Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309267366
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 199
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Book Description
Lead is a ubiquitous metal in the environment, and its adverse effects on human health are well documented. Lead interacts at multiple cellular sites and can alter protein function in part through binding to amino acid sulfhydryl and carboxyl groups on a wide variety of structural and functional proteins. In addition, lead mimics calcium and other divalent cations, and it induces the increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Adverse effects associated with lead exposure can be observed in multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, immunologic, and reproductive systems. Lead exposure is also known to induce adverse developmental effects in utero and in the developing neonate. Lead poses an occupational health hazard, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) developed a lead standard for general industry that regulates many workplace exposures to this metal. The standard was promulgated in 1978 and encompasses several approaches for reducing exposure to lead, including the establishment of a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 μg/m3 in air (an 8-hour time-weighted average [TWA]), exposure guidelines for instituting medical surveillance, guidelines for removal from and return to work, and other risk-management strategies. An action level of 30 μg/m3 (an 8-hour TWA) for lead was established to trigger medical surveillance in employees exposed above that level for more than 30 days per year. Another provision is that any employee who has a blood lead level (BLL) of 60 μg/dL or higher or three consecutive BLLs averaging 50 μg/dL or higher must be removed from work involving lead exposure. An employee may resume work associated with lead exposure only after two BLLs are lower than 40 μg/dL. Thus, maintaining BLLs lower than 40 μg/dL was judged by OSHA to protect workers from adverse health effects. The OSHA standard also includes a recommendation that BLLs of workers who are planning a pregnancy be under 30μg/dL. In light of knowledge about the hazards posed by occupational lead exposure, the Department of Defense (DOD) asked the National Research Council to evaluate potential health risks from recurrent lead exposure of firing-range personnel. Specifically, DOD asked the National Research Council to determine whether current exposure standards for lead on DOD firing ranges protect its workers adequately.The committee also considered measures of cumulative lead dose. Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure will help to inform decisions about setting new air exposure limits for lead on firing ranges, about whether to implement limits for surface contamination, and about how to design lead-surveillance programs for range personnel appropriately.
Author: Timothy Field Allen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lead
Languages : en
Pages : 138
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Book Description
Author: Astrid Sigel
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 311043301X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 633
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Book Description
Volume 17, entitled Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health of the series Metal Ions in Life Sciences centers on the interrelations between biosystems and lead. The book provides an up-to-date review of the bioinorganic chemistry of this metal and its ions; it covers the biogeochemistry of lead, its use (not only as gasoline additive) and anthropogenic release into the environment, its cycling and speciation in the atmosphere, in waters, soils, and sediments, and also in mammalian organs. The analytical tools to determine and to quantify this toxic element in blood, saliva, urine, hair, etc. are described. The properties of lead(II) complexes formed with amino acids, peptides, proteins (including metallothioneins), nucleobases, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and other ligands of biological relevance are summarized for the solid state and for aqueous solutions as well. All this is important for obtaining a coherent picture on the properties of lead, its effects on plants and toxic actions on mammalian organs. This and more is treated in an authoritative and timely manner in the 16 stimulating chapters of Volume 17, which are written by 36 internationally recognized experts from 13 nations. The impact of this recently again vibrant research area is manifested in nearly 2000 references, over 50 tables and more than 100 illustrations (half in color). Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health is an essential resource for scientists working in the wide range from material sciences, inorganic biochemistry all the way through to medicine including the clinic ... not forgetting that it also provides excellent information for teaching.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lead
Languages : en
Pages : 16
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Book Description
Author: Commission on Lead in the Environment
Publisher: Royal Society of Canada, Commission on Lead in the Environment
ISBN:
Category : Lead
Languages : en
Pages : 536
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Author: Timothy Field Allen
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781357015954
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
Author: Herbert L. Needleman
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780849360343
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 314
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Book Description
Human Lead Exposure consists of scientific reviews and important contributions intended to increase the understanding of the legal, social, and economic forces that have delayed effective prevention of lead toxicity. Chapters discuss the history (both ancient and recent) of lead, explore its neurobiology and toxicology, review the sources and routes to humans, and examine evidence that indicates that lead may affect humans at levels previously thought to be harmless. Neurobiologists, epidemiologists, public health officials, and others concerned about the effects of lead on the human population will find a tremendous amount of useful information in this timely volume.
Author: Sarah E. Royce
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lead
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: Steven G. Gilbert
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0203461738
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 279
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Book Description
Everyday, we come into contact with many relatively harmless substances that could, at certain concentrations, be toxic. This applies not only to obvious candidates such as asbestos, lead, and gasoline, but also to compounds such as caffeine and headache tablets. While the field of toxicology has numerous texts devoted to aspects of biology, chemis
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lead
Languages : en
Pages : 584
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Book Description
