: 1786574004
Category : Travel
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Book Description
Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia is your passport to the most relevant, up-to-date advice on what to see and skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Stare into the volcanic cauldron of Vanuatu's Mt Yasur; eat snails by turquoise coves on New Caledonia's Ile des Pins; or discover traditional tribal culture, all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Vanuatu and New Caledonia and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia Travel Guide: Colour maps and images throughout Highlights and itineraries help you tailor your trip to your personal needs and interests Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots Essential info at your fingertips - hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, prices Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss Cultural insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - history, politics, food, drink, tribal culture, environment, arts, architecture. Over 45 colour maps Covers Vanuatu, Port Vila, Mt Yasur, Efate, Ambrym, Ouvea, Malekula, Espiritu Santo, Luganville, New Caledonia, Noumea, Grand Terre, Ile des Pins and more eBook Features: (Best viewed on tablet devices and smartphones) Downloadable PDF and offline maps prevent roaming and data charges Effortlessly navigate and jump between maps and reviews Add notes to personalise your guidebook experience Seamlessly flip between pages Bookmarks and speedy search capabilities get you to key pages in a flash Embedded links to recommendations' websites Zoom-in maps and images Inbuilt dictionary for quick referencing The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia, our most comprehensive guide to Vanuatu and New Caledonia, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less travelled. Looking for more extensive coverage? Check out Lonely Planet South Pacific for a comprehensive look at all the region has to offer. Looking for a guide for Rarotonga, Samoa, Tonga or Fiji? Check out Lonely Planet's Rarotonga, Samoa & Tonga and Fiji guides for a comprehensive look at all these islands have to offer. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet About Lonely Planet: Since 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel media company with guidebooks to every destination, an award-winning website, mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveller community. Lonely Planet covers must-see spots but also enables curious travellers to get off beaten paths to understand more of the culture of the places in which they find themselves. Important Notice: The digital edition of this book may not contain all of the images found in the physical edition.
Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World
Author: Charles Forsdick
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
ISBN: 1802079343
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 365
Book Description
In the late 1990’s, Postcolonial Studies risked imploding as a credible area of academic enquiry. Repeated anthologization and an overemphasis on the English-language literatures led to sustained critiques of the field and to an active search for alternative approaches to the globalized and transnational formations of the post-colonial world. In the early twenty-first century, however, postcolonial began to reveal a new openness to its comparative dimensions. French-language contributors to postcolonial debate (such as Edouard Glissant and Abdelkebir Khatibi) have recently risen to greater prominence in the English-speaking world, and there have also appeared an increasing number of important critical and theoretical texts on postcolonial issues, written by scholars working principally on French-language material. It is to such a context that this book responds. Acknowledging these shifts, this volume provides an essential tool for students and scholars outside French departments seeking a way into the study of Francophone colonial postcolonial debates. At the same time, it supplies scholars in French with a comprehensive overview of essential ideas and key intellectuals in this area.
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
ISBN: 1802079343
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 365
Book Description
In the late 1990’s, Postcolonial Studies risked imploding as a credible area of academic enquiry. Repeated anthologization and an overemphasis on the English-language literatures led to sustained critiques of the field and to an active search for alternative approaches to the globalized and transnational formations of the post-colonial world. In the early twenty-first century, however, postcolonial began to reveal a new openness to its comparative dimensions. French-language contributors to postcolonial debate (such as Edouard Glissant and Abdelkebir Khatibi) have recently risen to greater prominence in the English-speaking world, and there have also appeared an increasing number of important critical and theoretical texts on postcolonial issues, written by scholars working principally on French-language material. It is to such a context that this book responds. Acknowledging these shifts, this volume provides an essential tool for students and scholars outside French departments seeking a way into the study of Francophone colonial postcolonial debates. At the same time, it supplies scholars in French with a comprehensive overview of essential ideas and key intellectuals in this area.