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Author: Mingxuan Fan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This dissertation is composed of three essays on: (1) the impact of air pollution on labor supply and health and (2) the impact of pollution regulation on emissions. The first essay evaluates the impact of fine particulates (PM2.5) on labor supply in China. Combining restricted individual-level panel data and sub-district level remote-sensing pollution estimates, our individual fixed effects model finds that a 1 [small mu]g/m3 increase in fine particulates reduces the hours worked by 29 minutes per week. An instrumental variable approach exploiting the difference in emissions reduction induced by the staged implementation of China's new National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) finds that the effect is twice as large. Our back-of-the-envelope calculation shows an economy-wide increase of 125 billion hours in labor supply per year with a 1 [small mu]g/m3 reduction in pollution. The second essay evaluates the impact of fine particulates on the health of the elderly in China. Using objectively measured health indicators from a panel survey on the elderly and city level remote-sensing pollution estimates, our individual fixed effects model finds that a 10 [small mu]g/m3 increase in PM2.5 results in a 1.64 unit increase systolic blood pressure (SBP), a 1.39 unit increase in pulse pressure and a 8.18 unit reduction in Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF), which are indicative of worsening cardiovascular and respiratory health. We also find that even the population at relatively lower risk, such as those aged between 55 and 65 years and with no self-reported disease conditions, are still adversely affected by an increase in PM2.5 level. At the intensive margin, when the pollution levels are high, a 10 [small mu]g/m3 increase in PM2.5 leads to an increase in the probability of being hypertensive by 0.4 percentage points. The third essay studies the effect of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in the United States on the leakage of emissions of both carbon and co-pollutants. We use a difference-in-difference model exploiting the differences in the emissions by the electric generating units (EGUs) belonging to fully- versus partially-regulated wholesale electricity markets before and after RGGI implementation in 2009. We find that RGGI has led to larger emissions reductions, 25% in carbon, 74% in SO2 and 45% in NOx, in the partially-regulated market as compared to the full-regulated markets, which is likely to be the result of shift in production to non-regulated states in the market.
Author: G. Baumbach
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642790011
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 472
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Book Description
Air quality and air pollution control are tasks of international concern as, for one, air pollutants do not refrain from crossing borders and, for another, industrial plants and motor vehicles which emit air pollutants are in widespread use today. In a number of the world's expanding cities smog situations are a frequent occurrence due to the number and emission-intensity of air pollution sources. Polluted air causes annoy ances and can, when it occurs in high concentrations in these cities, constitute a seri ous health hazard. How important clean air is to life becomes apparent when consid ering the fact that humans can do without food for up to 40 days, without air, how ever, only a few minutes. The first step towards improving the air quality situation is the awareness that a sound environment is as much to be aspired for as the development of new tech nologies improving the standard of living. Technical progress should be judged es pecially by how environmentally benign, clean and noiseless its products are. Of these elements, clean air is of special concern to me. I hope that this book will awaken more interest in this matter and that it will lead to new impulses. Due to the increasing complexity of today's machinery and industrial processes science and technology can no longer do without highly specialized design engineers and opera tors. Environmental processes, however, are highly interdependent and interlinked.
