Author: Major Philippe H. Gennequin
Publisher: Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN: 1782894322
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
Considered the first documented commitment of a Western-style army facing a nation-wide insurgency, the Peninsular War deserves a critical examination of French pacification methods. In spite of a severe defeat, the Grande Armee achieved success while conducting counterinsurgency operations in Aragon and Andalusia. Based on Spanish, French and British primary sources, this thesis intended to examine if these results were connected to the personality of great commanders, flexible small unit leaders, or external factors. The underlying rationale was also to produce a broader picture on French counterinsurgency while bridging the imperial experience with the colonial period. The comparison of Marshal Soult and Marshal Suchet’s case-studies demonstrated that French officers solved their operational dilemma in different manners. But the analysis also outlined a common denominator to their practices. Leverage of religion, build-up of native security forces, and development of an influence-driven campaign constituted the major tenets of this nascent doctrine of counterinsurgency.
"The Centurions Vs The Hydra": French Counterinsurgency In The Peninsular War (1808-1812)
Author: Major Philippe H. Gennequin
Publisher: Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN: 1782894322
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
Considered the first documented commitment of a Western-style army facing a nation-wide insurgency, the Peninsular War deserves a critical examination of French pacification methods. In spite of a severe defeat, the Grande Armee achieved success while conducting counterinsurgency operations in Aragon and Andalusia. Based on Spanish, French and British primary sources, this thesis intended to examine if these results were connected to the personality of great commanders, flexible small unit leaders, or external factors. The underlying rationale was also to produce a broader picture on French counterinsurgency while bridging the imperial experience with the colonial period. The comparison of Marshal Soult and Marshal Suchet’s case-studies demonstrated that French officers solved their operational dilemma in different manners. But the analysis also outlined a common denominator to their practices. Leverage of religion, build-up of native security forces, and development of an influence-driven campaign constituted the major tenets of this nascent doctrine of counterinsurgency.
Publisher: Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN: 1782894322
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Book Description
Considered the first documented commitment of a Western-style army facing a nation-wide insurgency, the Peninsular War deserves a critical examination of French pacification methods. In spite of a severe defeat, the Grande Armee achieved success while conducting counterinsurgency operations in Aragon and Andalusia. Based on Spanish, French and British primary sources, this thesis intended to examine if these results were connected to the personality of great commanders, flexible small unit leaders, or external factors. The underlying rationale was also to produce a broader picture on French counterinsurgency while bridging the imperial experience with the colonial period. The comparison of Marshal Soult and Marshal Suchet’s case-studies demonstrated that French officers solved their operational dilemma in different manners. But the analysis also outlined a common denominator to their practices. Leverage of religion, build-up of native security forces, and development of an influence-driven campaign constituted the major tenets of this nascent doctrine of counterinsurgency.
The Napoleonic Wars
Author: Alexander Mikaberidze
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199951063
Category : Geopolitics
Languages : en
Pages : 977
Book Description
The first truly global history of the Napoleonic Wars, arguably the first world war.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199951063
Category : Geopolitics
Languages : en
Pages : 977
Book Description
The first truly global history of the Napoleonic Wars, arguably the first world war.
Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat
Author: Douglas C. Lovelace
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190255315
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Book Description
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 141, Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat, considers the mutation of the international security environment brought on by decades of unrivaled U.S. conventional military power. The term "hybrid warfare" encompasses conventional warfare, irregular warfare, cyberwarfare, insurgency, criminality, economic blackmail, ethnic warfare, "lawfare," and the application of low-cost but effective technologies to thwart high-cost technologically advanced forces. This volume is divided into five sections covering different aspects of this topic, each of which is introduced by expert commentary written by series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. This volume contains thirteen useful documents exploring various facets of the shifting international security environment, including a detailed report on hybrid warfare issued by the Joint Special Operations University and a White Paper on special operations forces support to political warfare prepared by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, as well as a GAO report and a CRS report covering similar topics. Specific coverage is also given to topics such as cybersecurity and cyberwarfare, the efficacy of sanctions in avoiding and deterring hybrid warfare threats, and the intersection of the military and domestic U.S. law enforcement.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190255315
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Book Description
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 141, Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat, considers the mutation of the international security environment brought on by decades of unrivaled U.S. conventional military power. The term "hybrid warfare" encompasses conventional warfare, irregular warfare, cyberwarfare, insurgency, criminality, economic blackmail, ethnic warfare, "lawfare," and the application of low-cost but effective technologies to thwart high-cost technologically advanced forces. This volume is divided into five sections covering different aspects of this topic, each of which is introduced by expert commentary written by series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. This volume contains thirteen useful documents exploring various facets of the shifting international security environment, including a detailed report on hybrid warfare issued by the Joint Special Operations University and a White Paper on special operations forces support to political warfare prepared by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, as well as a GAO report and a CRS report covering similar topics. Specific coverage is also given to topics such as cybersecurity and cyberwarfare, the efficacy of sanctions in avoiding and deterring hybrid warfare threats, and the intersection of the military and domestic U.S. law enforcement.
