The Beneficiation of Rare Earth Element-bearing Minerals PDF Download
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Author: Adam Jordens
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Rare earth elements (REE) comprise the fifteen elements of the lanthanide series as well as yttrium, and may be found in over 250 different minerals. These elements are required for many different applications such as high-strength permanent magnets, catalysts for petroleum refining, metal and glass additives and phosphors used in electronic displays. REE are abundant in the earth's crust, yet deposits with economically extractable concentrations are much less common. This thesis examines the separation techniques that are currently employed for REE bearing mineral (REM) beneficiation, identifies areas in need of further research, employs characterisation techniques to examine fundamental properties of certain REM, and then applies this knowledge to the beneficiation of the Nechalacho REE deposit in the Northwest Territories of Canada.In order to build up the knowledge of the physicochemical properties of important REM, pure samples of minerals such as bastnäsite, allanite, fergusonite and zircon were acquired along with common gangue minerals in the Nechalacho deposit such as magnetite, hematite and quartz. After characterisation experiments were completed for each of these minerals, lab-scale separation experiments were conducted on a bulk sample from the Nechalacho deposit involving a series of gravity and magnetic separations. A pre-concentration flowsheet was then selected with the resultant product being used for downstream flotation experiments. As the feed sample for flotation was concentrated in many REM, it provided an excellent opportunity for assessing flotation kinetics of these minerals in a multi-mineral system as well as investigating different reagent additions which may be applicable to the development of an industrial flotation process.The major findings from characterisation experiments include the verification of the paramagnetism of REM, the identification of hydroxamates as an ideal flotation reagent for the concentration of bastnäsite from silicate gangue as well as the finding that hydroxamates are not suitable for the flotation of allanite, a silicate REM. Additional work was undertaken to develop a means of floating allanite using alternative reagents such as dodecylamine and the addition of metal ion activators. The concentration of REM from the Nechalacho deposit using physical separation was successfully achieved using a Knelson centrifugal gravity separator and a low intensity magnetic drum separator. The resultant product had a grade of 7.50 wt. % rare earth oxide (REO) and a REO recovery of 11.8 %. An additional finding from this work was that the concentration of the most valuable heavy REE is upgraded in the coarse size fractions after grinding to a P80 of 40 μm.Subsequent ore flotation experiments using this material found that the kinetics of REM flotation from this deposit using hydroxamates are strongly dependent on mineral solubility and metal cation content. Additionally, the addition of lead cations to this system improves the recovery of less floatable REMs such as allanite, and the staged addition of hydroxamates results in improved REM grade and recovery.The implications of this research work includes an improved understanding of fundamental REM properties as well as multiple strategies for improving industrial process designs for the Nechalacho deposit. Implementing selective comminution strategies to upgrade the concentration of the most valuable REE could have a profound effect on any future process by providing a simple means of beneficiation as well as minimizing energy losses in overgrinding. Two different flotation reagent strategies have been investigated with different outcomes. The staged addition of hydroxamate targets REM with rapid flotation kinetics whereas the addition of lead ions is able to improve the recovery of REM with slower flotation kinetics. These reagent schemes may have applications in different stages of an industrial flotation process." --
Author: Adam Jordens
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Rare earth elements (REE) comprise the fifteen elements of the lanthanide series as well as yttrium, and may be found in over 250 different minerals. These elements are required for many different applications such as high-strength permanent magnets, catalysts for petroleum refining, metal and glass additives and phosphors used in electronic displays. REE are abundant in the earth's crust, yet deposits with economically extractable concentrations are much less common. This thesis examines the separation techniques that are currently employed for REE bearing mineral (REM) beneficiation, identifies areas in need of further research, employs characterisation techniques to examine fundamental properties of certain REM, and then applies this knowledge to the beneficiation of the Nechalacho REE deposit in the Northwest Territories of Canada.In order to build up the knowledge of the physicochemical properties of important REM, pure samples of minerals such as bastnäsite, allanite, fergusonite and zircon were