Author: Mingxuan Fan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This dissertation is composed of three essays on: (1) the impact of air pollution on labor supply and health and (2) the impact of pollution regulation on emissions. The first essay evaluates the impact of fine particulates (PM2.5) on labor supply in China. Combining restricted individual-level panel data and sub-district level remote-sensing pollution estimates, our individual fixed effects model finds that a 1 [small mu]g/m3 increase in fine particulates reduces the hours worked by 29 minutes per week. An instrumental variable approach exploiting the difference in emissions reduction induced by the staged implementation of China's new National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) finds that the effect is twice as large. Our back-of-the-envelope calculation shows an economy-wide increase of 125 billion hours in labor supply per year with a 1 [small mu]g/m3 reduction in pollution. The second essay evaluates the impact of fine particulates on the health of the elderly in China. Using objectively measured health indicators from a panel survey on the elderly and city level remote-sensing pollution estimates, our individual fixed effects model finds that a 10 [small mu]g/m3 increase in PM2.5 results in a 1.64 unit increase systolic blood pressure (SBP), a 1.39 unit increase in pulse pressure and a 8.18 unit reduction in Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF), which are indicative of worsening cardiovascular and respiratory health. We also find that even the population at relatively lower risk, such as those aged between 55 and 65 years and with no self-reported disease conditions, are still adversely affected by an increase in PM2.5 level. At the intensive margin, when the pollution levels are high, a 10 [small mu]g/m3 increase in PM2.5 leads to an increase in the probability of being hypertensive by 0.4 percentage points. The third essay studies the effect of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) in the United States on the leakage of emissions of both carbon and co-pollutants. We use a difference-in-difference model exploiting the differences in the emissions by the electric generating units (EGUs) belonging to fully- versus partially-regulated wholesale electricity markets before and after RGGI implementation in 2009. We find that RGGI has led to larger emissions reductions, 25% in carbon, 74% in SO2 and 45% in NOx, in the partially-regulated market as compared to the full-regulated markets, which is likely to be the result of shift in production to non-regulated states in the market.
Author: Robert L. Maynard
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080526926
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1083
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Book Description
Concern about the impact of air pollution has led governments and local authorities across the world to regulate, among other things, the burning of fossil fuels, industrial effluence, cigarette smoke, and aerosols. This legislation has often followed dramatic findings about the impact of pollution on human health. At the same time there have been significant developments in our ability to detect and quantify pollutants and a proliferation of urban and rural air pollution networks to monitor levels of atmospheric contamination. Air Pollution and Health is the first fully comprehensive and current account of air pollution science and it impact on human health. It ranges in scope from meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and particle physics to the causes and scope of allergic reactions and respiratory, cardiovascular, and related disorders. The book has substantial international coverage and includes sections on cost implications, risk assessment, regulation, standards, and information networks. The multidisciplinary approach and the wide range of issues covered makes this an essential book for all concerned with monitoring and regulating air pollution as well as those concerned with its impact on human health. Only comprehensive text covering all the important air pollutants and relating these to human health and regulatory bodies Brings together a wide range of issues concerning air pollution in an easily accessible format Contributions from government agencies in the US and UK provide information on public policy and resource networks in the areas of health promotion and environmental protection
Author: R. Shep Melnick
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
ISBN: 9780815720317
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 426
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Book Description
In recent years, federal courts have become increasingly aggressive in shaping regulatory policy, abandoning their traditional deference to bureaucratic expertise. This new judicial activism has been particular evident in the regulation of air pollution. R. Shep Melnick analyzes the effects a variety of court decisions have had on federal air pollution control policy and assesses the courts’ institutional capacity for policymaking in such a complex arena. In six cases studies of environmental programs or issues he examines the interplay among the courts, the Environmental Protection Agency, Congress, and the White House. The conventional wisdom is that the courts have improved environmental policymaking, but Melnick concludes that as a whole “the consequences of court action under the Clean Air Act are neither random nor beneficial.” He finds that “court action has encouraged legislators and administrators to establish goals without considering how they can be achieved,” widening the gap between promise and performance. The results, he charges, have been increased cynicism, serious inefficiencies and inequities, and a lack of rational debate. An analysis of the institutional characteristics of the judicial branch reveals how these problems have come about and why they are likely to afflict other programs as well as environmental regulation. The author proposes several reforms to improve the courts’ ability to handle regulatory cases.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309169011
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 187
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Book Description
EPA estimates that thousands of premature deaths and cases of illnesses may be avoided by reducing air pollution. At the request of Congress, this report reviews the scientific basis of EPA's methods used in estimating the public health benefits from its air pollution regulations.