TERRORISM: COMMENTARY ON SECURITY DOCUMENTS VOLUME 141
Author: Douglas Lovelace Jr.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019061465X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Book Description
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 141, Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat, considers the mutation of the international security environment brought on by decades of unrivaled U.S. conventional military power. The term "hybrid warfare" encompasses conventional warfare, irregular warfare, cyberwarfare, insurgency, criminality, economic blackmail, ethnic warfare, "lawfare", and the application of low-cost but effective technologies to thwart high-cost technologically advanced forces. This volume is divided into five sections covering different aspects of this topic, each of which is introduced by expert commentary written by series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. This volume contains thirteen useful documents exploring various facets of the shifting international security environment, including a detailed report on hybrid warfare issued by the Joint Special Operations University and a White Paper on special operations forces support to political warfare prepared by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, as well as a GAO report and a CRS report covering similar topics. Specific coverage is also given to topics such as cybersecurity and cyberwarfare, the efficacy of sanctions in avoiding and deterring hybrid warfare threats, and the intersection of the military and domestic U.S. law enforcement.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019061465X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 393
Book Description
Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 141, Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat, considers the mutation of the international security environment brought on by decades of unrivaled U.S. conventional military power. The term "hybrid warfare" encompasses conventional warfare, irregular warfare, cyberwarfare, insurgency, criminality, economic blackmail, ethnic warfare, "lawfare", and the application of low-cost but effective technologies to thwart high-cost technologically advanced forces. This volume is divided into five sections covering different aspects of this topic, each of which is introduced by expert commentary written by series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. This volume contains thirteen useful documents exploring various facets of the shifting international security environment, including a detailed report on hybrid warfare issued by the Joint Special Operations University and a White Paper on special operations forces support to political warfare prepared by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, as well as a GAO report and a CRS report covering similar topics. Specific coverage is also given to topics such as cybersecurity and cyberwarfare, the efficacy of sanctions in avoiding and deterring hybrid warfare threats, and the intersection of the military and domestic U.S. law enforcement.
The Legend of Charlemagne in the Middle Ages
Author: M. Gabriele
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 0230615449
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 188
Book Description
These essays take advantage of a new, exciting trend towards interdisciplinary research on the Charlemagne legend. Written by historians, art historians, and literary scholars, these essays focus on the multifaceted ways the Charlemagne legend functioned in the Middle Ages and how central the shared (if nonetheless fictional) memory of the great Frankish ruler was to the medieval West. A gateway to new research on memory, crusading, apocalyptic expectation, Carolingian historiography, and medieval kingship, the contributors demonstrate the fuzzy line separating "fact" and "fiction" in the Middle Ages.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 0230615449
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 188
Book Description
These essays take advantage of a new, exciting trend towards interdisciplinary research on the Charlemagne legend. Written by historians, art historians, and literary scholars, these essays focus on the multifaceted ways the Charlemagne legend functioned in the Middle Ages and how central the shared (if nonetheless fictional) memory of the great Frankish ruler was to the medieval West. A gateway to new research on memory, crusading, apocalyptic expectation, Carolingian historiography, and medieval kingship, the contributors demonstrate the fuzzy line separating "fact" and "fiction" in the Middle Ages.
Socialism of Fools
Author: Michele Battini
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 0231541325
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 424
Book Description
In Socialism of Fools, Michele Battini focuses on the critical moment during the Enlightenment in which anti-Jewish stereotypes morphed into a sophisticated, modern social anti-Semitism. He recovers the potent anti-Jewish, anticapitalist propaganda that cemented the idea of a Jewish conspiracy in the European mind and connects it to the atrocities that characterized the Jewish experience in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Beginning in the eighteenth century, counter-Enlightenment intellectuals and intransigent Catholic writers singled out Jews for conspiring to exploit self-sustaining markets and the liberal state. These ideas spread among socialist and labor movements in the nineteenth century and intensified during the Long Depression of the 1870s. Anti-Jewish anticapitalism then migrated to the Habsburg Empire with the Christian Social Party; to Germany with the Anti-Semitic Leagues; to France with the nationalist movements; and to Italy, where Revolutionary Syndicalists made anti-Jewish anticapitalism the basis of an alliance with the nationalists. Exemplified best in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the infamous document that "leaked" Jewish plans to conquer the world, the Jewish-conspiracy myth inverts reality and creates a perverse relationship to historical and judicial truth. Isolating the intellectual roots of this phenomenon and its contemporary resonances, Battini shows us why, so many decades after the Holocaust, Jewish people continue to be a powerful political target.
