Author: Jon DiMaggio
Publisher: No Starch Press
ISBN: 171850215X
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
A practical guide to understanding and analyzing cyber attacks by advanced attackers, such as nation states. Cyber attacks are no longer the domain of petty criminals. Today, companies find themselves targeted by sophisticated nation state attackers armed with the resources to craft scarily effective campaigns. This book is a detailed guide to understanding the major players in these cyber wars, the techniques they use, and the process of analyzing their advanced attacks. Whether you’re an individual researcher or part of a team within a Security Operations Center (SoC), you’ll learn to approach, track, and attribute attacks to these advanced actors. The first part of the book is an overview of actual cyber attacks conducted by nation-state actors and other advanced organizations. It explores the geopolitical context in which the attacks took place, the patterns found in the attackers’ techniques, and the supporting evidence analysts used to attribute such attacks. Dive into the mechanisms of: North Korea’s series of cyber attacks against financial institutions, which resulted in billions of dollars stolen The world of targeted ransomware attacks, which have leveraged nation state tactics to cripple entire corporate enterprises with ransomware Recent cyber attacks aimed at disrupting or influencing national elections globally The book’s second part walks through how defenders can track and attribute future attacks. You’ll be provided with the tools, methods, and analytical guidance required to dissect and research each stage of an attack campaign. Here, Jon DiMaggio demonstrates some of the real techniques he has employed to uncover crucial information about the 2021 Colonial Pipeline attacks, among many other advanced threats. He now offers his experience to train the next generation of expert analysts.
The Art of Cyberwarfare
Author: Jon DiMaggio
Publisher: No Starch Press
ISBN: 171850215X
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
A practical guide to understanding and analyzing cyber attacks by advanced attackers, such as nation states. Cyber attacks are no longer the domain of petty criminals. Today, companies find themselves targeted by sophisticated nation state attackers armed with the resources to craft scarily effective campaigns. This book is a detailed guide to understanding the major players in these cyber wars, the techniques they use, and the process of analyzing their advanced attacks. Whether you’re an individual researcher or part of a team within a Security Operations Center (SoC), you’ll learn to approach, track, and attribute attacks to these advanced actors. The first part of the book is an overview of actual cyber attacks conducted by nation-state actors and other advanced organizations. It explores the geopolitical context in which the attacks took place, the patterns found in the attackers’ techniques, and the supporting evidence analysts used to attribute such attacks. Dive into the mechanisms of: North Korea’s series of cyber attacks against financial institutions, which resulted in billions of dollars stolen The world of targeted ransomware attacks, which have leveraged nation state tactics to cripple entire corporate enterprises with ransomware Recent cyber attacks aimed at disrupting or influencing national elections globally The book’s second part walks through how defenders can track and attribute future attacks. You’ll be provided with the tools, methods, and analytical guidance required to dissect and research each stage of an attack campaign. Here, Jon DiMaggio demonstrates some of the real techniques he has employed to uncover crucial information about the 2021 Colonial Pipeline attacks, among many other advanced threats. He now offers his experience to train the next generation of expert analysts.
Publisher: No Starch Press
ISBN: 171850215X
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
A practical guide to understanding and analyzing cyber attacks by advanced attackers, such as nation states. Cyber attacks are no longer the domain of petty criminals. Today, companies find themselves targeted by sophisticated nation state attackers armed with the resources to craft scarily effective campaigns. This book is a detailed guide to understanding the major players in these cyber wars, the techniques they use, and the process of analyzing their advanced attacks. Whether you’re an individual researcher or part of a team within a Security Operations Center (SoC), you’ll learn to approach, track, and attribute attacks to these advanced actors. The first part of the book is an overview of actual cyber attacks conducted by nation-state actors and other advanced organizations. It explores the geopolitical context in which the attacks took place, the patterns found in the attackers’ techniques, and the supporting evidence analysts used to attribute such attacks. Dive into the mechanisms of: North Korea’s series of cyber attacks against financial institutions, which resulted in billions of dollars stolen The world of targeted ransomware attacks, which have leveraged nation state tactics to cripple entire corporate enterprises with ransomware Recent cyber attacks aimed at disrupting or influencing national elections globally The book’s second part walks through how defenders can track and attribute future attacks. You’ll be provided with the tools, methods, and analytical guidance required to dissect and research each stage of an attack campaign. Here, Jon DiMaggio demonstrates some of the real techniques he has employed to uncover crucial information about the 2021 Colonial Pipeline attacks, among many other advanced threats. He now offers his experience to train the next generation of expert analysts.
