Author: Cary Carson
Publisher: University of Virginia Press
ISBN: 0813939380
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
The Industrial Revolution was previously understood as having awakened an enormous, unquenchable thirst for material consumption. People up and down the social order had discovered and were indulging in the most extraordinary passion for consumer merchandise in quantities and varieties that had been unimaginable to their parents and grandparents. It was indeed a revolution, but a consumer revolution at the start. In Face Value, Cary Carson expands and updates his groundbreaking earlier work to address the intriguing question of how Americans became the world’s consummate consumers. Prior to the rise of gentry culture in eighteenth-century North America, there was still a decided sameness to people’s material lives. About mid-century, though, a lust for fancy goods, coupled with social aspiration, began to transform American society. Carson here addresses the intriguing question of how Americans developed the reputation for avid consumption. Both elegantly written and engagingly argued, the book reveals how the rise of the gentry culture in eighteenth-century North America gave rise to a consumer economy.
Face Value
Author: Cary Carson
Publisher: University of Virginia Press
ISBN: 0813939380
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
The Industrial Revolution was previously understood as having awakened an enormous, unquenchable thirst for material consumption. People up and down the social order had discovered and were indulging in the most extraordinary passion for consumer merchandise in quantities and varieties that had been unimaginable to their parents and grandparents. It was indeed a revolution, but a consumer revolution at the start. In Face Value, Cary Carson expands and updates his groundbreaking earlier work to address the intriguing question of how Americans became the world’s consummate consumers. Prior to the rise of gentry culture in eighteenth-century North America, there was still a decided sameness to people’s material lives. About mid-century, though, a lust for fancy goods, coupled with social aspiration, began to transform American society. Carson here addresses the intriguing question of how Americans developed the reputation for avid consumption. Both elegantly written and engagingly argued, the book reveals how the rise of the gentry culture in eighteenth-century North America gave rise to a consumer economy.
Publisher: University of Virginia Press
ISBN: 0813939380
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
The Industrial Revolution was previously understood as having awakened an enormous, unquenchable thirst for material consumption. People up and down the social order had discovered and were indulging in the most extraordinary passion for consumer merchandise in quantities and varieties that had been unimaginable to their parents and grandparents. It was indeed a revolution, but a consumer revolution at the start. In Face Value, Cary Carson expands and updates his groundbreaking earlier work to address the intriguing question of how Americans became the world’s consummate consumers. Prior to the rise of gentry culture in eighteenth-century North America, there was still a decided sameness to people’s material lives. About mid-century, though, a lust for fancy goods, coupled with social aspiration, began to transform American society. Carson here addresses the intriguing question of how Americans developed the reputation for avid consumption. Both elegantly written and engagingly argued, the book reveals how the rise of the gentry culture in eighteenth-century North America gave rise to a consumer economy.
Face Value
Author: Autumn Whitefield-Madrano
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1476754047
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 288
Book Description
"Whitefield-Madrano ... examines the relationship between appearance and science, social media, sex, friendship, language, and advertising to show how beauty actually affects us day to day. Through ... research and interviews with dozens of women across all walks of life, she reveals surprising findings, like that wearing makeup can actually relax you, that you can convince people you're better looking just by tweaking your personality, and the ways beauty can be a powerful tool of connection among women"--Amazon.com.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1476754047
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 288
Book Description
"Whitefield-Madrano ... examines the relationship between appearance and science, social media, sex, friendship, language, and advertising to show how beauty actually affects us day to day. Through ... research and interviews with dozens of women across all walks of life, she reveals surprising findings, like that wearing makeup can actually relax you, that you can convince people you're better looking just by tweaking your personality, and the ways beauty can be a powerful tool of connection among women"--Amazon.com.