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 0231541325
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 424
Book Description
In Socialism of Fools, Michele Battini focuses on the critical moment during the Enlightenment in which anti-Jewish stereotypes morphed into a sophisticated, modern social anti-Semitism. He recovers the potent anti-Jewish, anticapitalist propaganda that cemented the idea of a Jewish conspiracy in the European mind and connects it to the atrocities that characterized the Jewish experience in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Beginning in the eighteenth century, counter-Enlightenment intellectuals and intransigent Catholic writers singled out Jews for conspiring to exploit self-sustaining markets and the liberal state. These ideas spread among socialist and labor movements in the nineteenth century and intensified during the Long Depression of the 1870s. Anti-Jewish anticapitalism then migrated to the Habsburg Empire with the Christian Social Party; to Germany with the Anti-Semitic Leagues; to France with the nationalist movements; and to Italy, where Revolutionary Syndicalists made anti-Jewish anticapitalism the basis of an alliance with the nationalists. Exemplified best in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the infamous document that "leaked" Jewish plans to conquer the world, the Jewish-conspiracy myth inverts reality and creates a perverse relationship to historical and judicial truth. Isolating the intellectual roots of this phenomenon and its contemporary resonances, Battini shows us why, so many decades after the Holocaust, Jewish people continue to be a powerful political target.
Assyria to Iberia
Author: Joan Aruz
Publisher: Metropolitan Museum of Art
ISBN: 1588396061
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 378
Book Description
The exhibition "Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age" (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2014) offered a comprehensive overview of art and cultural exchange in an era of vast imperial and mercantile expansion. The twenty-seven essays in this volume are based on the symposium and lectures that took place in conjunction with the exhibition. Written by an international group of scholars from a wide variety of disciplines, they include reports of new archaeological discoveries, illuminating interpretations of material culture, and innovative investigations of literary, historical, and political aspects of the interactions that shaped art and culture in the in the early first millennium B.C. Taken together, these essays explore the cultural encounters of diverse populations interacting through trade, travel, and migration, as well as war and displacement, in the ancient world. Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age contributes significantly to our understanding of the epoch-making exchanges that spanned the Near East and the Mediterranean and exerted immense influence in the centuries that followed.
Publisher: Metropolitan Museum of Art
ISBN: 1588396061
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 378
Book Description
The exhibition "Assyria to Iberia at the Dawn of the Classical Age" (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2014) offered a comprehensive overview of art and cultural exchange in an era of vast imperial and mercantile expansion. The twenty-seven essays in this volume are based on the symposium and lectures that took place in conjunction with the exhibition. Written by an international group of scholars from a wide variety of disciplines, they include reports of new archaeological discoveries, illuminating interpretations of material culture, and innovative investigations of literary, historical, and political aspects of the interactions that shaped art and culture in the in the early first millennium B.C. Taken together, these essays explore the cultural encounters of diverse populations interacting through trade, travel, and migration, as well as war and displacement, in the ancient world. Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age contributes significantly to our understanding of the epoch-making exchanges that spanned the Near East and the Mediterranean and exerted immense influence in the centuries that followed.
Trapped in Four Square Miles
Author: Sam Wazan
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781494873462
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 366
Book Description
Trapped in Four Square Miles is a gripping and inspiring story about how to assert yourself and break through normalizing norms and burdens of geopolitical and cultural boundaries. It offers a way forward. "More than educational, your book is a primer of human awareness that circulates in the midst of the chaos of violence. Thank you for sharing a much bigger and more profound insight with the rest of us."- Bishop William Swing, Episcopal Bishop of California 1980 - 2006 & President and Founder of United Religions Initiative. "An apt comparison to The Kite Runner. A page burner of a story." - Roger R. Baumgarte Author of Friends Beyond Borders. This is the riveting story of young Rami, a young man forced to grow up in the middle of Lebanon's civil war and the sole survivor of a terrible massacre. Rami vows revenge against the perpetrators but when a vigilante orders him to shoot, he cannot. His younger brother pulls the trigger instead and becomes a hero, rising through the ranks of the local militias while exploiting Rami's change of heart. Rami falls in love with Sophia, a Westernized college student. But the self-appointed sharia enforcers drag him and his girlfriend from his car and chop off their hair. As West Beirut devolves into hell, Sophia's family emigrates to America. Rami vows to follow his girlfriend, but will the American gatekeepers admit him, or is he doomed to a life of chronic despair? "A powerful and provocative novel. The book is full of authentic cultural details and tough unsparing insights. It's also full of compassion and humanity, ultimately suggesting a way out of the seemingly endless cycle of violence." - Jeff Jackson Author of Mira Corpora. "A rare insight into the vast complexities of Middle Eastern demographics, politics, policies, and religious perspectives...a redemptive way forward." - Dr. David Jordan Author of Subversive Words.
