Author: Sylvia Y. Sanchez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bilingualism
Languages : en
Pages : 404

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Author: Sylvia Y. Sánchez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bilingualism
Languages : en
Pages : 246

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Author: Sylvia Y. Sanchez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bilingualism
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Author: Arjun Sekhar
Publisher: Nomadicindian
ISBN: 9783632121725
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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INTRODUCTION Sex and gender are two words that people mostly use interchangeably, but it has different meaning. The term "sex" means structural, functional and behavioural features determined by sex chromosomes (Torgrimson & Minson, 2005), whereas gender refers to person‟s feelings, attitudes and behaviours that are shaped by culture (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015). Thus, sex is welldefined in every culture whereas, meaning of gender differs as social expectations toward male and female are different across cultures. Individuals express their gender in social interactions on the basis of appearance, body language, conversational style and voice tone. Therefore, while interacting with others, individuals respond differently to people according to the gender of the conversational partner. Similarly, individuals understand other persons‟ gender by their appearance, body language, and tone of voice. Sex is comparatively stable whereas, gender is more fluid in nature (Eckert & Ginet, 2013). Although a number of factors contribute to gender and gender development, the influence of society and culture are inevitable. Gender roles are assigned by the society and culture which determine how males, females and transgender should behave and interact within the society. Gender roles are generally constructed on the basis of masculinity and femininity concepts prevalent in a particular society (Alters & Schiff, 2009). Masculinity mostly refers to traits, behaviours, and interests such as bravery, risk taking and watching sports that society has allotted for males. Femininity on the other hand,

Author: Janet T. Spence
Publisher: University of Texas Press
ISBN: 1477303111
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 311

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Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "masculine" characteristics precludes possession of "feminine" characteristics. This bipolar conception has led to the definition of masculinity and femininity as opposites. Acceptance of this idea has caused social scientists and laypersons to consider men and women who possess cross-sex personality characteristics as less emotionally healthy and socially adjusted than those with sex-appropriate traits. Previous research by the authors and others, done almost exclusively with college students, has shown, however, that masculinity and femininity do not relate negatively to each other, thus supporting a dualistic rather than a bipolar conception of these two psychological dimensions. Spence and Helmreich present data showing that the dualistic conception holds for a large number of groups, varying widely in age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, and patterns of interest, whose psychological masculinity and femininity were measured with an objective instrument, the Personality Attributes Questionnaire, devised by the authors. Many individuals are shown to be appropriately sex-typed; that is, men tend to be high in masculinity and low in femininity and women the reverse. However, a substantial number of men and women are androgynous—high in both masculine and feminine characteristics—while some are not high in either. Importantly, the authors find that androgynous individuals display more self-esteem, social competence, and achievement orientation than individuals who are strong in either masculinity or femininity or are not strong in either. One of the major contributions of the work is the development of a new, multifaceted measure of achievement motivation (the Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire), which can be used successfully to predict behavior in both males and females and is related to masculinity and femininity in both sexes. In addition to investigating the correlates of masculinity and femininity, the authors attempt to isolate parental factors that contribute to the development of these characteristics and achievement motivation. The book includes analyses of data from students on their perception of their parents, which enable the authors to examine the influence of parental masculinity and femininity and parental behaviors and child-rearing attitudes on the development of masculinity and femininity and achievement motivation characteristics in their children. The important implications of these findings for theories of sex roles, personality development, and achievement motivation are examined.

Author: María Ragúz de Romaña
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Femininity
Languages : en
Pages : 408

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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sex differences in education
Languages : en
Pages : 468

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Author: Joan C. Chrisler
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 144191465X
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 715

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Donald R. McCreary and Joan C. Chrisler The Development of Gender Studies in Psychology Studies of sex differences are as old as the ?eld of psychology, and they have been conducted in every sub?eld of the discipline. There are probably many reasons for the popularity of these studies, but three reasons seem to be most prominent. First, social psychological studies of person perception show that sex is especially salient in social groups. It is the ?rst thing people notice about others, and it is one of the things we remember best (Fiske, Haslam, & Fiske, 1991; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992). For example, people may not remember who uttered a witty remark, but they are likely to remember whether the quip came from a woman or a man. Second, many people hold ?rm beliefs that aspects of physiology suit men and women for particular social roles. Men’s greater upper body strength makes them better candidates for manual labor, and their greater height gives the impression that they would make good leaders (i. e. , people we look up to). Women’s reproductive capacity and the caretaking tasks (e. g. , breastfeeding, baby minding) that accompany it make them seem suitable for other roles that require gentleness and nurturance. Third, the logic that underlies hypothesis testing in the sciences is focused on difference. Researchers design their studies with the hope that they can reject the null hypothesis that experimental groups do not differ.

Author: Robert J. Stoller
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429918917
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 271

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In this book, the author describes patients with marked abberrations in their masculinity and feminity--primarily transsexuals, transvestites and patients with marked biological abnormalities of their sex - in order to find clues to gender development in more normal people.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 352

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