Author:
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394277261
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 930
Book Description
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394277261
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 930
Book Description
Statistics of Financial Markets
Author: Jürgen Franke
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030137511
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 603
Book Description
Now in its fifth edition, this book offers a detailed yet concise introduction to the growing field of statistical applications in finance. The reader will learn the basic methods for evaluating option contracts, analyzing financial time series, selecting portfolios and managing risks based on realistic assumptions about market behavior. The focus is both on the fundamentals of mathematical finance and financial time series analysis, and on applications to specific problems concerning financial markets, thus making the book the ideal basis for lectures, seminars and crash courses on the topic. All numerical calculations are transparent and reproducible using quantlets. For this new edition the book has been updated and extensively revised and now includes several new aspects such as neural networks, deep learning, and crypto-currencies. Both R and Matlab code, together with the data, can be downloaded from the book’s product page and the Quantlet platform. The Quantlet platform quantlet.de, quantlet.com, quantlet.org is an integrated QuantNet environment consisting of different types of statistics-related documents and program codes. Its goal is to promote reproducibility and offer a platform for sharing validated knowledge native to the social web. QuantNet and the corresponding Data-Driven Documents-based visualization allow readers to reproduce the tables, pictures and calculations inside this Springer book. “This book provides an excellent introduction to the tools from probability and statistics necessary to analyze financial data. Clearly written and accessible, it will be very useful to students and practitioners alike.” Yacine Ait-Sahalia, Otto Hack 1903 Professor of Finance and Economics, Princeton University
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030137511
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 603
Book Description
Now in its fifth edition, this book offers a detailed yet concise introduction to the growing field of statistical applications in finance. The reader will learn the basic methods for evaluating option contracts, analyzing financial time series, selecting portfolios and managing risks based on realistic assumptions about market behavior. The focus is both on the fundamentals of mathematical finance and financial time series analysis, and on applications to specific problems concerning financial markets, thus making the book the ideal basis for lectures, seminars and crash courses on the topic. All numerical calculations are transparent and reproducible using quantlets. For this new edition the book has been updated and extensively revised and now includes several new aspects such as neural networks, deep learning, and crypto-currencies. Both R and Matlab code, together with the data, can be downloaded from the book’s product page and the Quantlet platform. The Quantlet platform quantlet.de, quantlet.com, quantlet.org is an integrated QuantNet environment consisting of different types of statistics-related documents and program codes. Its goal is to promote reproducibility and offer a platform for sharing validated knowledge native to the social web. QuantNet and the corresponding Data-Driven Documents-based visualization allow readers to reproduce the tables, pictures and calculations inside this Springer book. “This book provides an excellent introduction to the tools from probability and statistics necessary to analyze financial data. Clearly written and accessible, it will be very useful to students and practitioners alike.” Yacine Ait-Sahalia, Otto Hack 1903 Professor of Finance and Economics, Princeton University
Introduction to Accounting
Author: Penne Ainsworth
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119600146
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 732
Book Description
The new, revised, and updated edition of the popular textbook for introductory accounting courses Accounting plays a central role in a multitude of areas, from everyday personal finance to global corporate operations. Introduction to Accounting helps students understand the concepts, principles, methods, and mechanisms of the field. Designed to benefit all students, regardless of major, this innovative textbook integrates life skills and business skills to provide an accessible, engaging introduction to accounting. Rather than separating financial accounting from managerial accounting, this textbook demonstrates how to plan and evaluate business activities from both external and internal reporting perspectives. Now in its eight edition, Introduction to Accounting enables students to understand both the nature and functions of business and the mechanics of the bookkeeping process. Three organizing themes—the accounting information system, business processes, and the balanced scorecard—help students learn why and how activities are planned and evaluated by different stakeholders. Based on extensive instructor feedback, as well as the authors’ six decades of combined teaching experience, this new edition has been thoroughly revised to enhance readability and highlight real-world examples. A complete array of pedagogical tools includes improved and expanded learning objectives, updated definitions, questions and problem sets, newcritical-thinking and ethical-challenge exercises, and more. Focuses on accounting as an information system used in each business processes to provide information to plan and evaluate activities Stimulates interest in the field of accounting with relatable, reader-friendly narrative Employs various pedagogical devices to stimulate active and cooperative learning for students Uses the example of Apple, Inc. throughout the text to illustrate central concepts and significant issues Includes extensive online support including test problems and essay exercises for every chapter of the text, PowerPoint slides and Excel templates, downloadable solution manuals, and links to professional resources Offering a wealth of instructor resources, Introduction to Accounting, 8th Edition is ideally suited for introductory accounting courses in both high school and university-level settings.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119600146
