Snow Characterization by Optical Properties PDF Download
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Author: Mathias Gergely
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 107
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Book Description
Author: Mathias Gergely
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 107
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Mathias Gergely
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 107
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Book Description
Author: Gary Koh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Snow
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Book Description
Author: Shunlin Liang
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128032219
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 3183
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Book Description
Comprehensive Remote Sensing, Nine Volume Set covers all aspects of the topic, with each volume edited by well-known scientists and contributed to by frontier researchers. It is a comprehensive resource that will benefit both students and researchers who want to further their understanding in this discipline. The field of remote sensing has quadrupled in size in the past two decades, and increasingly draws in individuals working in a diverse set of disciplines ranging from geographers, oceanographers, and meteorologists, to physicists and computer scientists. Researchers from a variety of backgrounds are now accessing remote sensing data, creating an urgent need for a one-stop reference work that can comprehensively document the development of remote sensing, from the basic principles, modeling and practical algorithms, to various applications. Fully comprehensive coverage of this rapidly growing discipline, giving readers a detailed overview of all aspects of Remote Sensing principles and applications Contains ‘Layered content’, with each article beginning with the basics and then moving on to more complex concepts Ideal for advanced undergraduates and academic researchers Includes case studies that illustrate the practical application of remote sensing principles, further enhancing understanding
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 23
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Book Description
Measurements of the dependence of snow albedo on wavelength, zenith angle, grain size, impurity content, and cloud cover can be interpreted in terms of single-scattering and multiscattering radiative transfer theory. Ice is very weakly absorptive in the visible (minimum absorption at lambda = 0.46 micrometer) but has strong absorption bands in the near infrared (near IR). Snow albedo is therefore much lower in the near IR. The near-IR solar irradiance thus plays an important role in snowmelt and in the energy balance at a snow surface. The near-IR albedo is very sensitive to snow grain size and moderately sensitive to solar zenith angle. The visible albedo (for pure snow) is not sensitive to these parameters but is instead affected by snowpack thickness and parts-per- million amounts (or less) of impurities. Grain size normally increases as the snow ages, causing a reduction in albedo. If the grain increases as a function of depth, the albedo may suffer more reduction in the visible or in the near IR, depending on the rate of grain size increase. The presence of liquid water has little effect per se on snow optical properties in the solar spectrum, in contrast to its enormous effect on microwave emissivity. Snow albedo is increased at all wavelengths as the solar zenith angle increases but is most sensitive around lambda = 1 micrometer. Many apparently conflicting measurements of the zenith angle dependence of albedo are difficult to interpret because of modeling error, instrument error, and inadequate documentation of grain size, surface roughness, and incident radiation spectrum. Cloud cover affects snow albedo both by converting direct radiation into diffuse radiation and also by altering the spectral distribution of the radiation.
Author: Mary Ann Seagraves
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Windblown snow causes severe reduction in visibility and is a principal cause of obscuration in some regions of the world. Mechanisms of snow transport are presented along with particle size distributions, shape, and fall velocity. Relationships between visibility and windspeed and also between visibility and mass density in blowing snow are discussed. Variation of visible and infrared extinction coefficients with height are derived. In the near-millimeter wave region, the Rayleigh approximation is adequate for wavelengths greater than 4 mm. Near-millimeter wave extinction coefficients are given as functions of visibility and visible extinction coefficients. (Author).
Author: Lawrence C. Gibbons
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Meteorological instruments
Languages : en
Pages : 38
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Book Description
This report details the design, fabrication, and operation of three new instruments that were developed at AFGL to define some of the physical characteristics of naturally falling snow. Two are devices for the measurement of fall velocity and high-resolution snow rate. The other was conceived for the documentation of the ice-crystal composition of the prevailing snow. Problems that surfaced during the first year of operation are discussed along with the plans to correct the deficiencies. Examples of the data supplied by these instruments are shown. (Author).
Author: Malcolm Mellor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Snow
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Spectral extinction measurements for the visual range were made on homogeneous snow samples prepared under controlled conditions, with snow density and grain size as variables. Comparative measurements were made on coarse-grained natural snow. Extinction coefficient nu was in the range 0.8 to 1.7/cm for fine-grained dense snow, and 0.16 to 0.37/cm for the coarse-grained snow. In the fine-grained snow, where scattering is thought to be the dominant attenuating process, there is a general decline in nu as wavelength lambda increases from 0.4 to 0.7 microns. In the coarse-grained snow, where absorption becomes significant, spectral selection was slight, with a weak minimum in the region 0.5 to 0.6 microns. When nu is related to density it must have a maximum value; limited data for fine-grained snow show this maximum in the density range 0.45 to 0.60 g/cc, and the density for maximum extinction is inversely related to wavelength. For a given density nu decreases as grain size increases, the rate of change varying with wavelength. Spectral reflectance measurements on natural snow are reported, and attenuation data are interpreted to give surface reflectivity for fine-grained snow. Diffuse reflection from fine-grained snow is believed to have little spectral dependence in the visual range, but with coarse-grained snow reflectance is expected to become inversely dependent on wavelength. It is suggested that optical principles might be applied in the measurement of snow structure, and also for remote sensing of snow-covered terrain. (Author).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 704
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Book Description
Author: Alexander Kokhanovsky
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030876837
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 165
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Book Description
The book aims to the description of recent progress in studies of light absorption and scattering in turbid media. In particular, light scattering/oceanic optics/snow optics research community will greatly benefit from the publication of this book.
