The Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Agricultural Fields in New York State PDF Download
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Author: Marina Molodovskaya
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) is of special interest, due to its persistent effect as a potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone destructor. Animal manure fertilization is one of the key factors contributing to N2O formation. In the Northeastern US, dairy industry is the largest agricultural activity, and the manure cropland fertilization is a common practice. Continuous monitoring of N2O emissions from croplands in New York State was conducted by eddy covariance method from 2006 to 2009. The research was aimed at quantification of N2O emissions from manure-fertilized corn (Zea mays) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) fields, estimating strength and spatial variability of soil N2O sources by conducting simultaneous static chamber campaign, and analysis of temporal distribution of N2O fluxes as affected by seasonality of climate variations and manure practices. The analysis of cumulative N2O emissions and source contributions into the integrated flux showed that manure nitrogen (N) was the most important factor controlling the extent of N2O formation: areas which received more manure N were stronger N2O emitters. Whereas N availability determined a magnitude of N2O emissions, the environmental changes altering soil moisture and temperature status were major N2O event triggers. The temporal flux distribution demonstrated episodic event-induced nature of N2O peak fluxes, which were primarily driven by strong rainfall and warm temperatures in growing season and soil thaw in winter and early spring. The greatest N2O emissions were observed when flux-triggering weather events coincided with or followed manure application. The most intense single N2O peak event was produced from combination of summer manure spreading and strong rainfall; however spring thaw-induced N2O fluxes showed more consistent seasonal year-to-year trend. The daily average fluxes measured by the EC and chamber techniques were in good agreement. The spatial variability of chamber measurements was mainly caused by high heterogeneity of soil N2O formation, which resulted both in net N2O production and consumption. The EC integrated flux was strongly dependent on wind direction and contributing footprint. The combination of the two different scale methods may help in reducing temporal and spatial variability of N2O estimates and improving N2O emission data quality. .
Author: Marina Molodovskaya
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) is of special interest, due to its persistent effect as a potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone destructor. Animal manure fertilization is one of the key factors contributing to N2O formation. In the Northeastern US, dairy industry is the largest agricultural activity, and the manure cropland fertilization is a common practice. Continuous monitoring of N2O emissions from croplands in New York State was conducted by eddy covariance method from 2006 to 2009. The research was aimed at quantification of N2O emissions from manure-fertilized corn (Zea mays) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) fields, estimating strength and spatial variability of soil N2O sources by conducting simultaneous static chamber campaign, and analysis of temporal distribution of N2O fluxes as affected by seasonality of climate variations and manure practices. The analysis of cumulative N2O emissions and source contributions into the integrated flux showed that manure nitrogen (N) was the most important factor controlling the extent of N2O formation: areas which received more manure N were stronger N2O emitters. Whereas N availability determined a magnitude of N2O emissions, the environmental changes altering soil moisture and temperature status were major N2O event triggers. The temporal flux distribution demonstrated episodic event-induced nature of N2O peak fluxes, which were primarily driven by strong rainfall and warm temperatures in growing season and soil thaw in winter and early spring. The greatest N2O emissions were observed when flux-triggering weather events coincided with or followed manure application. The most intense single N2O peak event was produced from combination of summer manure spreading and strong rainfall; however spring thaw-induced N2O fluxes showed more consistent seasonal year-to-year trend. The daily average fluxes measured by the EC and chamber techniques were in good agreement. The spatial variability of chamber measurements was mainly caused by high heterogeneity of soil N2O formation, which resulted both in net N2O production and consumption. The EC integrated flux was strongly dependent on wind direction and contributing footprint. The combination of the two different scale methods may help in reducing temporal and spatial variability of N2O estimates and improving N2O emission data quality. .