The Art of Cyber Conflict
Author: Henry J Sienkiewicz
Publisher: Dog Ear Publishing
ISBN: 1457555166
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 188
Book Description
If Sun Tzu were alive today, rather than in the fifth century BC, he would be on various stages and his strategies would be all the rage for individuals and organizations alike. In The Art of Cyber Conflict, Henry J. Sienkiewicz brings his strategic and practical experience to bear as he uses the timeless strategies from Sun Tzu’s The Art of War in this highly relevant and exceptionally approachable guidebook. From a technology-independent perspective, Henry focuses on knowing and understanding cyber, the cyber environment, the cyber actors, and this constantly evolving form of modern conflict, while concurrently providing direct approaches to recognize, remediate, and resolve the underlying threats. “A thought-provoking and earnest view of the current cyber landscape from the classic construct of Sun Tzu. I anticipate it soon will be a key text for War College students as they explore cyber risk management strategies.”
Publisher: Dog Ear Publishing
ISBN: 1457555166
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 188
Book Description
If Sun Tzu were alive today, rather than in the fifth century BC, he would be on various stages and his strategies would be all the rage for individuals and organizations alike. In The Art of Cyber Conflict, Henry J. Sienkiewicz brings his strategic and practical experience to bear as he uses the timeless strategies from Sun Tzu’s The Art of War in this highly relevant and exceptionally approachable guidebook. From a technology-independent perspective, Henry focuses on knowing and understanding cyber, the cyber environment, the cyber actors, and this constantly evolving form of modern conflict, while concurrently providing direct approaches to recognize, remediate, and resolve the underlying threats. “A thought-provoking and earnest view of the current cyber landscape from the classic construct of Sun Tzu. I anticipate it soon will be a key text for War College students as they explore cyber risk management strategies.”
Cybersecurity - Attack and Defense Strategies
Author: Yuri Diogenes
Publisher: Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 178847385X
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Key Features Gain a clear understanding of the attack methods, and patterns to recognize abnormal behavior within your organization with Blue Team tactics Learn to unique techniques to gather exploitation intelligence, identify risk and demonstrate impact with Red Team and Blue Team strategies A practical guide that will give you hands-on experience to mitigate risks and prevent attackers from infiltrating your system Book DescriptionThe book will start talking about the security posture before moving to Red Team tactics, where you will learn the basic syntax for the Windows and Linux tools that are commonly used to perform the necessary operations. You will also gain hands-on experience of using new Red Team techniques with powerful tools such as python and PowerShell, which will enable you to discover vulnerabilities in your system and how to exploit them. Moving on, you will learn how a system is usually compromised by adversaries, and how they hack user's identity, and the various tools used by the Red Team to find vulnerabilities in a system. In the next section, you will learn about the defense strategies followed by the Blue Team to enhance the overall security of a system. You will also learn about an in-depth strategy to ensure that there are security controls in each network layer, and how you can carry out the recovery process of a compromised system. Finally, you will learn how to create a vulnerability management strategy and the different techniques for manual log analysis.What you will learn Learn the importance of having a solid foundation for your security posture Understand the attack strategy using cyber security kill chain Learn how to enhance your defense strategy by improving your security policies, hardening your network, implementing active sensors, and leveraging threat intelligence Learn how to perform an incident investigation Get an in-depth understanding of the recovery process Understand continuous security monitoring and how to implement a vulnerability management strategy Learn how to perform log analysis to identify suspicious activities Who this book is for This book aims at IT professional who want to venture the IT security domain. IT pentester, Security consultants, and ethical hackers will also find this course useful. Prior knowledge of penetration testing would be beneficial.