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781494873462
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 366
Book Description
Trapped in Four Square Miles is a gripping and inspiring story about how to assert yourself and break through normalizing norms and burdens of geopolitical and cultural boundaries. It offers a way forward. "More than educational, your book is a primer of human awareness that circulates in the midst of the chaos of violence. Thank you for sharing a much bigger and more profound insight with the rest of us."- Bishop William Swing, Episcopal Bishop of California 1980 - 2006 & President and Founder of United Religions Initiative. "An apt comparison to The Kite Runner. A page burner of a story." - Roger R. Baumgarte Author of Friends Beyond Borders. This is the riveting story of young Rami, a young man forced to grow up in the middle of Lebanon's civil war and the sole survivor of a terrible massacre. Rami vows revenge against the perpetrators but when a vigilante orders him to shoot, he cannot. His younger brother pulls the trigger instead and becomes a hero, rising through the ranks of the local militias while exploiting Rami's change of heart. Rami falls in love with Sophia, a Westernized college student. But the self-appointed sharia enforcers drag him and his girlfriend from his car and chop off their hair. As West Beirut devolves into hell, Sophia's family emigrates to America. Rami vows to follow his girlfriend, but will the American gatekeepers admit him, or is he doomed to a life of chronic despair? "A powerful and provocative novel. The book is full of authentic cultural details and tough unsparing insights. It's also full of compassion and humanity, ultimately suggesting a way out of the seemingly endless cycle of violence." - Jeff Jackson Author of Mira Corpora. "A rare insight into the vast complexities of Middle Eastern demographics, politics, policies, and religious perspectives...a redemptive way forward." - Dr. David Jordan Author of Subversive Words.
History and Memory in the Carolingian World
Author: Rosamond McKitterick
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521534369
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
This 2004 book looks at the writing and reading of history during the early middle ages.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521534369
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
This 2004 book looks at the writing and reading of history during the early middle ages.
Hybrid Warfare
Author: Tim McCulloh
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781974400010
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 150
Book Description
Major Tim McCulloh and Major Rick Johnson's combined contributions to this monograph on Hybrid Warfare benefit from a combination of both an overarching theory as well as an operational perspective. The combination of the works into a single manuscript provides a synergy of the two perspectives. While the idea of hybrid warfare is not new, the authors together provide a clarity and utility which presents a relevant contextual narrative of the space between conventional conflicts and realm of irregular warfare. Major McCulloh's contribution in the first section entitled The Inadequacy of Definition and the Utility of a Theory of Hybrid Conflict: Is the 'Hybrid Threat' New? lays the theoretical basis to bring a definition of Hybrid Warfare into focus while addressing the pertinent question of its historical origin. The theory presented uses historical trends, illustrated through two case studies, to postulate a set of principles to provide a unifying logic to hybrid behavior. In the first study, Major McCulloh examines the Israel-Hezbollah war of 2006. Within this case study, Major McCulloh's six principles of hybrid warfare are defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabilities, and effects are unique to the forces context; (2) each hybrid force has a specific ideology that creates an internal narrative to the organization; (3) a hybrid force always perceives an existential threat to its survival; (4) in hybrid war there is a capability overmatch between adversaries; (5) a hybrid force contains both conventional and unconventional components; and (6) hybrid forces seek to use defensive operations. To test the theory, Major McCulloh then examines the Soviet partisan network on the Eastern Front from 1941-1945. With the two case studies examined under the same theoretical framework, Major McCulloh asserts that the framework can be used as tool for anticipating emergent hybrid organizations while demonstrating historical continuity. With a theoretical underpinning having been argued by Major McCulloh, the strategic studies question of "so what?" is addressed at the operational level by Major Johnson. In Major Johnson's section entitled Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare, the author uses historical examples and case studies to form a basis for approaching hybrid threats through a lens x of U.S. oriented operational art. Major Johnson uses case studies of U.S. efforts in Vietnam and Iraq to illuminate operational approaches to defeating hybrid threats. Much like Major McCulloh, Major Johnson utilizes the Israel-Hezbollah conflict of 2006 as a starting point, contextualizes hybrid warfare vis-a-vis other mixed forms of warfare, addresses the nature of operational