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Author: Tapan Kumar Mohanta
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832548113
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 141
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Book Description
The plastid genome has been the most important source of data for the reconstruction of plant phylogeny and taxonomic studies. With the rapid advancement of sequencing technology and bioinformatics, it has become laboratory routine work for obtaining plastid genomes (plastome), and population studies can be performed using chloroplast genome data. However, plastid genomes with specific characters such as pseudogenes, gene losses, gene duplications, gene rearrangements, widespread intra-individual polymorphisms, large-scale horizontal gene transfer, etc. have not been systematically studied. For example, plastomes of several saprophytic plants were confirmed to have lost many photosynthesis genes. The IR region of some plants decreased to several hundred base pairs, disappears completely, increased by dozens of kb, or repeat in the same direction. Most of these chloroplast structural variations are related to import plant evolution or special environmental adaptation, but their mechanisms are still unclear and effective analytical tools are lacking.
Author: Tapan Kumar Mohanta
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832548113
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 141
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Book Description
The plastid genome has been the most important source of data for the reconstruction of plant phylogeny and taxonomic studies. With the rapid advancement of sequencing technology and bioinformatics, it has become laboratory routine work for obtaining plastid genomes (plastome), and population studies can be performed using chloroplast genome data. However, plastid genomes with specific characters such as pseudogenes, gene losses, gene duplications, gene rearrangements, widespread intra-individual polymorphisms, large-scale horizontal gene transfer, etc. have not been systematically studied. For example, plastomes of several saprophytic plants were confirmed to have lost many photosynthesis genes. The IR region of some plants decreased to several hundred base pairs, disappears completely, increased by dozens of kb, or repeat in the same direction. Most of these chloroplast structural variations are related to import plant evolution or special environmental adaptation, but their mechanisms are still unclear and effective analytical tools are lacking.
Author: Linda Ann Raubeson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chloroplasts
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
Author: Ralph Bock
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400729200
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 502
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Book Description
The past decade has witnessed an explosion of our knowledge on the structure, coding capacity and evolution of the genomes of the two DNA-containing cell organelles in plants: chloroplasts (plastids) and mitochondria. Comparative genomics analyses have provided new insights into the origin of organelles by endosymbioses and uncovered an enormous evolutionary dynamics of organellar genomes. In addition, they have greatly helped to clarify phylogenetic relationships, especially in algae and early land plants with limited morphological and anatomical diversity. This book, written by leading experts, summarizes our current knowledge about plastid and mitochondrial genomes in all major groups of algae and land plants. It also includes chapters on endosymbioses, plastid and mitochondrial mutants, gene expression profiling and methods for organelle transformation. The book is designed for students and researchers in plant molecular biology, taxonomy, biotechnology and evolutionary biology.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Chloroplast genome structure, gene order and content arehighly conserved in land plants. We sequenced the complete chloroplastgenome sequence of Trachelium caeruleum (Campanulaceae) a member of anangiosperm family known for highly rearranged chloroplast genomes. Thetotal genome size is 162,321 bp with an IR of 27,273 bp, LSC of 100,113bp and SSC of 7,661 bp. The genome encodes 115 unique genes, with 19duplicated in the IR, a tRNA (trnI-CAU) duplicated once in the LSC and aprotein coding gene (psbJ) duplicated twice, for a total of 137 genes. Four genes (ycf15, rpl23, infA and accD) are truncated and likelynonfunctional; three others (clpP, ycf1 and ycf2) are so highly divergedthat they may now be pseudogenes. The most conspicuous feature of theTrachelium genome is the presence of eighteen internally unrearrangedblocks of genes that have been inverted or relocated within the genome, relative to the typical gene order of most angiosperm chloroplastgenomes. Recombination between repeats or tRNAs has been suggested as