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Author: Cheela V R Sankar
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659789137
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
The three-fold increase in the population along with the geometric growth in the necessities of the homosapiens created many industries which generate a wide variety of highly toxic wastes. The effluents of these industries often contain aromatic compounds that are resistant to natural degradation and therefore persist in the environment. In fact the prediction of the removal of individual xenobiotic chemicals still remains a very difficult task, with disparities in performance between laboratory-scale and full-scale systems. One of the major organic pollutants found in waste waters is phenol. Phenol besides being toxic, it is also a potential carcinogenic and mutagenic compound. To meet the effluent standards among the various treatment techniques that are available biological treatment was found to be feasible which may either result in incomplete mineralization or otherwise transforms the pollutant from one form to the other and photocatalytic degradation through solar irradiation using titanium dioxide as catalyst was found to be an alternative.
Author: Cheela V R Sankar
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659789137
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
The three-fold increase in the population along with the geometric growth in the necessities of the homosapiens created many industries which generate a wide variety of highly toxic wastes. The effluents of these industries often contain aromatic compounds that are resistant to natural degradation and therefore persist in the environment. In fact the prediction of the removal of individual xenobiotic chemicals still remains a very difficult task, with disparities in performance between laboratory-scale and full-scale systems. One of the major organic pollutants found in waste waters is phenol. Phenol besides being toxic, it is also a potential carcinogenic and mutagenic compound. To meet the effluent standards among the various treatment techniques that are available biological treatment was found to be feasible which may either result in incomplete mineralization or otherwise transforms the pollutant from one form to the other and photocatalytic degradation through solar irradiation using titanium dioxide as catalyst was found to be an alternative.
Author: Nur Ismayuslini Saberi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Phenols
Languages : en
Pages : 41
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Book Description
Phenol is a potential hazard to human health and the environment. Sonication for phenol degradation has proved to be an attractive process over the years but percentage of phenol degradation under sonication have always been quite low and the use of catalyst also is not cost effective method. The degradation of phenol in aqueous solution was investigated by use of a 60 kHz ultrasonic reactor and all solutions volume was 100mL. Experiments were performed at initial phenol concentrations varying from 20 to 50 mg/L and different temperature in the range of 40-90oC. The pH of solution ranging from 1-4 was also adjusted by using hydrochloric acid. The effects of parameters such as initial phenol concentration, pH value, and temperature on the degradation have been studied. This research also investigated the use of simple additives such as salt on phenol degradation with an aim of cost effective method. The amount of salt used in all parameter effects was 100mg. There was comparison of phenol degradation with salt and without salt by all study effects and the phenol degradation also have been studied. The higher percentage of phenol degradation was at 20mg/L of initial concentration where the percentage of degradation was 10.2% phenol degraded without salt and 14.4% phenol degraded with salt and at pH 1 which is 28.3% phenol degraded for no salt added and 31.4% for salt added. The optimum temperature was at 70oC with 17.3% of degradation without salt and 21.3% of degradation with salt. The percentage of phenol degradation was increasing with increasing the amount of salt added. The higher percentage of degradation was 47.2% when 500mg salt was added. The results of the study showed that the ultrasonic phenol degradation increased with decreasing the pH values and initial phenol concentration and also increasing the temperature of reaction In the presence of additives, the phenol is converted into several intermediates, which are degraded faster than phenol itself so it leads to the increasing of percentage of phenol degradation.
Author: Jesus Moreira del Rio
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 434
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Book Description
Abstract Scaling up a photoreactor requires both knowledge of optical properties of the slurry medium and an established kinetic model. Measuring the scattering and absorption coefficients of particles suspended in water involves the use of specialized optical equipment, as well as the partial solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE). In addition, modeling of the radiation field in photoreactors with complicated geometries offers special challenges. On the other hand, most of the kinetic models (KM) for phenol photodegradation reported in the literature were obtained for a single organic chemical species only. In fact, neglecting all the intermediate species generated during the photoreaction, is a common oversimplification that limits the KM application. As a result, once the radiation and kinetic models fully established, energy efficiencies can be obtained. In this PhD dissertation, the photocatalytic degradation of phenol over four different TiO2 catalysts is studied. It is proven that phenol yields hydroquinone, catechol, benzoquinone, and acetic and formic acids as main intermediate species. The radiation field inside photocatalytic reactors is predicted by solving the RTE. From the solution of the RTE, the local volumetric rate of energy absorption (LVREA) is also calculated. The radiation field inside an annular photoreactor is simulated using the Monte Carlo (MC) method for different TiO2 suspensions in water. All simulations are performed by using both the spectral distribution, and the wavelength-averaged scattering and absorption coefficients. The Henyey-Greenstein phase function is adopted to represent forward, isotropic and backward scattering modes. It is assumed that the UV lamp reflects the back-scattered photons by the slurried medium. It is proven, photo-absorption rates, using MC simulations and spectral distribution of the optical coefficients, agree closely with experimental observations from a macroscopic balance (MB). It is also found that the scattering mode of the probability density function, is not a critical factor for a consistent representation of the radiation field. iv When solving the RTE, two optical parameters are needed: (1) the absorption and scattering coefficients, and (2) the phase function. In this research work, the MC method, along with an optimization technique, is shown to be effective in predicting the wavelength-averaged absorption and scattering coefficients for different TiO2 powders. To accomplish this, the LVREA and the transmitted radiation (Pt) in the photoreactor are determined by using a MB. The optimized coefficients are calculated ensuring that they comply with a number of physical constrains, falling in between bounds established via independent