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Author: James Paul Anderson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
Results of a 1.5 MW, 110 GHz short (3 microsecond) pulse gyrotron experiment are reported. The gyrotron magnetron injection gun operated at full voltage (96 kV) and current (40 A), producing up to 1.4 MW at 110 GHz in the TE22,6 mode. The operation of the TE22,6 mode, as well as nearby modes, was measured as a function of magnetic field at the cavity and at the electron gun to produce a mode map. Significant mode competition was found, but the measured efficiency of 37 % in the TE22,6 mode, without a depressed collector, is close to the design value of 39 %. The beam alpha, the ratio of transverse to axial velocity in the electron beam, was measured with a probe. The alpha value was found to be 1.33 when the gyrotron was operating at conditions for achieving the highest output power level (1.4 MW.) This value of alpha is less than the design value of 1.4, possibly accounting for the slightly reduced experimental efficiency. The output power and efficiency, as a function of magnetic field, beam voltage, and beam current, are in good agreement with nonlinear theory and simulations with the MAGY code. These results are promising for the development of an industrial version of this gyrotron capable of long pulse or CW operation.
Author: James Paul Anderson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
Results of a 1.5 MW, 110 GHz short (3 microsecond) pulse gyrotron experiment are reported. The gyrotron magnetron injection gun operated at full voltage (96 kV) and current (40 A), producing up to 1.4 MW at 110 GHz in the TE22,6 mode. The operation of the TE22,6 mode, as well as nearby modes, was measured as a function of magnetic field at the cavity and at the electron gun to produce a mode map. Significant mode competition was found, but the measured efficiency of 37 % in the TE22,6 mode, without a depressed collector, is close to the design value of 39 %. The beam alpha, the ratio of transverse to axial velocity in the electron beam, was measured with a probe. The alpha value was found to be 1.33 when the gyrotron was operating at conditions for achieving the highest output power level (1.4 MW.) This value of alpha is less than the design value of 1.4, possibly accounting for the slightly reduced experimental efficiency. The output power and efficiency, as a function of magnetic field, beam voltage, and beam current, are in good agreement with nonlinear theory and simulations with the MAGY code. These results are promising for the development of an industrial version of this gyrotron capable of long pulse or CW operation.
Author: James Paul Anderson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 171
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Book Description
(Cont.) a rotating probe indicates that the work function variation around the azimuth, the global spread, is 0.03 eV for the first cathode, 0.02 eV for the second. The spread due to local (microscopic scale) work function variations is then calculated to be around 0.03 eV for both cathodes. Based on the beam azimuthal measurements, temperature variation is ruled out as the cause of emission nonuniformity. In another part of the current probe experiment, current-voltage curves were measured at azimuthal locations in 30° increments for several cathode temperatures. From this extensive set of data the work function distribution parameters were identified over small sections of the cathode for the entire cathode surface. In addition, a formulation is presented of the irradiance moments applied to the determination of phase profiles of microwave beams from known amplitudes. While traditional approaches to this problem employ an iterative error-reduction algorithm, the irradiance moment technique calculates a two-dimensional polynomial phasefront based on the moments of intensity measurements. This novel formulation has the important advantage of identifying measurement error, thus allowing for its possible removal. The validity of the irradiance moment approach is shown by examining a simple case of an ideal Gaussian beam with and without measurement errors. The effectiveness of this approach is further demonstrated by applying intensity measurements from cold-test gyrotron data to produce a phasefront solution calculated via the irradiance moment technique. The accuracy of these results is shown to be comparable with that obtained from the iteration method. This algorithm was then applied to the design of the phase correcting mirrors used in the internal mode converter experiment.