Author: Cedric Wood Mason
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 130
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Book Description
In temperate climates, a significant fraction of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from agricultural land occurs during soil thaw. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of conversion of long-term fallow grassland to perennial grass bioenergy crops on N2O emissions during spring-thaw, and to identify field-scale features that influence emissions. We measured mid-afternoon fluxes daily from March 27th to April 7th 2013 from fallow and reed canarygrass over a short topological gradient using static chambers. Soil temperature, volumetric water content, and above-ground biomass were also observed, as were hourly air temperature and precipitation. Hot-moment analysis, non-parametric statistics and modeling results show that in the reed canarygrass, the topologically low subplots exhibited significantly elevated emissions compared to the fallow. Our results suggest that conversion of fallow grassland to perennial grass cropping systems for bioenergy or other uses could increase spring-thaw N2O emissions in wetness prone areas.
Author: David Ussiri
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400753640
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 391
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Book Description
Nitrous oxide gas is a long-lived relatively active greenhouse gas (GHG) with an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 120 years, and heat trapping effects about 310 times more powerful than carbon dioxide per molecule basis. It contributes about 6% of observed global warming. Nitrous oxide is not only a potent GHG, but it also plays a significant role in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. This book describes the anthropogenic sources of N2O with major emphasis on agricultural activities. It summarizes an overview of global cycling of N and the role of nitrous oxide on global warming and ozone depletion, and then focus on major source, soil borne nitrous oxide emissions. The spatial-temporal variation of soil nitrous oxide fluxes and underlying biogeochemical processes are described, as well as approaches to quantify fluxes of N2O from soils. Mitigation strategies to reduce the emissions, especially from agricultural soils, and fertilizer nitrogen sources are described in detail in the latter part of the book.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Housing policy
Languages : en
Pages : 1030
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Book Description
A young boy learns about land vehicles from bicycles to subways and trolleys as he and his father travel to the train station
Author: Mohammad Zaman
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030553965
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 375
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Book Description
This open access book is an outcome of the collaboration between the Soil and Water Management & Crop Nutrition Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, and the German Science Foundation research unit DASIM (Denitrification in Agricultural Soils: Integrated control and Modelling at various scales) and other institutes. It presents protocols, methodologies and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for measuring GHGs from different agroecosystems and animals using isotopic and related techniques that can also be used to validate climate-smart agricultural practices to mitigate GHGs. The material featured is useful for beginners in the field wanting an overview of the current methodologies, but also for experts who need hands-on descriptions of said methodologies. The book is written in form of a monograph and consists of eight chapters.
Author: Jonathan Dickinson
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 9781422315927
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
This report is a comprehensive greenhouse gas inventory for both New York City as a whole & for City gov¿t. operations. While there is no substitute for fed. action, all levels of gov¿t. have a role to play in confronting climate change & its potential impacts, & this report will help N.Y. begin doing that more aggressively. Mayor Bloomberg created the Mayor¿s Office of Long-term Planning & Sustainability & charged it with developing a comprehensive sustainability plan for the City¿s future. The result is PlaNYC, which has set a goal of reducing missions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030, an ambitious but achievable goal. This greenhouse gas inventory is a critical first step in reducing N.Y.¿s contribution to global carbon dioxide levels. Illustrations.
Author: Mark Liebig
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0123868971
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 602
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Book Description
In 2002, the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) developed a coordinated national research effort called GRACEnet (Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network) to provide information on the soil C status and GHG emission of current agricultural practices, and to develop new management practices to reduce net GHG emission and increase soil C sequestration primarily from soil management. Managing Agricultural Greenhouse Gases synthesizes the wealth of information generated from the GRACEnet project in over 30 ARS locations throughout the US and in numerous peer-reviewed articles. Although GRACEnet is an ARS project, contributors to this work include a variety of backgrounds and reported findings have important international applications. For example, many parts of the world possess similar ecoregions to the U.S. (e.g., northern Great Plains is similar to the Argentina Pampas and Ukraine Steppe).
