The Indirect Effect of Direct Legislation PDF Download
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Author: Frederick J. Boehmke
Publisher: Ohio State University Press
ISBN: 0814209963
Category : Direct democracy
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
"To demonstrate this, the author models the incentives that the initiative process creates for interests to organize and for how they communicate their preferences to policy makers. Interests that represent a broader range of the public are found to gain the most from the option to propose initiatives, implying that the set of organized interests in initiative states should reflect this advantage. Ironically, an effect of direct legislation is to potentially increase the effectiveness of special interest lobbying in state legislatures - in a sense, the opposite of the direct control that gives direct legislation its theoretical appeal. Yet, the clear effect is one of empowering voices that traditionally had very little effect in the legislative process.
Author: Frederick J. Boehmke
Publisher: Ohio State University Press
ISBN: 0814209963
Category : Direct democracy
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
"To demonstrate this, the author models the incentives that the initiative process creates for interests to organize and for how they communicate their preferences to policy makers. Interests that represent a broader range of the public are found to gain the most from the option to propose initiatives, implying that the set of organized interests in initiative states should reflect this advantage. Ironically, an effect of direct legislation is to potentially increase the effectiveness of special interest lobbying in state legislatures - in a sense, the opposite of the direct control that gives direct legislation its theoretical appeal. Yet, the clear effect is one of empowering voices that traditionally had very little effect in the legislative process.
Author: Carolina Gerwin
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3346078833
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 11
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Book Description
Essay from the year 2019 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: 71, University College London, language: English, abstract: This essay argues that while the concept of indirect effect of EU Law is important for safeguarding individual’s rights due to its several beneficial characteristics, recent case law indicates that the principle of horizontal direct effect becomes more important. The essay starts by focusing on the direct effect of primary EU law, particularly Treaty Articles, before discussing the principle regarding secondary sources, especially directives. After that, strategies developed by the CJEU to neutralise the impact of the rule that directives do not have horizontal direct effect are debated, leading to the conclusion that indirect effect becomes less important.
Author: David B. Magleby
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
Author: PAUL. CRAIG
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780198915522
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Alberto Simpser
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107311322
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 303
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Book Description
Why do parties and governments cheat in elections they cannot lose? This book documents the widespread use of blatant and excessive manipulation of elections and explains what drives this practice. Alberto Simpser shows that, in many instances, elections are about more than winning. Electoral manipulation is not only a tool used to gain votes, but also a means of transmitting or distorting information. This manipulation conveys an image of strength, shaping the behavior of citizens, bureaucrats, politicians, parties, unions and businesspeople to the benefit of the manipulators, increasing the scope for the manipulators to pursue their goals while in government and mitigating future challenges to their hold on power. Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections provides a general theory about what drives electoral manipulation and empirically documents global patterns of manipulation.
Author: Henrik Christensen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642116949
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 494
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Book Description
Design of cognitive systems for assistance to people poses a major challenge to the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence. The Cognitive Systems for Cognitive Assistance (CoSy) project was organized to address the issues of i) theoretical progress on design of cognitive systems ii) methods for implementation of systems and iii) empirical studies to further understand the use and interaction with such systems. To study, design and deploy cognitive systems there is a need to considers aspects of systems design, embodiment, perception, planning and error recovery, spatial insertion, knowledge acquisition and machine learning, dialog design and human robot interaction and systems integration. The CoSy project addressed all of these aspects over a period of four years and across two different domains of application – exploration of space and task / knowledge acquisition for manipulation. The present volume documents the results of the CoSy project. The CoSy project was funded by the European Commission as part of the Cognitive Systems Program within the 6th Framework Program.
Author: Erik J. Engstrom
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107050391
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 245
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Book Description
This book demonstrates that nineteenth-century electoral politics were the product of institutions that prescribed how votes were cast and were converted into political offices.
Author: Michael Dougan
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1782250093
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 330
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Book Description
This collection of essays engages with a central theme in scholarship on EU citizenship – the emancipation of certain citizens, the alienation of others – and seeks to expand its horizons to interrogate whether similar debates and trends can be identified in other fields of European integration. The focus of the book is distinctly citizen focused. It delivers the potential for the opening out of analysis of the implications of European citizenship beyond the parameters of Articles 18-25 TFEU and beyond the disciplinary confines of legal analysis alone. The book construes 'EU citizenship' in its broadest sense, and explores the extent to which the European citizen is, or indeed is not, genuinely at the heart of EU law and policy-making. Within the broader theme of empowerment and disempowerment, the contributors reflect on a range of cross-cutting themes; for example, the extent to which channels of citizen participation (can) inform EU policy-making in a 'bottom-up' sense; or whether the EU is a catalyst for the construction of new spaces and new identities.
Author: J. Raitio
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401703531
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 469
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Book Description
The intertwinement of EC law and national law may create unforeseeability in situations where EC law invades the national cases. This study contributes to the contemporary discussion, which wrestles with questions such as: What have been the visions and objectives for European integration in the last decades? How to describe European Union as a political entity and a legal system? What is the relationship between legal certainty, rule of law, various general principles and human rights?
Author: Ogochukwu C. Nweke
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3346337081
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 23
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Book Description
Essay from the year 2020 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, , language: English, abstract: This document discusses how the Court of Justice of the European Union has over the years adopted and used the Direct effect, Indirect effect and State liability principles to make the EU Laws more effective, both in terms of interpretation and application, especially with regards to EU Directives. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) whose composition and functions were enunciated in Section 5 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 2008, was established in 1952, with the aim of interpreting the Laws of the European Union, making sure that the application of these laws are uniform and consistent in all EU countries. The CJEU also “settles legal disputes between national governments and EU institutions.” The CJEU is divided into two courts. It gives rulings on cases brought before it and in doing so, it is required to give preliminary rulings in its capacity to interpret the laws (among other capacities) "to ensure EU law is properly applied, but courts in different countries might interpret it differently. If a national court is in doubt about the interpretation or validity of an EU law, it can ask the Court for clarification. The same mechanism can be used to determine whether a national law or practice is compatible with EU law."