Author: Paul S. Fischbeck
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136522638
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 480
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Book Description
Is there potential for a U.S. regulatory system that is more efficient and effective? Or is the future likely to involve 'paralysis by analysis'? Improving Regulation considers the challenges faced by the regulatory system as society and technology change, and our knowledge about the effects of our activities on human and planetary health becomes more sophisticated. While considering the difficulty in linking regulatory design and performance, Improving Regulation makes the case for empowering regulatory analysis. Studying applications as diverse as fire protection, air and water pollution, and genetics, its contributors examine the strategies of different stakeholders in today's complex policymaking environment. With a focus on the behavior of institutions and people, they consider the impact that organizational politics, science, technology, and performance have on regulation. They explore the role of technology in creating and reducing uncertainty, the costs of control, the potential involvement of previously unregulated sectors, and the contentious public debates about fairness and participation in regulatory policy. Arguing that the success of many regulations depends upon their acceptance by the public, Fischbeck, Farrow, and their contributors offer extensive, inductive evidence on the art of regulatory analysis. The resulting book provides 'real world' examples of regulation, and a demonstration of how to synthesize analytical skills with a knowledge of physical and social processes.
Author: A. Dan Tarlock
Publisher: EOLSS Publications
ISBN: 1848261136
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 466
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Book Description
Environmental Laws and Their Enforcement is a component of Encyclopedia of Social Sciences and Humanities in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The volume on Environmental Laws and Their Enforcement deals, in two volumes , with a myriad of issues of great relevance to our world such as: Sustainable Development and National Governance; History of Environmental Law; International Environmental Law; Constitutional Law; International Binding Mechanisms; Laws Governing Freshwater and Ground Water Pollution; Forestry; Biodiversity Conservation and Endangered Species Protection; International Guidelines and Principles; Compliance Models for Enforcement of Environmental Laws And Regulations; International Environmental Law; Life Support Systems: Law and Policy; The Principle of Sustainable Development in International Development Law; Environmental Pollution Regulations; Social Concerns for Environmental Exposures to Toxic Substances; Regulation of Air and Pollutants. These volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students, Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs.
Author: Weltgesundheitsorganisation
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9240034226
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
The main objective of these updated global guidelines is to offer health-based air quality guideline levels, expressed as long-term or short-term concentrations for six key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In addition, the guidelines provide interim targets to guide reduction efforts of these pollutants, as well as good practice statements for the management of certain types of PM (i.e., black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, particles originating from sand and duststorms). These guidelines are not legally binding standards; however, they provide WHO Member States with an evidence-informed tool, which they can use to inform legislation and policy. Ultimately, the goal of these guidelines is to help reduce levels of air pollutants in order to decrease the enormous health burden resulting from the exposure to air pollution worldwide.
Author: Haneen Khreis
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128181230
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 650
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Book Description
Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
Author: United States
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1506
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Book Description
"The United States Code is the official codification of the general and permanent laws of the United States of America. The Code was first published in 1926, and a new edition of the code has been published every six years since 1934. The 2012 edition of the Code incorporates laws enacted through the One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, the last of which was signed by the President on January 15, 2013. It does not include laws of the One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, enacted between January 2, 2013, the date it convened, and January 15, 2013. By statutory authority this edition may be cited "U.S.C. 2012 ed." As adopted in 1926, the Code established prima facie the general and permanent laws of the United States. The underlying statutes reprinted in the Code remained in effect and controlled over the Code in case of any discrepancy. In 1947, Congress began enacting individual titles of the Code into positive law. When a title is enacted into positive law, the underlying statutes are repealed and the title then becomes legal evidence of the law. Currently, 26 of the 51 titles in the Code have been so enacted. These are identified in the table of titles near the beginning of each volume. The Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives continues to prepare legislation pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 285b to enact the remainder of the Code, on a title-by-title basis, into positive law. The 2012 edition of the Code was prepared and published under the supervision of Ralph V. Seep, Law Revision Counsel. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the contributions by all who helped in this work, particularly the staffs of the Office of the Law Revision Counsel and the Government Printing Office"--Preface.