twomeans of chloroplast genome rearrangements. We compared the relativenumber of repeats in Trachelium to eight other angiosperm chloroplastgenomes, and evaluated the location of repeats and tRNAs in relation torearrangements. Trachelium has the highest number and largest repeats, which are concentrated near inversion endpoints or other rearrangements.tRNAs occur at many but not all inversion endpoints. There is likely nosingle mechanism responsible for the remarkable number of alterations inthis genome, but both repeats and tRNAs are clearly associated with theserearrangements. Land plant chloroplast genomes are highly conserved instructure, gene order and content. The chloroplast genomes of ferns, thegymnosperm Ginkgo, and most angiosperms are nearly collinear, reflectingthe gene order in lineages that diverged from lycopsids and the ancestralchloroplast gene order over 350 million years ago (Raubeson and Jansen,1992). Although earlier mapping studies identified a number of taxa inwhich several rearrangements have occurred (reviewed in Raubeson andJansen, 2005), an extraordinary number of chloroplast genome alterationsare concentrated in several families in the angiosperm order Asterales(sensu APGII, Bremer et al., 2003). Gene mapping studies ofrepresentatives of the Campanulaceae (Cosner, 1993; Cosner et al.,1997,2004) and Lobeliaceae (Knox et al., 1993; Knox and Palmer, 1999)identified large inversions, contraction and expansion of the invertedrepeat regions, and several insertions and deletions in the cpDNAs ofthese closely related taxa. Detailed restriction site and gene mapping ofthe chloroplast genome of Trachelium caeruleum (Campanulaceae) identifiedseven to ten large inversions, families of repeats associated withrearrangements, possible transpositions, and even the disruption ofoperons (Cosner et al., 1997). Seventeen other members of theCampanulaceae were mapped and exhibit many additional rearrangements(Cosner et al., 2004). What happened in this lineage that made itsusceptible to so many chloroplast genome rearrangements? How do normallyvery conserved chloroplast genomes change? The cause of rearrangements inthis group is unclear based on the limited resolution available withmapping techniques. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain howrearrangements occur: recombination between repeats, transposition, ortemporary instability due to loss of the inverted repeat (Raubeson andJansen, 2005). Sequencing whole chloroplast genomes within theCampanulaceae offers a unique opportunity to examine both the extent andmechanisms of rearrangements within a phylogenetic framework. We reporthere the first complete chloroplast genome sequence of a member of theCampanulaceae, Trachelium caeruleum. This work will serve as a benchmarkfor subsequent, comparative sequencing and analysis of other members ofthis family and close relatives, with the goal of further understandingchloroplast genome evolution. We confirmed features previously identifiedthrough mapping, and discovered many additional structural changes, including several partial to entire gene duplications, deterioration ofat least four normally conserved chloroplast genes into gene fragments, and the nature and position of numerous repeat elements at or nearinversion endpoints. The focus of this paper is on analyses of sequencesat or near these rearrangements in Trachelium caeruleum. Inversions arebelieved to occur due to the presence of repeat elements subject tohomologous recombination (Palmer, 1991; Knox et al., 1993). Repeats mayfacilitate inversions or other genome rearrangements (Achaz et al.,2003), and higher incidences of repeats have been correlated with greaternumbers of rearrangements (Rocha, 2003). Alternatively, repeats mayproliferate within a genome asa result of DNA strand repair mechanismsfollowing a rearrangement event such as an inversion. Gene.
Author: Ralph Bock
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540753761
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 535
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Book Description
The present book provides a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on plastid biogenesis, plastid-nuclear communication, and the regulation of plastid gene expression at all levels. It also assesses the state-of-the-art in key technologies, such as proteomics and chloroplast transformation. Written by recognized experts in the field, the book further covers crucial post-translational processes in plastid biogenesis and function, including protein processing.
Author: CAROL ELIZABETH MULLIGAN BOURNE
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 180
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Book Description
restriction site data matrix using PAUP resulted in one most parsimonious tree with a CI of 0.640. The genome is highly conserved in size and structure within and among closely related species and is useful in identifying monophyletic groups and inferring evolutionary relationships in Cyclotella.
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128134585
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 398
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Book Description
Plastid Genome Evolution, Volume 85 provides a summary of recent research on plastid genome variation and evolution across photosynthetic organisms. It covers topics ranging from the causes and consequences of genomic changes, to the phylogenetic utility of plastomes for resolving relationships across the photosynthetic tree of life. This newly released volume presents thorough, up-to-date information on coevolution between the plastid and nuclear genomes, with chapters on plastid autonomy vs. nuclear control over plastid function, establishment and genetic integration of plastids, plastid genomes in alveolate protists, plastid genomes of glaucophytes, the evolution of the plastid genome in chlorophyte and streptophyte green algae, and more. Provides comprehensive coverage of plastid genome variation by leading researchers in the field Presents a broad range of taxonomic groups, ranging from single and multicellular algae, to the major clades of land plants Includes thorough, up-to-date information on coevolution between the plastid and nuclear genomes
Author: R.A. Schilperoort
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401126569
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 199
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Book Description
It is very clear nowadays that plants offer several opportunities for basic studies, e.g. on development and embryogenesis, and that the fundamental principles laid open contribute to the development of new tools for plant breeding. Within the scope of the present publication, the editors have had to make a difficult choice from the many important subjects that have contributed to the remarkable progress of our molecular biological understanding of complex biological problems. This has resulted in review papers showing the present state of the art in genetic engineering, gene expression and its manipulation, microbe and insect interactions with plants, transposable elements and gene tagging, plant and organ development, the function and structure of the genome chloroplasts, and lipid biosynthesis. All papers have been written in such a way that they are also useful for non-experts interested in a particular field, as well as for students following courses in plant molecular biology. Besides presenting the state of the art, each paper gives some historical background to the developments in the field as well as perspectives for further basic research and applications. Because of the latter, scientists and students engaged in plant breeding will also profit from this publication.
Author: Robert J. Henry
Publisher: Cabi
ISBN: 9780851999043
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 332
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Book Description
Importance of plant diversity; Relationships between the families of flowering plants; Diversity and evolution of gymnosperms; Chloroplast genomes of plants; The mitochondrial genome of higher plants: a target for natural adaptation; Reticulate evolution in higher plants; Crucifer evolution in the post-genomic era; Genetic variation in plant populations: assessing cause an pattern; Evolution of the flower; Diversity in plant cell walls; Diversity in secondary metabolism in plants; Ecological importance of species diversity; Genomic diversity in nature and domestication; Conserving genetic diversity in plants of environmental, social or economic importance.
Author: Pradeep Sharma
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0323885993
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 707
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Book Description
Bioinformatics in Agriculture: Next Generation Sequencing Era is a comprehensive volume presenting an integrated research and development approach to the practical application of genomics to improve agricultural crops. Exploring both the theoretical and applied aspects of computational biology, and focusing on the innovation processes, the book highlights the increased productivity of a translational approach. Presented in four sections and including insights from experts from around the world, the book includes: Section I: Bioinformatics and Next Generation Sequencing Technologies; Section II: Omics Application; Section III: Data mining and Markers Discovery; Section IV: Artificial Intelligence and Agribots. Bioinformatics in Agriculture: Next Generation Sequencing Era explores deep sequencing, NGS, genomic, transcriptome analysis and multiplexing, highlighting practices forreducing time, cost, and effort for the analysis of gene as they are pooled, and sequenced. Readers will gain real-world information on computational biology, genomics, applied data mining, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. This book serves as a complete package for advanced undergraduate students, researchers, and scientists with an interest in bioinformatics. Discusses integral aspects of molecular biology and pivotal tool sfor molecular breeding Enables breeders to design cost-effective and efficient breeding strategies Provides examples ofinnovative genome-wide marker (SSR, SNP) discovery Explores both the theoretical and practical aspects of computational biology with focus on innovation processes Covers recent trends of bioinformatics and different tools and techniques