acquired along with common gangue minerals in the Nechalacho deposit such as magnetite, hematite and quartz. After characterisation experiments were completed for each of these minerals, lab-scale separation experiments were conducted on a bulk sample from the Nechalacho deposit involving a series of gravity and magnetic separations. A pre-concentration flowsheet was then selected with the resultant product being used for downstream flotation experiments. As the feed sample for flotation was concentrated in many REM, it provided an excellent opportunity for assessing flotation kinetics of these minerals in a multi-mineral system as well as investigating different reagent additions which may be applicable to the development of an industrial flotation process.The major findings from characterisation experiments include the verification of the paramagnetism of REM, the identification of hydroxamates as an ideal flotation reagent for the concentration of bastnäsite from silicate gangue as well as the finding that hydroxamates are not suitable for the flotation of allanite, a silicate REM. Additional work was undertaken to develop a means of floating allanite using alternative reagents such as dodecylamine and the addition of metal ion activators. The concentration of REM from the Nechalacho deposit using physical separation was successfully achieved using a Knelson centrifugal gravity separator and a low intensity magnetic drum separator. The resultant product had a grade of 7.50 wt. % rare earth oxide (REO) and a REO recovery of 11.8 %. An additional finding from this work was that the concentration of the most valuable heavy REE is upgraded in the coarse size fractions after grinding to a P80 of 40 μm.Subsequent ore flotation experiments using this material found that the kinetics of REM flotation from this deposit using hydroxamates are strongly dependent on mineral solubility and metal cation content. Additionally, the addition of lead cations to this system improves the recovery of less floatable REMs such as allanite, and the staged addition of hydroxamates results in improved REM grade and recovery.The implications of this research work includes an improved understanding of fundamental REM properties as well as multiple strategies for improving industrial process designs for the Nechalacho deposit. Implementing selective comminution strategies to upgrade the concentration of the most valuable REE could have a profound effect on any future process by providing a simple means of beneficiation as well as minimizing energy losses in overgrinding. Two different flotation reagent strategies have been investigated with different outcomes. The staged addition of hydroxamate targets REM with rapid flotation kinetics whereas the addition of lead ions is able to improve the recovery of REM with slower flotation kinetics. These reagent schemes may have applications in different stages of an industrial flotation process." --
Author: Michael Aide
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789847400
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 102
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Book Description
This book describes the recent evolution of rare earth elements and their mineralogy, both natural and synthetic analogues. Authors review and document rare earth element chemistry in the aqueous environment and the petrology of the rare earth element-bearing mineral Allanite. Synthetic rare earth minerals and their applications is a rapidly evolving discipline important to medicine, advanced digital technologies, and solid-state physics. Authors report on the synthesis of a macrocyclic gadolinium complex and also gadolinium complexes and their applications in medicine. Authors present compelling advances in gadolinium isotopes and oxides as substrates for induced excitation and luminescent material sciences.
Author: A.K. Suri
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351448978
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 272
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Book Description
The growth and development witnessed today in modern science, engineering, and technology owes a heavy debt to the rare, refractory, and reactive metals group, of which niobium is a member. Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium presents a vivid account of the metal through its comprehensive discussions of properties and applications, resources and resource processing, chemical processing and compound preparation, metal extraction, and refining and consolidation. Typical flow sheets adopted in some leading niobium-producing countries for the beneficiation of various niobium sources are presented, and various chemical processes for producing pure forms of niobium intermediates such as chloride, fluoride, and oxide are discussed. The book also explains how to liberate the metal from its intermediates and describes the physico-chemical principles involved. It is an excellent reference for chemical metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, extraction and process metallurgists, and minerals processors. It is also valuable to a wide variety of scientists, engineers, technologists, and students interested in the topic.
