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Author: Jak Tanthana
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Amines
Languages : en
Pages : 168
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Book Description
The rapid increase in CO2 emission in recent years has become a major concern because of its potential link to global climate change. Among CO2 contributors, coal-fire power plant accounts for more than 30% of total CO2 emission worldwide. Three major approaches for capture of CO2 are proposed: postcombustion, oxyfuel and precombustion. Each has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Postcombustion utilizing amine based absorption process by far is the most fundamentally established and can be retrofitted to existing coal-fire power plants around the globe. Limited by high heat of reaction, the amine absorption process requires a significant amount of energy during solvent regeneration. Large physical facility foot print and corrosive problems are among the important issues which need to be addressed. Utilizing sorbent impregnated with amine specie shows competitive CO2 capture ability and may lead to a more practical solution from its lower operating temperature in the regeneration step, smaller foot print and less corrosion. Many solid sorbent products available commercially can be tailored to meet certain specifications such as controlled pore size distribution, high porosity or govern specific reactions at relatively low cost. Silica fume was chosen in this study due to its high availability, high surface area and flexibility to modify surface properties using various methods of treatments. In this study, silica support sorbent was impregnated with tetraethylenepentamine by various wt% concentrations applying an ex-situ impregnation method. Acid and Base treatment of amine impregnated samples were employed in the study. The sorbents were then characterized as to their performance of CO2 absorption-desorption. The capturing performance and effect from acid/ base were evaluated. Results of this study concluded that ex-situ impregnation can be used to successfully prepared tetraethylenepentamine impregnated SiO2. The sorbents exhibited ability to perform CO2 absorption-desorption exceeding primary target capture performance set by Department of Energy (DoE) under optimized concentration of tetraethylenepentamine. Intensity of IR absorbance may correlate with the concentration of amine functional groups on surface of SiO2. Weakly and strongly bonded CO2 with tetraethylenepentamine were suggested. Hypothesized form of absorbed species of monodentate bicarbonate and bidentate bicarbonate were detected in the study. Acid treatment causes performance degradation which was evident from the degradation of the amine functional groups on the silica surfaces while base treatment did not improve nor degrade the sorbent performance. Hence, CO2 absorption-desorption mechanism is not altered by the base treatment.
Author: Jak Tanthana
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Amines
Languages : en
Pages : 168
Get Book Here
Book Description
The rapid increase in CO2 emission in recent years has become a major concern because of its potential link to global climate change. Among CO2 contributors, coal-fire power plant accounts for more than 30% of total CO2 emission worldwide. Three major approaches for capture of CO2 are proposed: postcombustion, oxyfuel and precombustion. Each has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Postcombustion utilizing amine based absorption process by far is the most fundamentally established and can be retrofitted to existing coal-fire power plants around the globe. Limited by high heat of reaction, the amine absorption process requires a significant amount of energy during solvent regeneration. Large physical facility foot print and corrosive problems are among the important issues which need to be addressed. Utilizing sorbent impregnated with amine specie shows competitive CO2 capture ability and may lead to a more practical solution from its lower operating temperature in the regeneration step, smaller foot print and less corrosion. Many solid sorbent products available commercially can be tailored to meet certain specifications such as controlled pore size distribution, high porosity or govern specific reactions at relatively low cost. Silica fume was chosen in this study due to its high availability, high surface area and flexibility to modify surface properties using various methods of treatments. In this study, silica support sorbent was impregnated with tetraethylenepentamine by various wt% concentrations applying an ex-situ impregnation method. Acid and Base treatment of amine impregnated samples were employed in the study. The sorbents were then characterized as to their performance of CO2 absorption-desorption. The capturing performance and effect from acid/ base were evaluated. Results of this study concluded that ex-situ impregnation can be used to successfully prepared tetraethylenepentamine impregnated SiO2. The sorbents exhibited ability to perform CO2 absorption-desorption exceeding primary target capture performance set by Department of Energy (DoE) under optimized concentration of tetraethylenepentamine. Intensity of IR absorbance may correlate with the concentration of amine functional groups on surface of SiO2. Weakly and strongly bonded CO2 with tetraethylenepentamine were suggested. Hypothesized form of absorbed species of monodentate bicarbonate and bidentate bicarbonate were detected in the study. Acid treatment causes performance degradation which was evident from the degradation of the amine functional groups on the silica surfaces while base treatment did not improve nor degrade the sorbent performance. Hence, CO2 absorption-desorption mechanism is not altered by the base treatment.
