The Effect of Pollinators, Herbivores and Predators on Floral Trait Evolution PDF Download
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Author: Anina Catharina Knauer
Publisher:
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Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Anina Catharina Knauer
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: David G. Lloyd
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461311659
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
Studies in floral biology are largely concerned with how flowers function to promote pollination and mating. The role of pollination in governing mating patterns in plant populations inextricably links the evolution of pollination and mating systems. Despite the close functional link between pollination and mating, research conducted for most of this century on these two fundamental aspects of plant reproduction has taken quite separate courses. This has resulted in suprisingly little cross-fertilization between the fields of pollination biology on the one hand and plant mating-system studies on the other. The separation of the two areas has largely resulted from the different backgrounds and approaches adopted by workers in these fields. Most pollination studies have been ecological in nature with a strong emphasis on field research and until recently few workers considered how the mechanics of pollen dispersal might influence mating patterns and individual plant fitness. In contrast, work on plant mating patterns has often been conducted in an ecological vacuum largely devoid of information on the environmental and demographic context in which mating occurs. Mating-system research has been dominated by population genetic and theoretical perspectives with surprisingly little consideration given to the proximate ecological factors responsible for causing a particular pattern of mating to occur.
Author: Frank M. Frey
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 370
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Author: Monica Borghi
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889717585
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Author: Lawrence D. Harder
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 0191513865
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 400
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The reproductive organs and mating biology of angiosperms exhibit greater variety than those of any other group of organisms. Flowers and inflorescences are also the most diverse structures produced by angiosperms, and floral traits provide some of the most compelling examples of evolution by natural selection. Given that flowering plants include roughly 250,000 species, their reproductive diversity will not be explained easily by continued accumulation of case studies of individual species. Instead a more strategic approach is now required, which seeks to identify general principles concerning the role of ecological function in the evolution of reproductive diversity. The Ecology and Evolution of Flowers uses this approach to expose new insights into the functional basis of floral diversity, and presents the very latest theoretical and empirical research on floral evolution. Floral biology is a dynamic and growing area and this book, written by the leading internationally recognized researchers in this field, reviews current progress in understanding the evolution and function of flowers. Chapters contain both new research findings and synthesis. Major sections in turn examine functional aspects of floral traits and sexual systems, the ecological influences on reproductive adaptation, and the role of floral biology in angiosperm diversification. Overall, this integrated treatment illustrates the role of floral function and evolution in the generation of angiosperm biodiversity. This advanced textbook is suitable for graduate level students taking courses in plant ecology, evolution, systematics, biodiversity and conservation. It will also be of interest and use to a broader audience of plant scientists seeking an authoritative overview of recent advances in floral biology.
Author: Katherine Elizabeth Eisen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 255
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Darwin famously identified that species interactions in a "tangled bank" could influence how species evolve. Yet community ecology - the study of species interactions - and evolutionary biology - the study of phenotypic evolution - have been primarily studied in isolation; as a result, we still have limited knowledge of how ecological interactions cause phenotypic change in multiple types of traits, and how the evolutionary effects of these interactions may vary across communities. In flowering plant communities, co-occurring plant species often share pollinators, which can lead to indirect beneficial facilitation or detrimental competition between plant species for pollination. I hypothesized that interactions between co-occurring plant species might affect the composition of and patterns of selection in flowering plant communities. In this dissertation, I conducted field and greenhouse common garden studies using species in the genus Clarkia, which are California-native annual plants that commonly co-occur in multi-species communities and are primarily pollinated by solitary bees that specialize on the genus. In the first chapter, I assessed how interactions among plants that share pollinators might affect communities ecologically, by determining what species can co-occur, and evolutionarily, by affecting ongoing, in situ evolution. I conducted a field survey of species co-occurrence patterns and a greenhouse common garden study of trait variation. Two plant species co-occur more frequently than expected by chance alone, and these species have converged in flowering time and diverged in flower size where they co-occur. In the second chapter, I tested if differences in flowering times observed in Clarkia communities minimize competition for pollination by conducting a phenology manipulation experiment with potted plants. Contrary to the general expectation, my results indicated that staggered flowering in these communities does not minimize competition for pollinators and may result from selection from herbivory or water availability. In the third chapter, I conducted the first test for character displacement-the evolution of trait differences where species co-occur relative to where they occur alone-in a trait that mediates many plant- pollinator interactions, floral scent. I developed high-throughput methods for measuring the floral scent of two species of Clarkia to examine whether the emission rates of floral volatiles varied across communities that contain one, two, or four Clarkia species. I found a pattern consistent with character displacement in the emission rates of eight species-specific compounds, and novel evidence that this evolutionary process can be context-dependent and may occur via multiple pathways in plants. In the fourth chapter, I examined whether interactions between co- occurring plant species in natural communities alter patterns of net- and pollinator-mediated phenotypic selection on floral traits. Across two years, I estimated phenotypic selection on four species and experimentally tested for pollinator-mediated selection on two species in >20 communities that differ in species richness and floral density. Intraspecific competition at high densities and interspecific competition at low densities may affect the evolution of floral traits in these communities. Together, my results indicate that patterns of trait evolution in more species-rich communities are not predictable from simpler communities, and that species interactions can affect the evolution of multiple aspects of a species' phenotype. Because plant-plant interactions could be modifying selection exerted by the abiotic or biotic environment, my results illustrate that species interactions can have wide-ranging effects on species' evolutionary trajectories.
Author: Carlos M. Herrera
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1444312294
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
Interactions between plants and animals are incredibly diverse and complex and span terrestrial, atmospheric and aquatic environments. The last decade has seen the emergence of a vast quantity of data on the subject and there is now a perceived need among both teachers and undergraduate students for a new textbook that incorporates the numerous recent advances made in the field. The book is intended for use by advanced level undergraduate and beginning graduate students, taking related courses in wider ecology degree programmes. Very few books cover this subject and those that do are out of date.
Author: Lars Chittka
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139430041
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 362
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Book Description
Important breakthroughs have recently been made in our understanding of the cognitive and sensory abilities of pollinators: how pollinators perceive, memorise and react to floral signals and rewards; how they work flowers, move among inflorescences and transport pollen. These new findings have obvious implications for the evolution of floral display and diversity, but most existing publications are scattered across a wide range of journals in very different research traditions. This book brings together for the first time outstanding scholars from many different fields of pollination biology, integrating the work of neuroethologists and evolutionary ecologists to present a multi-disciplinary approach. Aimed at graduates and researchers of behavioural and pollination ecology, plant evolutionary biology and neuroethology, it will also be a useful source of information for anyone interested in a modern view of cognitive and sensory ecology, pollination and floral evolution.
Author: Pat Willmer
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691128618
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 790
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Book Description
Pollination and Floral Ecology is a very comprehensive reference work to all aspects of pollination biology.
Author: Amanda Benoit
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Interactions between plants and pollinators generate selection on floral traits. These interactions, and the resulting selection, may be affected by predators in higher trophic levels that consume and alter the behavior of pollinators. The effect of predators on selection on floral traits should depend on the predator's hunting-mode. I examined the effects of active-pursuit predators (dragonflies) and sit-and-wait predators (ambush bugs) on selection on floral traits of the bumblebee-pollinated wildflower Lobelia siphilitica. Contrary to my predictions, I found that while selection did differ between dragonfly treatments, it was not caused by decreased plant-pollinator interaction strength. Consistent with my predictions, I found that ambush bugs prefer plants with larger daily displays, and significantly decrease the strength of selection on daily display size. My results suggest that predators in higher trophic levels may be an underappreciated cause of selection on plant traits.