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 732
Book Description
The new, revised, and updated edition of the popular textbook for introductory accounting courses Accounting plays a central role in a multitude of areas, from everyday personal finance to global corporate operations. Introduction to Accounting helps students understand the concepts, principles, methods, and mechanisms of the field. Designed to benefit all students, regardless of major, this innovative textbook integrates life skills and business skills to provide an accessible, engaging introduction to accounting. Rather than separating financial accounting from managerial accounting, this textbook demonstrates how to plan and evaluate business activities from both external and internal reporting perspectives. Now in its eight edition, Introduction to Accounting enables students to understand both the nature and functions of business and the mechanics of the bookkeeping process. Three organizing themes—the accounting information system, business processes, and the balanced scorecard—help students learn why and how activities are planned and evaluated by different stakeholders. Based on extensive instructor feedback, as well as the authors’ six decades of combined teaching experience, this new edition has been thoroughly revised to enhance readability and highlight real-world examples. A complete array of pedagogical tools includes improved and expanded learning objectives, updated definitions, questions and problem sets, newcritical-thinking and ethical-challenge exercises, and more. Focuses on accounting as an information system used in each business processes to provide information to plan and evaluate activities Stimulates interest in the field of accounting with relatable, reader-friendly narrative Employs various pedagogical devices to stimulate active and cooperative learning for students Uses the example of Apple, Inc. throughout the text to illustrate central concepts and significant issues Includes extensive online support including test problems and essay exercises for every chapter of the text, PowerPoint slides and Excel templates, downloadable solution manuals, and links to professional resources Offering a wealth of instructor resources, Introduction to Accounting, 8th Edition is ideally suited for introductory accounting courses in both high school and university-level settings.
The Continental Dollar
Author: Farley Grubb
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226826031
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
"An essential new history of America's monetary origins. The Second Continental Congress faced multiple daunting challenges when it was convened in summer 1775. First the assembly had to create a de facto government for the loosely joined colonies that would become the United States. It then had to strategize a war effort for what would become the American Revolution. And it also had to figure out how to pay for all of it-without the benefit of any real legal authority to do so. The Continental Dollar is a sweeping, revelatory new history of how the fledgling United States paid for its first war. Economist Farley Grubb upends the folk telling of this story, in which the US printed cross-colony money, called Continentals, to serve as an early fiat currency-a currency that is not tied to a commodity like gold, but rather to the viability and legal authority of the issuer. As Grubb outlines in rigorous terms, the Continental was not a fiat currency, but a "zero-coupon bond"-a wholly different species of currency that is both value-anchored (one Continental was a promise to pay the holder one milled Spanish silver dollar after a defined future time) and subject to discounting by the issuer if that issuer needs fast capital. Through this lens, and as confirmed by Grubb's exhaustive mining of 18th-century colonial monetary records, the appearance of Continental-dollar depreciation was, in fact, capricious discounting: the US was playing easy money in the face of an expensive war. Drawing on decades of research and careful mining of historical evidence, The Continental Dollar is an essential and authoritative origin story of the early American monetary system. It is certain to serve as the benchmark for critical work in this space for decades to come"--
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226826031
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