Author: Seyed Mehdi Kamali Shahri
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The global demand for energy has increased continuously since the industrial revolution.Fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil are the primary sources that satisfy this demand. Asa result, the irrefutable influence of anthropogenic CO2 released into the environment hasconsiderably intensified global warming. Coal- and gas-fired power plants are considered one ofthe major source points of fossil fuel consumption. Although renewable energy (i.e., solar, wind,and others) is considered as the ideal alternative to satisfy the future energy demand, in theinterim an actual solution is essential to remove the CO2 produced before its emission into theatmosphere. Among various capturing processes, post-combustion capture is highly promisingdue to the flexibility of CO2 removal via liquid or solid materials. The captured CO2 is thensequestered or converted into new chemical compounds. The capturing process is the mostimportant and energy-intensive step. A major advantage of liquid phase adsorbents is their highcapacity; however, they suffer significantly from a high energy penalty. Solid phase adsorption,which has a lower energy requirement for regeneration, has therefore attracted much attention. Inthe operating conditions of power plants, amine-impregnated support (Type I) sorbents are themost promising among various solid sorbents, due to the high density of nitrogen-active sites, butsuffer from low capacity and efficiency compared to liquid phase absorption process. In order toapproach the problem and understand the origin of this low efficiency, a scientific understandingof the interaction between CO2 and amine-impregnated supports and the influential parametersinvolved is necessary to further develop new and high-efficiency amine-based adsorbents.Novel experimental techniques have been utilized in this research to assess the kineticsand thermodynamics of CO2 adsorption. The influence of structure (linear vs. branch), aminedensity, amine type (primary, secondary, and tertiary), support surface functionalization, andoperating conditions on the thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 adsorption have been studied. Aivcombination of volumetric adsorption (VA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) havebeen used to study the equilibrium capacity and thermodynamic parameters. The kinetic study hasbeen conducted through a breakthrough reactor (BTR) coupled with a DSC to evaluate CO2adsorption kinetics.At the equilibrium, linear amines, compared to branched amines, indicate a larger CO2adsorption capacity and lower apparent heat of adsorption. For example, the capacity and heat ofadsorption for 40 wt% linear and branch polyethylenimine (PEI) measured to be 3.68 and 2.36mmolCO2/g, along with 68 and 71 kJ/molCO2 at 60oC and 1 bar CO2, respectively. The apparentheat of CO2 adsorption on amine sorbents consists of the intrinsic heat of adsorption, the energyrequirement for diffusion, and amine reorganization, which then approached the intrinsic heat ofadsorption when the necessary energy was provided for CO2 diffusion and amine conformation.Augmenting the amine weight loading also increased the capacity and heat of adsorption. Forinstance, TETA/SiO2 samples showed adsorption capacity enhancements from 0.34 to 1.87mmolCO2/g and heat of adsorption from 45 to 77 kJ/molCO2 as the weight loading increasedfrom 5 to 40 wt% at 60oC and 1 bar CO2. Increasing the secondary amine in the linear structurealso assisted in enhancing capacity and decreasing heat of adsorption. For example, the CO2uptake for TETA and PEI423 increased from 1.87 to 3.68 mmolCO2/g and the heat of adsorptiondeclined from 77 to 68 kJ/molCO2 at 60oC and 1 bar CO2. Polyethylenimine therefore presenteda better performance than molecular amines, which makes PEI more suitable for industrialapplications. The criteria defined by the National Energy and Technology (NETL) for industrialutilization requires 3-6 mmolCO2/g adsorbent capacity to compete with current for carbon captureand sequestration (CCS) technologies. As yet, the criteria have been met; nevertheless, theadsorption efficiency displayed much lower values compared to the theoretical expectationsbased on the proposed mechanism. For example, in theory, the efficiency for dry conditions isexpected to be 0.5, while reports in the literature revealed values of less than 0.3 in experiments.vEfficiency increases directly enhance on total capacity. Moreover, a decrease in heat ofadsorption also provides a more appealing situation for real application in view of the fact that theenergy penalty for regeneration is reduced.The kinetic investigation on the BTR/DSC combination showed similar results in termsof capacity, heat of adsorption, temperature variation, and secondary amine addition. High amine-OH interaction and low CO2 diffusivity into multilayer amines were found as the major issues forthe reduction in amine capacity and efficiency. For instance, the efficiencies for 10 wt% TETAimpregnated on