Author: Ismar Borges De Lima
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128025689
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 468
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Book Description
Rare Earths elements are composed of 15 chemical elements in the periodic table. Scandium and yttrium have similar properties, with mineral assemblages, and are therefore referred alike in the literature. Although abundant in the planet surface, the Rare Earths are not found in concentrated forms, thus making them economically valued as they are so challenging to obtain. Rare Earths Industry: Technological, Economic and Environmental Implications provides an interdisciplinary orientation to the topic of Rare Earths with a focus on technical, scientific, academic, economic, and environmental issues. Part I of book deals with the Rare Earths Reserves and Mining, Part II focuses on Rare Earths Processes and High-Tech Product Development, and Part III deals with Rare Earths Recycling Opportunities and Challenges. The chapters provide updated information and priceless analysis of the theme, and they seek to present the latest techniques, approaches, processes and technologies that can reduce the costs of compliance with environmental concerns in a way it is possible to anticipate and mitigate emerging problems. Discusses the influence of policy on Rare Earth Elements to help raise interest in developing strategies for management resource development and exploitation Global contributions will address solutions in countries that are high RE producers, including China, Brazil, Australia, and South China End of chapter critical summaries outline the technological, economic and environmental implications of rare earths reserves, exploration and market Provides a concise, but meaningful, geopolitical analysis of the current worldwide scenario and importance of rare earths exploration for governments, corporate groups, and local stakeholders
Author: Srdjan M. Bulatovic
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080471374
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 459
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Book Description
Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice is a condensed form of the fundamental knowledge of chemical reagents commonly used in flotation and is addressed to the researchers and plant metallurgists who employ these reagents. Consisting of three distinct parts: 1) provides detailed description of the chemistry used in mineral processing industry; 2) describes theoretical aspects of the action of flotation reagents 3) provides information on the use of reagents in over 100 operating plants treating Cu, Cu/Zn, Cu/Pb, Zn, Pb/Zn/Ag, Cu/Ni and Ni ores. * Looks at the theoretical aspects of flotation reagents * Examines the practical aspects of using chemical reagents in operating plants * Provides guidelines for researchers and engineers involved in process design and development
Author: Yamuna Singh
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783030413552
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This volume presents a brief introduction to the Rare Earth Elements (REE) and their discovery, mineralogy, deposit types and applications. The book focusses on the aspects of both natural and industrial REE resources of India. It covers geological, structural, geochemical, petrological, mineralogical and genetic aspects of the natural deposits, and provides an account of the available industrial sources. The relative merits and potential of the several resources for future development and directions for inputs in REE exploration are discussed at the end of the monograph.
Author: Vinny R. Sastri
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080536689
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1005
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Book Description
In order to use rare earths successfully in various applications, a good understanding of the chemistry of these elements is of paramount importance. Nearly three to four decades have passed since titles such as The Rare Earths edited by F.H. Spedding and A.H. Daane, The chemistry of the Rare Earth Elements by N.E. Topp and Complexes of the Rare Earths by S.P. Sinha were published. There have been many international conferences and symposia on rare earths, as well as the series of volumes entitled Handbook of Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths edited by K.A. Gschneidner and L. Eyring. Thus, there is a need for a new title covering modern aspects of rare earth complexes along with the applications. The present title consists of twelve chapters. 1. Introduction2. General aspects3. Stability of complexes4. Lanthanide complexes5. Structural chemistry of lanthanide compounds6. Organometallic complexes7. Kinetics and mechanisms of rare earths complexation8. Spectroscopy of lanthanide complexes9. Photoelectron spectroscopy of rare earths10. Lanthanide NMR shift reagents11. Environmental ecological biological aspects12. Applications The authors studied in schools headed by pioneers in rare earth chemistry, have a combined experience of one hundred and fifty years in inorganic chemistry, rare earth complex chemistry, nuclear and radiochemistry of rare earths and supramolecular chemistry. The present monograph is a product of this rich experience.
Author: Marc Humphries
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437937985
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
Contents: (1) Intro.; (2) What are Rare Earth Elements (REE)?; (3) Major End Uses and Applications: Demand for REE; The Application of REE in National Defense; (4) Rare Earth Resources and Production Potential; Supply Chain Issues; Role of China; (5) Rare Earth Legislation in the 111th Congress: H.R. 4866, and S. 3521, the Rare Earths Supply-Chain Technology and Resources Transformation Act of 2010; H.R. 5136, the FY 2011 Nat. Defense Authorization Act; P.L. 111-84, the FY 2010 Nat. Defense Authorization Act; (6) Possible Policy Options: Authorize and Appropriate Funding for a USGS Assessment; Support and Encourage Greater Exploration for REE; Challenge China on Its Export Policy; Establish a Stockpile. Illustrations.
Author: NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers
Publisher: ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.