"An essential new history of America's monetary origins. The Second Continental Congress faced multiple daunting challenges when it was convened in summer 1775. First the assembly had to create a de facto government for the loosely joined colonies that would become the United States. It then had to strategize a war effort for what would become the American Revolution. And it also had to figure out how to pay for all of it-without the benefit of any real legal authority to do so. The Continental Dollar is a sweeping, revelatory new history of how the fledgling United States paid for its first war. Economist Farley Grubb upends the folk telling of this story, in which the US printed cross-colony money, called Continentals, to serve as an early fiat currency-a currency that is not tied to a commodity like gold, but rather to the viability and legal authority of the issuer. As Grubb outlines in rigorous terms, the Continental was not a fiat currency, but a "zero-coupon bond"-a wholly different species of currency that is both value-anchored (one Continental was a promise to pay the holder one milled Spanish silver dollar after a defined future time) and subject to discounting by the issuer if that issuer needs fast capital. Through this lens, and as confirmed by Grubb's exhaustive mining of 18th-century colonial monetary records, the appearance of Continental-dollar depreciation was, in fact, capricious discounting: the US was playing easy money in the face of an expensive war. Drawing on decades of research and careful mining of historical evidence, The Continental Dollar is an essential and authoritative origin story of the early American monetary system. It is certain to serve as the benchmark for critical work in this space for decades to come"--
CFA Program Curriculum 2017 Level I, Volumes 1 - 6
Author: CFA Institute
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119316006
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 3708
Book Description
Clear, concise instruction for all CFA Level I concepts and competencies for the 2017 exam The same official curricula that CFA Program candidates receive with program registration is now available publicly for purchase. CFA Program Curriculum 2017 Level I, Volumes 1-6 provides the complete Level I Curriculum for the 2017 exam, delivering the Candidate Body of Knowledge (CBOK) with expert instruction on all ten topic areas of the CFA Program. Fundamental concepts are explained with in-depth discussion and a heavily visual style, while cases and examples demonstrate how concepts apply in real-world scenarios. Coverage includes ethical and professional standards, quantitative analysis, economics, financial reporting and analysis, corporate finance, equities, fixed income, derivatives, alternative investments, and portfolio management, all organized into individual sessions with clearly defined Learning Outcome Statements. Charts, graphs, figures, diagrams, and financial statements illustrate concepts to facilitate retention, and practice questions provide the opportunity to gauge your understanding while reinforcing important concepts. The Level I Curriculum covers a large amount of information; this set breaks the CBOK down into discrete study sessions to help you stay organized and focused on learning-not just memorizing-important CFA concepts. Learning Outcome Statement checklists guide readers to important concepts to derive from the readings Embedded case studies and examples throughout demonstrate practical application of concepts Figures, diagrams, and additional commentary make difficult concepts accessible Practice problems support learning and retention CFA Institute promotes the highest standards of ethics, education, and professional excellence among investment professionals. The CFA Program Curriculum guides you through the breadth of knowledge required to uphold these standards. The three levels of the program build on each other. Level I provides foundational knowledge and teaches the use of investment tools; Level II focuses on application of concepts and analysis, particularly in the valuation of assets; and Level III builds toward synthesis across topics with an emphasis on portfolio management.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119316006
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 3708
Book Description
Clear, concise instruction for all CFA Level I concepts and competencies for the 2017 exam The same official curricula that CFA Program candidates receive with program registration is now available publicly for purchase. CFA Program Curriculum 2017 Level I, Volumes 1-6 provides the complete Level I Curriculum for the 2017 exam, delivering the Candidate Body of Knowledge (CBOK) with expert instruction on all ten topic areas of the CFA Program. Fundamental concepts are explained with in-depth discussion and a heavily visual style, while cases and examples demonstrate how concepts apply in real-world scenarios. Coverage includes ethical and professional standards, quantitative analysis, economics, financial reporting and analysis, corporate finance, equities, fixed income, derivatives, alternative investments, and portfolio management, all organized into individual sessions with clearly defined Learning Outcome Statements. Charts, graphs, figures, diagrams, and financial statements illustrate concepts to facilitate retention, and practice questions provide the opportunity to gauge your understanding while reinforcing important concepts. The Level I Curriculum covers a large amount of information; this set breaks the CBOK down into discrete study sessions to help you stay organized and focused on learning-not just memorizing-important CFA concepts. Learning Outcome Statement checklists guide readers to important concepts to derive from the readings Embedded case studies and examples throughout demonstrate practical application of concepts Figures, diagrams, and additional commentary make difficult concepts accessible Practice problems support learning and retention CFA Institute promotes the highest standards of ethics, education, and professional excellence among investment professionals. The CFA Program Curriculum guides you through the breadth of knowledge required to uphold these standards. The three levels of the program build on each other. Level I provides foundational knowledge and teaches the use of investment tools; Level II focuses on application of concepts and analysis, particularly in the valuation of assets; and Level III builds toward synthesis across topics with an emphasis on portfolio management.