silica and silica-modified surfaces (with octyl groups) at 60oC increasedsignificantly from 0.16 to 0.35, respectively, indicative of reduced amine-OH interaction. Inaddition, efficiency was enhanced from 0.17 to 0.26 for 40 wt% TETA/SiO2 as the temperatureascended from 25oC to 80oC, revealing the effect of facilitated diffusion. Increasing the numberof secondary amines decreased the optimum heat of adsorption for the highest overall rates andalso increased the overall rates. For example, as the 2o/1o ratio increased from 1 to 2 for 40 wt%amine-impregnated silica at 40oC, the optimum heat of adsorption was reduced from 85 to 69kJ/molCO2 and the overall rates were enhanced from 0.013 to 0.015 mmolCO2/g.s. This indicatesthat an increase in the secondary amine ratio offers several benefits for CO2 adsorption. Surfacefunctionalization toward hydrophobicity could also assist to improve capacity, efficiency, andCO2 adsorption kinetics as exemplified above for efficiency. For example, the overall adsorptionrate for 10 wt% TETA/SiO2 at 25oC increased from 0.0075 to 0.0122 mmolCO2/g.s as thehydroxyl groups on the support were replaced with methyl groups. A rigorous spatiotemporalmodeling was applied to the BTR/DSC data to estimate the kinetics and thermodynamicparameters at isothermal conditions. This unique mathematical model predicted the adsorptionand desorption rate constant as well as the heat of adsorption. The model circumventedunphysical simplifications, such as linear driving force and uniform adsorption rates, byconsidering dispersion and convection phenomena.
Author: De-en Jiang
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119091179
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 397
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Book Description
Covers a wide range of advanced materials and technologies for CO2 capture As a frontier research area, carbon capture has been a major driving force behind many materials technologies. This book highlights the current state-of-the-art in materials for carbon capture, providing a comprehensive understanding of separations ranging from solid sorbents to liquid sorbents and membranes. Filled with diverse and unconventional topics throughout, it seeks to inspire students, as well as experts, to go beyond the novel materials highlighted and develop new materials with enhanced separations properties. Edited by leading authorities in the field, Materials for Carbon Capture offers in-depth chapters covering: CO2 Capture and Separation of Metal-Organic Frameworks; Porous Carbon Materials: Designed Synthesis and CO2 Capture; Porous Aromatic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Capture; and Virtual Screening of Materials for Carbon Capture. Other chapters look at Ultrathin Membranes for Gas Separation; Polymeric Membranes; Carbon Membranes for CO2 Separation; and Composite Materials for Carbon Captures. The book finishes with sections on Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers for Carbon Capture and Ionic Liquids for Chemisorption of CO2 and Ionic Liquid-Based Membranes. A comprehensive overview and survey of the present status of materials and technologies for carbon capture Covers materials synthesis, gas separations, membrane fabrication, and CO2 removal to highlight recent progress in the materials and chemistry aspects of carbon capture Allows the reader to better understand the challenges and opportunities in carbon capture Edited by leading experts working on materials and membranes for carbon separation and capture Materials for Carbon Capture is an excellent book for advanced students of chemistry, materials science, chemical and energy engineering, and early career scientists who are interested in carbon capture. It will also be of great benefit to researchers in academia, national labs, research institutes, and industry working in the field of gas separations and carbon capture.
Author: Shin-ichi Nakao
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030188582
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 83
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Book Description
This book summarises the advanced CO2 capture technologies that can be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially those from large-scale sources, such as power-generation and steel-making plants. Focusing on the fundamental chemistry and chemical processes, as well as advanced technologies, including absorption and adsorption, it also discusses other aspects of the major CO2 capture methods: membrane separation; the basic chemistry and process for CO2 capture; the development of materials and processes; and practical applications, based on the authors’ R&D experience. This book serves as a valuable reference resource for researchers, teachers and students interested in CO2 problems, providing essential information on how to capture CO2 from various types of gases efficiently. It is also of interest to practitioners and academics, as it discusses the performance of the latest technologies applied in large-scale emission sources.
