The Effect of Law Enforcement Deployment Patterns on Motorists' Speed PDF Download
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Author: Kevin J. Haas
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobile drivers
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: Kevin J. Haas
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobile drivers
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: W. A. Leaf
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Pedestrian accidents
Languages : en
Pages : 72
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Book Description
Author: Fadi Abdallah Alhomaidat
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobile drivers
Languages : en
Pages : 203
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Book Description
Urban arterials carry the most traffic on urban road networks and experience the highest percentage of crashes in urban areas. Safety on the lower speed urban arterials that are adjacent to a higher speed freeway may be impacted by speed spillover or adaptation. In this context, speed spillover is defined as the tendency of drivers to speed on the lower speed facility after exiting the higher speed facility. The objective of this research is to investigate drivers' speed choices and the relationship between speed and crashes on urban arterials adjacent to freeways. The study also examines potential countermeasures for speeding behavior in the area under the speed spillover effect. To determine the effect of freeway speed limits on speed spillover, analysis was performed using two types of speed data: (1) point (i.e., spot speed) and (2) trajectory (i.e., continuous trip time series). While spot speed data were collected using a radar technology, the trajectory data were gathered from around 2,700 vehicles equipped with connected vehicle technologies and acquired from Intelligent Transportation System Research Data Exchange - Safety Pilot Model Deployment (SPMD) roadside equipment. Comparison of speed differences between motorists who exited the freeway and those who were already driving on the arterial road was performed. Results showed that the mean speed and the 85th percentile speed of vehicles exiting from the 70 mph freeway are significantly higher when compared to the vehicles that were already driving on the arterial road. The effect of raising freeway speed limits to 70 mph on the frequency of speed-related crashes on urban arterial roads adjacent to freeways (i.e., spillover effects) was investigated. Crash data were collected from Michigan on 1,393 road segments of urban arterials before and after speed limits were altered. Before-and-after data was collected simultaneously on 1,470 comparison segments of urban arterial where speed limits did not change to control for the regression-to-the-mean bias. The mixed effects negative binomial (MENB) regression model was developed to analyze crash frequency. The results indicate that raising speed limits of freeways by as much as five miles per hour had a likelihood of increasing crash frequency on adjacent arterial roads by as much as 13.9 percent. This increment in crashes observed on arterial roads involved more different crash types comparing to those that occurred on freeway. There exist more potential motorist-to-motorist conflicts as well as motorist-to-other road users (e.g., pedestrians and bicyclists) on arterial roads than on freeways. Therefore, the potential for a speeding vehicle to collide with another vehicle or other road user is higher on urban arterials. To investigate if the safety impact of speed spillover changes with the distance from the freeway, influence areas (0-1 mile, 1-2 mile, and 2-3 mile) were used. Speed-related crashes were impacted more on the 0-1 mile and the 1-2 ranges by 41.1 percent and 17.5 percent, respectively, compared to the 2-3 mile range. The study finds that the influence of freeway speed on drivers' speeding behavior on adjacent urban arterials fades away as the distance from the freeway increases. To mitigate speed spillover, a driving simulator study was used to investigate potential countermeasures for speeding behavior. The study observed the behavior of 56 participants who drove a 5300 meters section of freeway, then exited to a two-mile urban arterial. The driving simulator results were validated using field data collected from trajectory speed data. The impact of Crash Fact Sign (CFS), a message that provides information about the number of crashes/fatalities that occurred on that particular road, and Warning Sign (WS) on areas under the speed spillover influence were studied. Each participant was asked to drive under a base scenario (without any countermeasure) and four test scenarios, namely(1) an additional speed limit sign (SLS-2); (2) Warning Sign (WS); (3) Crash Fact Sign (CFS); and (4) Crash Fact Sign With additional Speed Limit Sign (CFS&SLS-2). The study finds CFS&SLS-2 to be the most effective countermeasure because it produces significant speed reductions in the area under speed spillover effect. Furthermore, the effect of a traffic signal on speed spillover behavior was investigated. Speed spillover effect existed for longer distance when drivers did not stop at the signalized intersection compared to when drivers stopped. This study provides researchers, policymakers, law enforcement officials, and engineers with a better understanding of the effects of speed spillover on adjacent roads when determining whether to increase the speed limit on freeways. The study suggests that urban arterial segments adjacent to high speed freeways need more attention in terms of speeding countermeasures. It also recommends potential effective countermeasures for speeding.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 326
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Book Description
Author: Bruce A. Arrigo
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 148335993X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1249
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Book Description
In all levels of social structure, from the personal to the political to the economic to the judicial, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Surveillance, Security and Privacy uncovers and explains how surveillance has come to be an integral part of how our contemporary society operates worldwide.
Author: Dominic Zaal
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 212
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Book Description
A study was undertaken to review the recent Australian and international literature relating to traffic law enforcement. The specific areas examined included alcohol, speed, seat belts and signalised intersections. The review documents the types of traffic enforcement methods and the range of options available to policing authorities to increase the overall efficiency (in terms of cost and human resources) and effectiveness of enforcement operations. The review examines many of the issues related to traffic law enforcement including the deterrence mechanism, the effectiveness of legislation and the type of legal sanctions administered to traffic offenders. The need to use enforcement in conjunction with educational and environmental/engineering strategies is also stressed. The need for publicity to support enforcement operations, police training and education programs is also documented. The review concludes with a series of recommendations regarding the most promising options available to authorities to improve the effectiveness of traffic law enforcement operations.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Subcommittee on Surface Transportation
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Speed limits
Languages : en
Pages : 66
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Book Description
Author: Barnie Jones
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobile drivers
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309467136
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 409
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Book Description
Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities.