Publisher: Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 178847385X
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 368
Book Description
Key Features Gain a clear understanding of the attack methods, and patterns to recognize abnormal behavior within your organization with Blue Team tactics Learn to unique techniques to gather exploitation intelligence, identify risk and demonstrate impact with Red Team and Blue Team strategies A practical guide that will give you hands-on experience to mitigate risks and prevent attackers from infiltrating your system Book DescriptionThe book will start talking about the security posture before moving to Red Team tactics, where you will learn the basic syntax for the Windows and Linux tools that are commonly used to perform the necessary operations. You will also gain hands-on experience of using new Red Team techniques with powerful tools such as python and PowerShell, which will enable you to discover vulnerabilities in your system and how to exploit them. Moving on, you will learn how a system is usually compromised by adversaries, and how they hack user's identity, and the various tools used by the Red Team to find vulnerabilities in a system. In the next section, you will learn about the defense strategies followed by the Blue Team to enhance the overall security of a system. You will also learn about an in-depth strategy to ensure that there are security controls in each network layer, and how you can carry out the recovery process of a compromised system. Finally, you will learn how to create a vulnerability management strategy and the different techniques for manual log analysis.What you will learn Learn the importance of having a solid foundation for your security posture Understand the attack strategy using cyber security kill chain Learn how to enhance your defense strategy by improving your security policies, hardening your network, implementing active sensors, and leveraging threat intelligence Learn how to perform an incident investigation Get an in-depth understanding of the recovery process Understand continuous security monitoring and how to implement a vulnerability management strategy Learn how to perform log analysis to identify suspicious activities Who this book is for This book aims at IT professional who want to venture the IT security domain. IT pentester, Security consultants, and ethical hackers will also find this course useful. Prior knowledge of penetration testing would be beneficial.
Offensive Countermeasures
Author: John Strand
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781490945064
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 238
Book Description
Tired of playing catchup with hackers? Does it ever seem they have all of the cool tools? Does it seem like defending a network is just not fun? This books introduces new cyber-security defensive tactics to annoy attackers, gain attribution and insight on who and where they are. It discusses how to attack attackers in a way which is legal and incredibly useful.
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781490945064
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 238
Book Description
Tired of playing catchup with hackers? Does it ever seem they have all of the cool tools? Does it seem like defending a network is just not fun? This books introduces new cyber-security defensive tactics to annoy attackers, gain attribution and insight on who and where they are. It discusses how to attack attackers in a way which is legal and incredibly useful.
Strategic Cyber Defense
Author: A.V. Gheorghe
Publisher: IOS Press
ISBN: 1614997713
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 204
Book Description
With the increased dependence on digital and internet technologies, cyber security has come to be regarded as a national security issue, and the number of countries with a published cyber security strategy continues to rise. But these national cyber security strategies often run the risk of failing to address all the cyber security requirements of the many institutions within a given country, and the complex nature of the stakeholders involved and the networks formed by them means that the problem requires an interdisciplinary approach. This book presents papers from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) entitled “A Framework for a Military Cyber Defense Strategy”, held in Norfolk, Virginia, USA, in April 2016. The workshop focused on key priority areas for cyber defense along with NATO’s cyber defense policy implementation and brought together experts with an eclectic mix of backgrounds and specialties from a group of NATO member states and partner countries. The participants considered not only the technical implications of cyber security efforts, but also the legal, strategic, educational and organizational aspects, and the book reflects this wide view of the field and its intricacies, highlighting the complexity of cyber security and the many challenges it presents. This overview of cyber security offers state-of-the-art approaches from a multidisciplinary standpoint, and will be of interest to all those working in the field.