Author: Wei-Yin Chen
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9781441979926
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 2130
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Book Description
There is a mounting consensus that human behavior is changing the global climate and its consequence could be catastrophic. Reducing the 24 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions from stationary and mobile sources is a gigantic task involving both technological challenges and monumental financial and societal costs. The pursuit of sustainable energy resources, environment, and economy has become a complex issue of global scale that affects the daily life of every citizen of the world. The present mitigation activities range from energy conservation, carbon-neutral energy conversions, carbon advanced combustion process that produce no greenhouse gases and that enable carbon capture and sequestion, to other advanced technologies. From its causes and impacts to its solutions, the issues surrounding climate change involve multidisciplinary science and technology. This handbook will provide a single source of this information. The book will be divided into the following sections: Scientific Evidence of Climate Change and Societal Issues, Impacts of Climate Change, Energy Conservation, Alternative Energies, Advanced Combustion, Advanced Technologies, and Education and Outreach.
Author: Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0128227583
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 574
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Book Description
Advances in Carbon Capture reviews major implementations of CO2 capture, including absorption, adsorption, permeation and biological techniques. For each approach, key benefits and drawbacks of separation methods and technologies, perspectives on CO2 reuse and conversion, and pathways for future CO2 capture research are explored in depth. The work presents a comprehensive comparison of capture technologies. In addition, the alternatives for CO2 separation from various feeds are investigated based on process economics, flexibility, industrial aspects, purification level and environmental viewpoints. - Explores key CO2 separation and compare technologies in terms of provable advantages and limitations - Analyzes all critical CO2 capture methods in tandem with related technologies - Introduces a panorama of various applications of CO2 capture
Author: Glen E. Fryxell
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 1848168039
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 751
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Book Description
This book is concerned with functional nanomaterials, materials containing specific, predictable nanostructures whose chemical composition, or interfacial structure enables them to perform a specific job: to destroy, sequester, or detect some material that constitutes an environmental threat. Nanomaterials have a number of features that make them ideally suited for this job: they have a high surface area, high reactivity, easy dispersability, and rapid diffusion,to name a few. The purpose of this book is to showcase how these features can be tailored to address some of the environmental remediation and sensing/detection problems faced by mankind today. A number of leading researchers have contributed to this volume, painting a picture of diverse synthetic strategies, structures, materials, and methods. The intent of this book is to showcase the current state of environmental nanomaterials in such a way as to be useful either as a research resource, or as a graduate level textbook. We have organized this book into sections on nanoparticle-based remediation strategies, nanostructured inorganic materials (e.g. layered materials like the apatites), nanostructured organic/inorganic hybrid materials, and the use of nanomaterials to enhance the performance of sensors.
Author: Paul Feron
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081005156
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 816
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Book Description
Absorption-Based Post-Combustion Capture of Carbon Dioxide provides a comprehensive and authoritative review of the use of absorbents for post-combustion capture of carbon dioxide. As fossil fuel-based power generation technologies are likely to remain key in the future, at least in the short- and medium-term, carbon capture and storage will be a critical greenhouse gas reduction technique. Post-combustion capture involves the removal of carbon dioxide from flue gases after fuel combustion, meaning that carbon dioxide can then be compressed and cooled to form a safely transportable liquid that can be stored underground. - Provides researchers in academia and industry with an authoritative overview of the amine-based methods for carbon dioxide capture from flue gases and related processes - Editors and contributors are well known experts in the field - Presents the first book on this specific topic
Author: Arup K. Sarma
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319744941
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 434
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Book Description
This unique book brings together high-quality research contributions on ecological aspects of urbanization, water quality concerns in an urban environment, and climate change issues with a strong Indian focus under one umbrella. It includes several case studies that discuss urban water management, particularly highlighting the quality aspects. Urbanization is an ecological disturbance that the modern world accepts as essential in the absence of a better alternative that could provide an equal level of comfort. The prohibitive costs of eco-friendly production technologies are forcing the developing world to generate industrial waste that is detrimental to the environment. At the same time, the availability of adequate fresh water is another challenge for our climate-change impacted world. The scientific community is, therefore, searching for ways towards ecologically sustainable urban development. Discussing all these issues, this book offers a useful guide for academicians, researchers, practicing engineers, and managers dealing with diverse water-related problems in urban areas.
Author: J. D. Seader
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119638631
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 562
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Book Description
Covers the key topics in computer organization and embedded systems. This title presents hardware design principles and shows how hardware design is influenced by the requirements of software. It explains the main principles supported by examples drawn from commercially available processors.