ISBN: 8178331209
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 557
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Book Description
Rare earths are essential constituents of more than 100 mineral species and present in many more through substitution. They have a marked geochemical affinity for calcium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, fluoride, phosphate and carbonate ions. Industrially important minerals, which are utilized at present for rare earths production, are essentially three, namely monazite, bastnasite and xenotime. In modern time techniques for exploration of rare earths and yttrium minerals include geologic identification of environments of deposition and surface as well as airborne reconnaissance with magnetometric and radiometric equipment. There are numerous applications of rare earths such as in glass making industry, cracking catalysts, electronic and optoelectronic devices, medical technology, nuclear technology, agriculture, plastic industry etc. Lot of metals and alloys called rare earth are lying in the earth which required to be processed. Some of the important elements extracted from rare earths are uranium, lithium, beryllium, selenium, platinum metals, tantalum, silicon, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, cadmium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium etc. There are different methods involved in production of metals and non metals from rare earths for example; separation, primary crushing, secondary crushing, wet grinding, dry grinding etc. The rare earths are silver, silverymwhite, or gray metals; they have a high luster, but tarnish readily in air, have high electrical conductivity. The rare earths share many common properties this makes them difficult to separate or even distinguish from each other. There are very small differences in solubility and complex formation between the rare earths. The rare earth metals naturally occur together in minerals. Rare earths are found with non metals, usually in the 3+ oxidation state. At present all the rare earth resources in India are in the form of placer monazite deposits, which also carry other industrially important minerals like ilmenite, rutile, zircon, sillimanite and garnet. Some of the fundamentals of the book are commercially important rare earth minerals, exploration for rare earth resources, rare earth resources of the world, some rare earth minerals and their approximate compositions, rare earths in cracking catalysts, rare earth based phosphors, interdependence of applications and production of rare earths, uranium alloys, conversion of ores to lithium chemicals, characterization and analysis of very pure silicon, derivation of molybdenum metal, electoplating and chromizing, electrolytic production of titanium, heat treatment of titanium alloys, tensile properties of alloys etc. The book covers occurrence of rare earth, resources of the world, production of lithium metals, compounds derived from the metals, chemical properties of beryllium, uses of selenium, derivation of molybdenum metals, ore concentration and treatment and many more. This is a unique book of its kind, which will be a great asset for scientists, researchers, technocrats and entrepreneurs. TAGS Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Beryllium, Best small and cottage scale industries, Boron, Business guidance for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Cadmium, Chromium, Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Extraction of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, How to Start a Rare earth metals and alloys Business, How to Start a Rare earth metals and alloys extraction?, How to start a successful Rare earth metals and alloys extraction, How to start rare earth alloys Processing Industry in India, How to start rare earth metals Processing Industry in India, Industrial Uses of Rare Earths metals and alloys, Lithium, Magnesium Alloys with Rare-Earth Metal, Magnetic Properties of Rare‐Earth Metals and Alloys, Manganese, Molybdenum, Most Profitable Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Rare earth metals and alloys processing industry, Platinum Metals, Preparation of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Rare earth metals and alloys extraction, Project for startups, Properties of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Rare Earth Alloys, Rare Earth Elements - Metals, Minerals, Mining, Uses, Rare earth elements (REE): industrial technology, Rare Earth Elements Applications, Rare earth elements properties, Rare earth elements separation process, Rare Earth elements, Rare earth extraction process, Rare Earth Industry, Rare earth metals and alloy extraction process, Rare earth metals and alloys Based Profitable Projects, Rare earth metals and alloys Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Rare earth metals and alloys extraction Business, Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Industry in India, Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Projects, Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Rare earth metals India, Rare Earth Metals Production and Alloys with Properties, Rare earth metals uses, Rare Earth Metals, Rare Earth Resources, Rare minerals list, Selenium, Setting up and opening your Rare earth metals and alloys Business, Silicon, Small Scale Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Projects, Small scale Rare earth metals and alloys production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Business, Start-up Business Plan for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Startup ideas, Startup Project, Startup Project for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Startup project plan, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, Uses of rare earth metals and alloys in metallurgy, Where are rare earth metals found?, Zirconium
Author: A.P. Jones
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780412610301
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 402
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Book Description
30% discount for members of The Mineralogical Society of Britain and Ireland Rare Earth Minerals presents a current overview of this geologically and industrially important group of minerals. It presents a wide variety of formats, crystal structures, petrographic descriptions, analytical data and numerous illustrations from outcrop photos to SEM pictures and crystallographic models.