Author: Erik Meers
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111892147X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 455
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Book Description
Provides complete coverage of the recovery of mineral nutrients from biomass and organic waste This book presents a comprehensive overview of the potential for mineral recovery from wastes, addressing technological issues as well as economic, ecological, and agronomic full-scale field assessments. It serves as a complete reference work for experts in the field and provides teaching material for future experts specializing in environmental technology sectors. Biorefinery of Inorganics: Recovering Mineral Nutrients from Biomass and Organic Waste starts by explaining the concept of using anaerobic digestion as a biorefinery for production of an energy carrier in addition to mineral secondary resources. It then discusses the current state of mineral fertilizer use throughout the world, offering readers a complete look at the resource availability and energy intensity. Technical aspects of mineral recovery organic (waste-)streams is discussed next, followed by an examination of the economics of biobased products and their mineral counterparts. The book also covers the environmental impact assessment of the production and use of bio-based fertilizers; modelling and optimization of nutrient recovery from wastes; and more. Discusses global production and consumption of mineral fertilizers Introduces technologies for the recovery of mineral NPK from organic wastes and residues Covers chemical characterization and speciation of refined secondary resources, and shows readers how to assess biobased mineral resources Discusses applications of recovered minerals in the inorganic chemistry sector Compares the economics of biobased products with current fossil-based counterparts Offers an ecological assessment of introducing biobased products in the current fertilizer industry Edited by leading experts in the field Biorefinery of Inorganics: Recovering Mineral Nutrients from Biomass and Organic Waste is an ideal book for scientists, environmental engineers, and end-users in the agro-industry, the waste industry, water and wastewater treatment, and agriculture. It will also be of great benefit to policy makers and regulators working in these fields.
Author: Deepanjan Majumdar
Publisher: Nova Science Pub Incorporated
ISBN: 9781607411833
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 134
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Book Description
Atmospheric presence of nitrous oxide (N2O) is known for many years but its concentration has increased alarmingly by 46 ppbv (17%) since 1750 and by 0.0008 ppb yr-1 during 1990-1999. Nitrous oxide is a 296 times more potent greenhouse gas than CO2 on a 100-year time scale and causes enhanced greenhouse effect, a phenomenon first discovered in 1976. Nitrous oxide emission from 1750 to 2000 has caused an atmospheric radiative forcing of 0.15 W m-2. Moreover, N2O is indirectly involved in catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone. Due to its atmospheric lifetime of about 120-150 years, atmospheric N2O burden will persist for many years even if its emission is stopped now. Various estimates differ widely on the contribution of agriculture in anthropogenic N2O emissions viz. 96%, 81%, 76%, 65% etc. Although several studies on N2O emissions from rice have been done in last two decades, no clear-cut contribution of rice or any other crop, for that matter, on atmospheric N2O loading has been worked out till date. Only less than 1% of applied N is lost through N2O from rice fields and its overall amount and radiative forcing are much lower than CH4, the major greenhouse gas emitted from rice fields. Possible sources of N for N2O emission in rice fields are fertilisers, manures and green manures, irrigation water, N fixed by floodwater algae, plant debris and as long as rice cultivation exists, N2O will be emitted. It has been suggested that N2O emission from agriculture might increase by 90% during 1986 to 2026. Monitoring of N2O from rice hasn't been done as extensively as CH4, as emission of former is low due to reduction to N2 in flooded rice fields. Since, overall amount of fertiliser N usage and acreage of rice are increasing, N2O emission might increase appreciably globally and so, monitoring of N2O emission from different rice ecosystems and estimating realistic regional and global budgets form rice ecosystems assume high significance. Efforts to predict N2O emissions through simulation of soil N pathways are underway, but it is difficult since emission from rice soil is controlled by the real-time field conditions and fluctuations in cultural practices. Whatever be the emission, it creates environmental disturbance slowly but surely. Efforts should be focused on the mitigation of N2O emission without compromising crop production, degrading the environment and creating pressure on financial resources.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309168643
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Book Description
Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.