International Financial Statement Analysis
Author: Thomas R. Robinson
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118999479
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1072
Book Description
Better analysis for more accurate international financial valuation International Financial Statement Analysis provides the most up-to-date detail for the successful assessment of company performance and financial position regardless of country of origin. The seasoned experts at the CFA Institute offer readers a rich, clear reference, covering all aspects from financial reporting mechanics and standards to understanding income and balance sheets. Comprehensive guidance toward effective analysis techniques helps readers make real-world use of the knowledge presented, with this new third edition containing the most current standards and methods for the post-crisis world. Coverage includes the complete statement analysis process, plus information on income tax accounting, employee compensation, and the impact of foreign exchange rates on the statements of multinational corporations. Financial statement analysis gives investment professionals important insights into the true financial condition of a company. With it, realistic valuations can be made for investment, lending, or merger and acquisition purposes. The process is becoming increasingly complex, but this book helps readers deal with the practical challenges that arise at the international level. Understand the accounting mechanics behind financial reporting Discover the differences between statements from around the world Learn how each financial statement element affects securities valuation Master analysis for clues into operations and risk characteristics Amid an uncertain global economic climate, in today's volatile international markets, the ability to effectively evaluate financial statements is a critical skill. Standards and conditions are continuously evolving, and investment professionals need a strong, up-to-date resource for the latest rules and best practices. International Financial Statement Analysis provides this and more, with clarity and expert advice.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118999479
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1072
Book Description
Better analysis for more accurate international financial valuation International Financial Statement Analysis provides the most up-to-date detail for the successful assessment of company performance and financial position regardless of country of origin. The seasoned experts at the CFA Institute offer readers a rich, clear reference, covering all aspects from financial reporting mechanics and standards to understanding income and balance sheets. Comprehensive guidance toward effective analysis techniques helps readers make real-world use of the knowledge presented, with this new third edition containing the most current standards and methods for the post-crisis world. Coverage includes the complete statement analysis process, plus information on income tax accounting, employee compensation, and the impact of foreign exchange rates on the statements of multinational corporations. Financial statement analysis gives investment professionals important insights into the true financial condition of a company. With it, realistic valuations can be made for investment, lending, or merger and acquisition purposes. The process is becoming increasingly complex, but this book helps readers deal with the practical challenges that arise at the international level. Understand the accounting mechanics behind financial reporting Discover the differences between statements from around the world Learn how each financial statement element affects securities valuation Master analysis for clues into operations and risk characteristics Amid an uncertain global economic climate, in today's volatile international markets, the ability to effectively evaluate financial statements is a critical skill. Standards and conditions are continuously evolving, and investment professionals need a strong, up-to-date resource for the latest rules and best practices. International Financial Statement Analysis provides this and more, with clarity and expert advice.