art, and then delves backward to find validation of the author's propositions. In examining the case of Vietnam, Major Johnson examines the synergistic effects of Communist organization, strategy, and operational flexibility in depth which serves to highlight the concurrent political and military efforts used by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese. In the Iraq case study, Major Johnson examines a profoundly complex and varied adversary juxtaposed to the organizational harmony presented in the Vietnam case study. Major Johnson examines two radically different conflicts and develops three "imperatives" for operational art in hybrid warfare: (1) an operational approach must disrupt the logic of the forms of conflict the hybrid threat employs; (2) tactical success and strategic aims must be developed within the same context which gave rise to the hybrid threat and; (3) a successful approach should avoid prescriptive measures across time and space. Many may argue that the concept is not needed or is redundant to other definitions of mixed forms of warfare, or offers nothing unique. However, in this case the authors do contribute to the understanding of warfare as a spectrum of conflict rather than a dichotomy of black and white alternatives.
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781974400010
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 150
Book Description
Major Tim McCulloh and Major Rick Johnson's combined contributions to this monograph on Hybrid Warfare benefit from a combination of both an overarching theory as well as an operational perspective. The combination of the works into a single manuscript provides a synergy of the two perspectives. While the idea of hybrid warfare is not new, the authors together provide a clarity and utility which presents a relevant contextual narrative of the space between conventional conflicts and realm of irregular warfare. Major McCulloh's contribution in the first section entitled The Inadequacy of Definition and the Utility of a Theory of Hybrid Conflict: Is the 'Hybrid Threat' New? lays the theoretical basis to bring a definition of Hybrid Warfare into focus while addressing the pertinent question of its historical origin. The theory presented uses historical trends, illustrated through two case studies, to postulate a set of principles to provide a unifying logic to hybrid behavior. In the first study, Major McCulloh examines the Israel-Hezbollah war of 2006. Within this case study, Major McCulloh's six principles of hybrid warfare are defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabilities, and effects are unique to the forces context; (2) each hybrid force has a specific ideology that creates an internal narrative to the organization; (3) a hybrid force always perceives an existential threat to its survival; (4) in hybrid war there is a capability overmatch between adversaries; (5) a hybrid force contains both conventional and unconventional components; and (6) hybrid forces seek to use defensive operations. To test the theory, Major McCulloh then examines the Soviet partisan network on the Eastern Front from 1941-1945. With the two case studies examined under the same theoretical framework, Major McCulloh asserts that the framework can be used as tool for anticipating emergent hybrid organizations while demonstrating historical continuity. With a theoretical underpinning having been argued by Major McCulloh, the strategic studies question of "so what?" is addressed at the operational level by Major Johnson. In Major Johnson's section entitled Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare, the author uses historical examples and case studies to form a basis for approaching hybrid threats through a lens x of U.S. oriented operational art. Major Johnson uses case studies of U.S. efforts in Vietnam and Iraq to illuminate operational approaches to defeating hybrid threats. Much like Major McCulloh, Major Johnson utilizes the Israel-Hezbollah conflict of 2006 as a starting point, contextualizes hybrid warfare vis-a-vis other mixed forms of warfare, addresses the nature of operational art, and then delves backward to find validation of the author's propositions. In examining the case of Vietnam, Major Johnson examines the synergistic effects of Communist organization, strategy, and operational flexibility in depth which serves to highlight the concurrent political and military efforts used by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese. In the Iraq case study, Major Johnson examines a profoundly complex and varied adversary juxtaposed to the organizational harmony presented in the Vietnam case study. Major Johnson examines two radically different conflicts and develops three "imperatives" for operational art in hybrid warfare: (1) an operational approach must disrupt the logic of the forms of conflict the hybrid threat employs; (2) tactical success and strategic aims must be developed within the same context which gave rise to the hybrid threat and; (3) a successful approach should avoid prescriptive measures across time and space. Many may argue that the concept is not needed or is redundant to other definitions of mixed forms of warfare, or offers nothing unique. However, in this case the authors do contribute to the understanding of warfare as a spectrum of conflict rather than a dichotomy of black and white alternatives.