Publisher: IOS Press
ISBN: 1614997713
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 204
Book Description
With the increased dependence on digital and internet technologies, cyber security has come to be regarded as a national security issue, and the number of countries with a published cyber security strategy continues to rise. But these national cyber security strategies often run the risk of failing to address all the cyber security requirements of the many institutions within a given country, and the complex nature of the stakeholders involved and the networks formed by them means that the problem requires an interdisciplinary approach. This book presents papers from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) entitled “A Framework for a Military Cyber Defense Strategy”, held in Norfolk, Virginia, USA, in April 2016. The workshop focused on key priority areas for cyber defense along with NATO’s cyber defense policy implementation and brought together experts with an eclectic mix of backgrounds and specialties from a group of NATO member states and partner countries. The participants considered not only the technical implications of cyber security efforts, but also the legal, strategic, educational and organizational aspects, and the book reflects this wide view of the field and its intricacies, highlighting the complexity of cyber security and the many challenges it presents. This overview of cyber security offers state-of-the-art approaches from a multidisciplinary standpoint, and will be of interest to all those working in the field.
On Cyber
Author: Greg Conti
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780692911563
Category : Computer security
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
On Cyber is a groundbreaking work that fuses information security and military science to lay the foundation of an operational art for cyberspace operations. Hundreds of books have been written on the tactics of cybersecurity and dozens have been written that discuss the strategic implications of cyber conflict. But missing is a book that links the two. On Cyber fills that gap. After millennia of conflict, traditional kinetic war fighting is highly refined and captured in mature and vetted military doctrine. Cyber operations, however is constantly evolving and affords tremendous benefits alongside significant challenges. Nations around the world have raced to build cyber organizations and capabilities, but are struggling to employ cyber operations to their benefit. Some have stumbled, while others have had dramatic impact on the battlefield and global geopolitics. At the same time, companies and even individuals are now facing nation state and nation state enabled threat actors in cyberspace while their governments remain apparently powerless to protect them. Whether you are a network defender or cyber operator, On Cyber is a seminal book and the lessons you learn will help you do your job better. Importantly, network defenders will understand how nation-state threat actors think, organize, operate, and target your organization. Cyber operators will gain a glimpse into the future of cyber doctrine. The authors are perhaps the best two people to author such an ambitious work, having served on the faculty of West Point for a combined 20 years, participated in military cyber operations and training, helped architect the U.S. Army's Cyber Branch, and together possess more than 50 years of military experience.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780692911563
Category : Computer security
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
On Cyber is a groundbreaking work that fuses information security and military science to lay the foundation of an operational art for cyberspace operations. Hundreds of books have been written on the tactics of cybersecurity and dozens have been written that discuss the strategic implications of cyber conflict. But missing is a book that links the two. On Cyber fills that gap. After millennia of conflict, traditional kinetic war fighting is highly refined and captured in mature and vetted military doctrine. Cyber operations, however is constantly evolving and affords tremendous benefits alongside significant challenges. Nations around the world have raced to build cyber organizations and capabilities, but are struggling to employ cyber operations to their benefit. Some have stumbled, while others have had dramatic impact on the battlefield and global geopolitics. At the same time, companies and even individuals are now facing nation state and nation state enabled threat actors in cyberspace while their governments remain apparently powerless to protect them. Whether you are a network defender or cyber operator, On Cyber is a seminal book and the lessons you learn will help you do your job better. Importantly, network defenders will understand how nation-state threat actors think, organize, operate, and target your organization. Cyber operators will gain a glimpse into the future of cyber doctrine. The authors are perhaps the best two people to author such an ambitious work, having served on the faculty of West Point for a combined 20 years, participated in military cyber operations and training, helped architect the U.S. Army's Cyber Branch, and together possess more than 50 years of military experience.
Cyberjutsu
Author: Ben McCarty
Publisher: No Starch Press
ISBN: 1718500548
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Book Description
Like Sun Tzu's Art of War for Modern Business, this book uses ancient ninja scrolls as the foundation for teaching readers about cyber-warfare, espionage and security. Cyberjutsu is a practical cybersecurity field guide based on the techniques, tactics, and procedures of the ancient ninja. Cyber warfare specialist Ben McCarty’s analysis of declassified Japanese scrolls will show how you can apply ninja methods to combat today’s security challenges like information warfare, deceptive infiltration, espionage, and zero-day attacks. Learn how to use key ninja techniques to find gaps in a target’s defense, strike where the enemy is negligent, master the art of invisibility, and more. McCarty outlines specific, in-depth security mitigations such as fending off social engineering attacks by being present with “the correct mind,” mapping your network like an adversary to prevent breaches, and leveraging ninja-like traps to protect your systems. You’ll also learn how to: Use threat modeling to reveal network vulnerabilities Identify insider threats in your organization Deploy countermeasures like network sensors, time-based controls, air gaps, and authentication protocols Guard against malware command and-control servers Detect attackers, prevent supply-chain attacks, and counter zero-day exploits Cyberjutsu is the playbook that every modern cybersecurity professional needs to channel their inner ninja. Turn to the old ways to combat the latest cyber threats and stay one step ahead of your adversaries.
Publisher: No Starch Press
ISBN: 1718500548
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 266
Book Description
Like Sun Tzu's Art of War for Modern Business, this book uses ancient ninja scrolls as the foundation for teaching readers about cyber-warfare, espionage and security. Cyberjutsu is a practical cybersecurity field guide based on the techniques, tactics, and procedures of the ancient ninja. Cyber warfare specialist Ben McCarty’s analysis of declassified Japanese scrolls will show how you can apply ninja methods to combat today’s security challenges like information warfare, deceptive infiltration, espionage, and zero-day attacks. Learn how to use key ninja techniques to find gaps in a target’s defense, strike where the enemy is negligent, master the art of invisibility, and more. McCarty outlines specific, in-depth security mitigations such as fending off social engineering attacks by being present with “the correct mind,” mapping your network like an adversary to prevent breaches, and leveraging ninja-like traps to protect your systems. You’ll also learn how to: Use threat modeling to reveal network vulnerabilities Identify insider threats in your organization Deploy countermeasures like network sensors, time-based controls, air gaps, and authentication protocols Guard against malware command and-control servers Detect attackers, prevent supply-chain attacks, and counter zero-day exploits Cyberjutsu is the playbook that every modern cybersecurity professional needs to channel their inner ninja. Turn to the old ways to combat the latest cyber threats and stay one step ahead of your adversaries.
The Art of Cyber Defense
Author: Youssef Baddi
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1040124135
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 310
Book Description
The Art of Cyber Defense: From Risk Assessment to Threat Intelligence offers a comprehensive exploration of cybersecurity principles, strategies, and technologies essential for safeguarding digital assets and mitigating evolving cyber threats. This book provides invaluable insights into the intricacies of cyber defense, guiding readers through a journey from understanding risk assessment methodologies to leveraging threat intelligence for proactive defense measures. Delving into the nuances of modern cyber threats, this book equips readers with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate the complex landscape of cybersecurity. Through a multidisciplinary approach, it addresses the pressing challenges organizations face in securing their digital infrastructure and sensitive data from cyber‐attacks. This book offers comprehensive coverage of the most essential topics, including: Advanced malware detection and prevention strategies leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) Hybrid deep learning techniques for malware classification Machine learning solutions and research perspectives on Internet of Services (IoT) security Comprehensive analysis of blockchain techniques for enhancing IoT security and privacy Practical approaches to integrating security analysis modules for proactive threat intelligence This book is an essential reference for students, researchers, cybersecurity professionals, and anyone interested in understanding and addressing contemporary cyber defense and risk assessment challenges. It provides a valuable resource for enhancing cybersecurity awareness, knowledge, and practical skills.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1040124135
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 310
Book Description
The Art of Cyber Defense: From Risk Assessment to Threat Intelligence offers a comprehensive exploration of cybersecurity principles, strategies, and technologies essential for safeguarding digital assets and mitigating evolving cyber threats. This book provides invaluable insights into the intricacies of cyber defense, guiding readers through a journey from understanding risk assessment methodologies to leveraging threat intelligence for proactive defense measures. Delving into the nuances of modern cyber threats, this book equips readers with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate the complex landscape of cybersecurity. Through a multidisciplinary approach, it addresses the pressing challenges organizations face in securing their digital infrastructure and sensitive data from cyber‐attacks. This book offers comprehensive coverage of the most essential topics, including: Advanced malware detection and prevention strategies leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) Hybrid deep learning techniques for malware classification Machine learning solutions and research perspectives on Internet of Services (IoT) security Comprehensive analysis of blockchain techniques for enhancing IoT security and privacy Practical approaches to integrating security analysis modules for proactive threat intelligence This book is an essential reference for students, researchers, cybersecurity professionals, and anyone interested in understanding and addressing contemporary cyber defense and risk assessment challenges. It provides a valuable resource for enhancing cybersecurity awareness, knowledge, and practical skills.
Cyber-Security Threats, Actors, and Dynamic Mitigation
Author: Nicholas Kolokotronis
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 100036660X
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 392
Book Description
Cyber-Security Threats, Actors, and Dynamic Mitigation provides both a technical and state-of-the-art perspective as well as a systematic overview of the recent advances in different facets of cyber-security. It covers the methodologies for modeling attack strategies used by threat actors targeting devices, systems, and networks such as smart homes, critical infrastructures, and industrial IoT. With a comprehensive review of the threat landscape, the book explores both common and sophisticated threats to systems and networks. Tools and methodologies are presented for precise modeling of attack strategies, which can be used both proactively in risk management and reactively in intrusion prevention and response systems. Several contemporary techniques are offered ranging from reconnaissance and penetration testing to malware detection, analysis, and mitigation. Advanced machine learning-based approaches are also included in the area of anomaly-based detection, that are capable of detecting attacks relying on zero-day vulnerabilities and exploits. Academics, researchers, and professionals in cyber-security who want an in-depth look at the contemporary aspects of the field will find this book of interest. Those wanting a unique reference for various cyber-security threats and how they are detected, analyzed, and mitigated will reach for this book often.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 100036660X
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 392
Book Description
Cyber-Security Threats, Actors, and Dynamic Mitigation provides both a technical and state-of-the-art perspective as well as a systematic overview of the recent advances in different facets of cyber-security. It covers the methodologies for modeling attack strategies used by threat actors targeting devices, systems, and networks such as smart homes, critical infrastructures, and industrial IoT. With a comprehensive review of the threat landscape, the book explores both common and sophisticated threats to systems and networks. Tools and methodologies are presented for precise modeling of attack strategies, which can be used both proactively in risk management and reactively in intrusion prevention and response systems. Several contemporary techniques are offered ranging from reconnaissance and penetration testing to malware detection, analysis, and mitigation. Advanced machine learning-based approaches are also included in the area of anomaly-based detection, that are capable of detecting attacks relying on zero-day vulnerabilities and exploits. Academics, researchers, and professionals in cyber-security who want an in-depth look at the contemporary aspects of the field will find this book of interest. Those wanting a unique reference for various cyber-security threats and how they are detected, analyzed, and mitigated will reach for this book often.
Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity and Cyber Defence
Author: Daniel Ventre
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1786304678
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
The aim of the book is to analyse and understand the impacts of artificial intelligence in the fields of national security and defense; to identify the political, geopolitical, strategic issues of AI; to analyse its place in conflicts and cyberconflicts, and more generally in the various forms of violence; to explain the appropriation of artificial intelligence by military organizations, but also law enforcement agencies and the police; to discuss the questions that the development of artificial intelligence and its use raise in armies, police, intelligence agencies, at the tactical, operational and strategic levels.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1786304678
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 272
Book Description
The aim of the book is to analyse and understand the impacts of artificial intelligence in the fields of national security and defense; to identify the political, geopolitical, strategic issues of AI; to analyse its place in conflicts and cyberconflicts, and more generally in the various forms of violence; to explain the appropriation of artificial intelligence by military organizations, but also law enforcement agencies and the police; to discuss the questions that the development of artificial intelligence and its use raise in armies, police, intelligence agencies, at the tactical, operational and strategic levels.