CFA Program Curriculum 2019 Level I Volumes 1-6 Box Set
Author: CFA Institute
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119516919
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 3640
Book Description
Clear, concise instruction for all CFA Program Level I concepts and competencies for the 2019 exam The same official curricula that CFA Program candidates receive with program registration is now publicly available for purchase. CFA Program Curriculum 2019 Level I, Volumes 1-6 provides the complete Level I curriculum for the 2019 exam, delivering the Candidate Body of Knowledge (CBOK) with expert instruction on all 10 topic areas of the CFA Program. Fundamental concepts are explained in-depth with a heavily visual style, while cases and examples demonstrate how concepts apply in real-world scenarios. Coverage includes ethical and professional standards, quantitative analysis, economics, financial reporting and analysis, corporate finance, equities, fixed income, derivatives, alternative investments, and portfolio management, all organized into individual sessions with clearly defined Learning Outcome Statements. Charts, graphs, figures, diagrams, and financial statements illustrate concepts to facilitate retention, and practice questions provide the opportunity to gauge your understanding while reinforcing important concepts. Learning Outcome Statement checklists guide readers to important concepts to derive from the readings Embedded case studies and examples throughout demonstrate practical application of concepts Figures, diagrams, and additional commentary make difficult concepts accessible Practice problems support learning and retention CFA Institute promotes the highest standards of ethics, education, and professional excellence among investment professionals. The CFA Program curriculum guides you through the breadth of knowledge required to uphold these standards.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119516919
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 3640
Book Description
Clear, concise instruction for all CFA Program Level I concepts and competencies for the 2019 exam The same official curricula that CFA Program candidates receive with program registration is now publicly available for purchase. CFA Program Curriculum 2019 Level I, Volumes 1-6 provides the complete Level I curriculum for the 2019 exam, delivering the Candidate Body of Knowledge (CBOK) with expert instruction on all 10 topic areas of the CFA Program. Fundamental concepts are explained in-depth with a heavily visual style, while cases and examples demonstrate how concepts apply in real-world scenarios. Coverage includes ethical and professional standards, quantitative analysis, economics, financial reporting and analysis, corporate finance, equities, fixed income, derivatives, alternative investments, and portfolio management, all organized into individual sessions with clearly defined Learning Outcome Statements. Charts, graphs, figures, diagrams, and financial statements illustrate concepts to facilitate retention, and practice questions provide the opportunity to gauge your understanding while reinforcing important concepts. Learning Outcome Statement checklists guide readers to important concepts to derive from the readings Embedded case studies and examples throughout demonstrate practical application of concepts Figures, diagrams, and additional commentary make difficult concepts accessible Practice problems support learning and retention CFA Institute promotes the highest standards of ethics, education, and professional excellence among investment professionals. The CFA Program curriculum guides you through the breadth of knowledge required to uphold these standards.
Public Sector Debt Statistics
Author: International Monetary Fund
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 161635156X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Book Description
The global financial crisis of recent years and the associated large fiscal deficits and debt levels that have impacted many countries underscores the importance of reliable and timely government statistics and, more broadly, public sector debt as a critical element in countries fiscal and external sustainability. Public Sector Debt Statistics is the first international guide of its kind, and its primary objectives are to improve the quality and timeliness of key debt statistics and promote a convergence of recording practices to foster international comparability and as a reference for national compilers and users for compiling and disseminating these data. Like other statistical guides published by the IMF, this one was prepared in consultation with countries and international agencies, including the nine organizations of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Finance Statistics (TFFS). The guide's preparation was based on the broad range of experience of our institutions and benefitted from consultation with national compilers of government finance and public sector debt statistics. The guide's concepts are harmonized with those of the System of National Accounts (2008) and the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition.
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 161635156X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Book Description
The global financial crisis of recent years and the associated large fiscal deficits and debt levels that have impacted many countries underscores the importance of reliable and timely government statistics and, more broadly, public sector debt as a critical element in countries fiscal and external sustainability. Public Sector Debt Statistics is the first international guide of its kind, and its primary objectives are to improve the quality and timeliness of key debt statistics and promote a convergence of recording practices to foster international comparability and as a reference for national compilers and users for compiling and disseminating these data. Like other statistical guides published by the IMF, this one was prepared in consultation with countries and international agencies, including the nine organizations of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Finance Statistics (TFFS). The guide's preparation was based on the broad range of experience of our institutions and benefitted from consultation with national compilers of government finance and public sector debt statistics. The guide's concepts are harmonized with those of the System of National Accounts (2008) and the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition.