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Author: Miguelina I. León
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African American women
Languages : en
Pages : 295
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Book Description
Women of color, especially African Americans and Latinas, account for the majority of HIV incidence and prevalence among women in the United States. Most HIV infections among women are contracted through heterosexual contact. Consequently, promotion of consistent condom use is a key HIV prevention strategy. U.S. prevention interventions for women typically focus on changing individual behaviors. However, the literature has documented a number of key social determinants of HIV vulnerability among women, including socioeconomic status (SES) and social capital. Understanding how these distal and intermediary social factors affect individual sexual risk is crucial to developing effective structural HIV prevention interventions for women. The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of SES and social capital on condom use among African American and Latina women. The study applied a social determinants of health conceptual framework, drawing on Weber's theory of social stratification and elements of Bourdieu's, Coleman's, and Putnam's social capital theories. Secondary data analysis was conducted on a sub-sample of 370 women drawn from a non-random sample of 512 women participating in the Gender-Economic Model (GEM) study, who were HIV negative, 18 years of age and older, and residents of the San Francisco Bay area. The bivariate analyses showed that African American and Latina women differed significantly on age, income, educational attainment, seven of eleven social capital indicators, and vaginal sex with their non-main male partner. The reduced logistic regression model showed that the likelihood of consistent condom use increased as income increased, but decreased as past month sociability increased. Three interactions were also significant predictors. As income rose the effect of past year, and past month civic participation on consistent condom use decreased. However, as education rose the effect of past month sociability on consistent condom use increased. The education-sociability interaction had the strongest effect. The findings suggest that not all social capital is health protective. Moreover, the interactive effects of SES and structural social capital on consistent condom use were stronger than their independent effects. Implications for theory, research, social work practice, and policy regarding structural interventions are discussed.
Author: Miguelina I. León
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : African American women
Languages : en
Pages : 295
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Book Description
Women of color, especially African Americans and Latinas, account for the majority of HIV incidence and prevalence among women in the United States. Most HIV infections among women are contracted through heterosexual contact. Consequently, promotion of consistent condom use is a key HIV prevention strategy. U.S. prevention interventions for women typically focus on changing individual behaviors. However, the literature has documented a number of key social determinants of HIV vulnerability among women, including socioeconomic status (SES) and social capital. Understanding how these distal and intermediary social factors affect individual sexual risk is crucial to developing effective structural HIV prevention interventions for women. The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of SES and social capital on condom use among African American and Latina women. The study applied a social determinants of health conceptual framework, drawing on Weber's theory of social stratification and elements of Bourdieu's, Coleman's, and Putnam's social capital theories. Secondary data analysis was conducted on a sub-sample of 370 women drawn from a non-random sample of 512 women participating in the Gender-Economic Model (GEM) study, who were HIV negative, 18 years of age and older, and residents of the San Francisco Bay area. The bivariate analyses showed that African American and Latina women differed significantly on age, income, educational attainment, seven of eleven social capital indicators, and vaginal sex with their non-main male partner. The reduced logistic regression model showed that the likelihood of consistent condom use increased as income increased, but decreased as past month sociability increased. Three interactions were also significant predictors. As income rose the effect of past year, and past month civic participation on consistent condom use decreased. However, as education rose the effect of past month sociability on consistent condom use increased. The education-sociability interaction had the strongest effect. The findings suggest that not all social capital is health protective. Moreover, the interactive effects of SES and structural social capital on consistent condom use were stronger than their independent effects. Implications for theory, research, social work practice, and policy regarding structural interventions are discussed.
Author: Bethany Young Holt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 754
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Book Description
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309452961
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 583
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Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author: Priya Lall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
India is the global epicentre of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Asia. Previous research indicates that the majority of HIV-positive women in India were infected by their husbands, their only sexual partner, which makes them difficult to identify as a high-risk population. This paper assesses social factors associated with the transmission of HIV based on demographic determinants, such as age; sexual risk behavior; and gendered discrimination, such as domestic violence. Bivariate and multivariate analysis of the National Family Health Survey yields the result that women's socioeconomic status could have an association with their serostatus, as HIV-positive women were significantly more likely to have a low level of education than their HIV-negative counterparts. In contrast, female HIV-positive respondents displayed low tendencies toward high-risk sexual behavior, as less than 10% had two or more sexual partners in their lifetime. Finally, they were significantly more likely to have previously experienced domestic violence (45%) and sexual violence (22%) than the general population. Overall, results illustrate that Indian women's vulnerability toward HIV infection may not be the product of their own sexual risk behavior. The most prominent social factors are their socioeconomic status, such as their level of education, and other sociodemographic determinants, including their region of residence.
Author: Lisa F. Berkman
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 9780195083316
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 428
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Book Description
This book shows the important links between social conditions and health and begins to describe the processes through which these health inequalities may be generated. It reviews a range of methodologies that could be used by health researchers in this field and proposes innovative future research directions.
Author: Geoffrey Arthur Rose
Publisher:
ISBN: 0192630970
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
The Strategy of Preventive Medicine by Geoffrey Rose, first published in 1993, remains a key text for anyone involved in preventive medicine. Rose's insights into the inextricable relationship between ill health, or deviance, in individuals and populations they come from, have transformed our whole approach to strategies for improving health. His personal and unique book, based on many years research, sets out the case that the essential determinants of the health of society are to be found in its mass characteristics. The deviant minority can only be understood when seen in its societal context, and effective prevention requires changes which involve the population as a whole. He explores the options for prevention, considering them from various viewpoints - theoretical and scientific, sociological and political, practical and ethical. The applications of his ideas are illustrated by a variety of examples ranging from heart disease to alcoholism to road accidents. His pioneering work focused on a population wide approach to the prevention of common medical and behavioral disorders has become the classic text on the subject. This reissue brings the original text to a new generation involved in preventive medicine. Kay-Tee Khaw and Michael Marmot retain the original text intact, but have added their own perspective on the work. They examine what relevance Rose's ideas might have in the era of the human genome project and other major scientific advances, they consider examples of how the theory might be applied and generalised in medicine and beyond, and discuss what implications it holds for the future. There is also an explanation of the population perspective, clarifying the often confused thinking and arguments about determinants of individual cases and determinants of population incidence. Rose's Strategy of Preventive Medicine will ensure that this seminal work continues to be read by future generations.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309092116
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 753
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Book Description
In their later years, Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not in equally good-or equally poor-health. There is wide variation, but on average older Whites are healthier than older Blacks and tend to outlive them. But Whites tend to be in poorer health than Hispanics and Asian Americans. This volume documents the differentials and considers possible explanations. Selection processes play a role: selective migration, for instance, or selective survival to advanced ages. Health differentials originate early in life, possibly even before birth, and are affected by events and experiences throughout the life course. Differences in socioeconomic status, risk behavior, social relations, and health care all play a role. Separate chapters consider the contribution of such factors and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that link them to health. This volume provides the empirical evidence for the research agenda provided in the separate report of the Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life.
Author: Bisola O. Ojikutu
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 303048744X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
This book builds upon its previous edition by comprehensively updating important epidemiologic and clinical content of the HIV continuum amongst Black and Latino individuals of the United States, including the epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV within these diverse communities. Illuminating current diagnostic and prevention considerations, as well as its evidence base, the text highlights important concepts and integrates critical aspects of the structural and social environment, such as mass incarceration and neighborhood-level disadvantage, that compromise our ability to decrease HIV risk and improve outcomes. Discussion regarding significant predictors of health inequity, including discrimination, medical mistrust, and stigma, specifically homophobia and transphobia, are included. The book also reviews the impact of significant advances in HIV prevention, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), within Black and Latino communities. Written by experts in their field, this second edition of HIV in US Communities of Color is a comprehensive and dynamic resource for all health care providers who support the care and treatment of Black and Latino individuals at risk for or living with HIV.
Author: Kwame McKenzie
Publisher: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
ISBN: 1843103559
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Book Description
Why do some areas have a higher prevalence of mental illness than others? This book explores the concept of social capital & its implications for mental health policy. It reviews methods of measuring social capital, analyses the implications of research for future policy developments & makes recommendations for practice & research.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Public health
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Book Description