criteria. The optimization technique is demonstrated by finding the absorption and scattering coefficients for different semiconductors that best fit the experimental values from the MB. The objective function in this optimization is given by the least-squared error for the LVREA. A photocatalyst is synthesized and its optical properties determined by the proposed method. This approach is a general and promising one; not being restricted to reactors of concentric geometry, specific semiconductors and/or particular photocatalytic reactor unit scale. Based on the proposed intermediate reactions, a phenomenological based unified kinetic model is proposed for describing the obtained experimental observations in phenol photodegradation. This Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model is based on a Series- Parallel reaction network. This reaction model is found to be applicable to the various TiO2 photocatalyst in the present study. This unified kinetic network is based on the identified and quantified chemical species in the photoconversion of phenol and its intermediates. In order to minimize the number of optimized parameters, the adsorption constants of the different intermediate species on the different catalysts configuration, are obtained experimentally. It is shown that the unified kinetic model requires a number of significant assumptions to be effective; avoiding overparametization. As a result, the unified kinetic model is adapted for each specific TiO2 photocatalyst under study. These different models adequately describe the experimental results. It is shown that this approach results in good and objective parameter estimates in the L-H kinetic model, which is typically applied to photocatalytic reactors. Finally, two efficiency factors, the quantum yield and the photochemical and thermodynamic efficiency factor, are obtained, in this PhD dissertation. These factors are based on the kinetic model proposed and the radiation being absorbed by the photocatalyst particles. The v efficiency calculations consider stoichiometric relationships involving observable chemical species and OH- groups. The obtained efficiency factors point toward a high degree of photon utilization and, as a result, the value of photocatalysis and Photo-CREC-Water reactors for the conversion of organic pollutants in water is confirmed.
Author: Ram Lakhan Singh
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811018669
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 502
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Book Description
This textbook on Environmental Biotechnology not only presents an unbiased overview of the practical biological approaches currently employed to address environmental problems, but also equips readers with a working knowledge of the science that underpins them. Starting with the fundamentals of biotechnology, it subsequently provides detailed discussions of global environmental problems including microbes and their interaction with the environment, xenobiotics and their remediation, solid waste management, waste water treatment, bioreactors, biosensors, biomining and biopesticides. This book also covers renewable and non-renewable bioenergy resources, biodiversity and its conservation, and approaches to monitoring biotechnological industries, genetically modified microorganism and foods so as to increase awareness. All chapters are written in a highly accessible style, and each also includes a short bibliography for further research. In summary this textbook offers a valuable asset, allowing students, young researchers and professionals in the biotechnology industry to grasp the basics of environmental biotechnology.
Author: Marcos Soto-Hernández
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535129570
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 458
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Book Description
Phenolic compounds as a large class of metabolites found in plants have attracted attention since long time ago due to their properties and the hope that they will show beneficial health effects when taken as dietary supplements. This book presents the state of the art of some of the natural sources of phenolic compounds, for example, medicinal plants, grapes or blue maize, as well as the modern methods of extraction, quantification, and identification, and there is a special section discussing the treatment, removal, and degradation of phenols, an important issue in those phenols derived from the pharmaceutical or petrochemical industries.
Author: D. F. Suciu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 90
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Book Description
A trickling filter pilot plant was operated to biologically degrade spent phenol paint stripper from building 507 at the Hill AFB Air Logistic Center in Ogden, Utah. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, diammonium phosphate concentration, air flow, influent flow rate, and phenol concentration. Also, series flow, recirculation, and a flooded reactor bed were tested. The pilot plant was operated successfully over a broad range of parameters and phenol removal was demonstrated at concentrations up to 2100 ppm of phenol. The microorganisms degraded phenol at a constant rate related to phenol concentration, and they exhibited physiological stability to the parameters tested. A respirometer test apparatus was used to screen the temperature, pH, and diammonium phosphate and phenol concentrations. The effects of the concentration of chromium and cadmium and those of mixed phenols on the respiration rate were also evaluated with the respirometer. Keywords: Solvent degradation; Waste minimization; Phenolic wastewater.
Author: R. W. Sabnis
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 084938219X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 416
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Book Description
While acid-base indicators continue to find new applications in an ever-widening range of scientific disciplines, there is no current book that focuses entirely on the subject, nor one that brings together the relevant advances that have evolved over the last three decades. The Handbook of Acid-Base Indicators compiles the most up-to-date, c
Author: N. V. Pradeep
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659239991
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Phenol is one of the most widely used organic compounds for the manufacture of synthetic compounds including pesticides and resins. Phenol enters the soil and water through different pathways from plastic manufacturing, oil purification, coke manufacturing and pharmaceutical effluents. The presence of phenol in water when consumed by human beings results in symptoms such as gastrointestinal illness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Scope of this study is to degrade phenol from wastewaters in an eco friendly manner using various micro-organisms, so as to reduce the adverse effects of phenol on environment. Biodegradation of phenol was carried out in Rotating Biological Contactor. Promising results were obtained during this study which indicates that this system may be adopted by industries for the biodegradation of phenol from wastewaters.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear energy
Languages : en
Pages : 1118
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Book Description
Author: Robert J. Roth
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 460
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Book Description