Author: David Samuel Tax
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 205
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Book Description
The gyrotron is a source capable of producing megawatt power levels at millimeter-wave frequencies for many important applications, including electron cyclotron heating and current drive in magnetic fusion devices. It is important that the gyrotron operates with high efficiency and provides a high quality output beam to minimize system size, maximize reliability and avoid additional losses in external systems. This thesis presents the experimental study of such a gyrotron designed to operate at MW power levels and whose initial 110 GHz operation was expanded to include operation at 124.5 GHz. To this end, a new set of components, including a cavity, mode converter, and output window were designed for operation at both frequencies. The cavity was designed using the code MAGY and the Q factors of 830 for the TE22,6,1mode at 110 GHz and 1060 for the TE24,7,1 mode at 124.5 GHz would be suitable for CW operation in an industrial gyrotron. The mode converter consisting of a dimpled-wall launcher and 4 phasecorrecting mirrors could theoretically produce an output beam with 99 % Gaussian beam content at each frequency while a single-disc window was implemented with over 99.5 % power transmission at both frequencies. The achieved output power in experiment was 1.1 MW at 110 GHz and 850 kW at 124.5 GHz for the design parameters of 96 kV and 40 A. At 98 kV and 42 A, the gyrotron achieved 1.25 MW and 1 MW at 110 and 124.5 GHz, respectively. Mode competition is typically a major limitation in such gyrotrons, and stable single-mode operation was demonstrated at both frequencies. At 110 GHz, the output beam had 98.8 % Gaussian beam content, while at 124.5 GHz, the output beam quality was 94.4 %. Another experiment within this thesis demonstrated the implementation of a mode converter with smooth mirrors that would be less susceptible to machining and misalignment errors. A Gaussian beam content of 96 % was measured in that experiment. In addition, a thorough study of the gyrotron start-up scenario was performed, for which experimental work had been lacking in the literature. The start-up scenario is the sequence of modes that are excited during the rise of the voltage pulse and is essential for the gyrotron to operate in its most efficient regime known as the hard self-excitation regime. This gyrotron operates nominally in the TE22,6,1 mode near the 110 GHz cutoff frequency with an axial field profile that is approximately Gaussian at the steady-state peak voltage. In experiments performed in the smooth mirror mode converter configuration, lower frequency modes were observed at lower voltages as opposed to higher frequency modes as predicted by theory. Analysis of these modes showed that they are backward-wave modes far from their cutoff frequency which have higher order axial field profiles, i.e. TE21,6,3 and TE21,6,4 modes at frequencies of 108-109 GHz. The excitation of these modes was investigated and shown to be possible by using theory and single-mode simulations with the code MAGY. This discovery was important as these modes were not included in past code runs, and thus future improvements can be made to incorporate this effect.
Author: Thumm, Manfred
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Author: Thumm, Manfred
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
This report presents an update of the experimental achievements published in the review “State- of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers”, Journal of Infrared, Millime-ter, and Terahertz Waves, 41, No. 1, pp 1-140 (2020) related to the development of gyro-devices (Tables 2-34). Emphasis is on high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or continuous wave (CW) operation and pulsed gyrotrons for any applications.
Author: Thumm, Manfred
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 196
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Book Description
Author: Thumm, Manfred
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 164
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Book Description
This report presents an update of the experimental achievements published in the review “State- of-the-Art of High-Power Gyro-Devices and Free Electron Masers”, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, 41, No. 1, pp 1-140 (2020) and in the KIT Scientific Report 7761 (2021), related to the development of gyro-devices (Tables 2-34). Emphasis is on high-power gyrotron oscillators for long-pulse or continuous wave (CW) operation and pulsed gyrotrons for any applications.
Author: Thumm, Manfred
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 198
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Book Description
The DIII-D tokamak has installed a system with three gyrotrons at the 1 MW level operating at 110 GHz. Physics experiments on electron cyclotron current drive, heating, and transport have been performed. Good efficiency has been achieved both for on-axis and off-axis current drive with relevance for control of the current density profile leading to advanced regimes of tokamak operation, although there is a difference between off-axis ECCD efficiency inside and outside the magnetic axis. Heating efficiency is excellent and electron temperatures up to 10 keV have been achieved. The gyrotron system is versatile, with poloidal scan and control of the polarization of the injected rf beam. Phase correcting mirrors form a Gaussian beam and focus it into the waveguide. Both perpendicular and oblique launch into the tokamak have been used. Three different gyrotron designs are installed and therefore unique problems specific to each have been encountered, including parasitic oscillations, mode hops during modulation and polarization control problems. Two of the gyrotrons suffered damage during operations, one due to filament failure and one due to a vacuum leak. The repairs and subsequent testing will be described. The transmission system uses evacuated, windowless waveguide and the three gyrotrons have output windows of three different materials. One gyrotron uses a diamond window and generates a Gaussian beam directly. The development of the system and specific tests and results from each of the gyrotrons will be presented. The DIII-D project has committed to an upgrade of the system, which will add three gyrotrons in the 1 MW class, all using diamond output windows, to permit operation at up to ten seconds per pulse at one megawatt output for each gyrotron.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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A gyrotron producing nominally 1 MW at 110 GHz has been installed at the DIII-D tokamak and operated in a program of initial tests with a windowless evacuated transmission line. The alignment and first test operation were performed in an air environment at atmospheric pressure. Under these conditions, the tube produced rf output in excess of 800 kW for pulse lengths greater than 10 msec and power near 500 kW for pulse lengths of about 100 msec into a free space dummy load. The gyrotron was operated into evacuated corrugated waveguide in the full power parameter regime for pulse lengths of up to 500 msec injecting greater than 0.5 MW into DIII-D for a preliminary series of experiments. Generated powers greater than 900 kW were achieved. A parasitic oscillation at various frequencies between 20 and 100 MHz, which was generated during the pulsing of the gyrotron electron beam, was suppressed somewhat by a capacitive filter attached to the gyrotron itself. Addition of a magnetic shield intended to alter the magnetic field geometry below the cathode eliminated internal tube sparks. Rework of the external power and interlock circuitry to improve the immunity to electromagnetic interference was also done in parallel so that the fast interlock circuitry could be used. The latest results of the test program, the design of the free space load and other test hardware, and the transmission line will be presented.
