Author: Artwell Nhemachena
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956551171
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 397
Book Description
Placing security studies in the context of contemporary discourses about the colonial comeback and posthumanism, this book postulates the notion of staticide which avers that the effacement of African state sovereignty is crucial for the security of the oncoming empire. Understood in the light of posthumanism, antihumanism, animism, postanthropocentrism and transhumanism; African human security has evidently been put on a recession course together with African state security. Much as African states are demonised as so failed, defective, corrupt, weak and rogue to require recolonisation; transhumanism also assumes that human bodies are so corrupt, imperfect, defective, failed, rogue and weak to require not only enhancements or augmentation but also to beckon recolonisation. Also, deemed to be ecologies, human bodies are set to be liberalised and democratised in the interest of nonhuman viruses, nanobots, microchips, bacteria, fungi and other pathogens living within the bodies. The book critically examines the security implications of theorising human bodies as ecologies for nonhuman entities. Reading staticide together with transhumanism, this book foresees transhumanist new eugenics that are accompanying the new empire in a supposedly Anthropocene world that serves to justify the sacrifice and disposability of some surplus humans living in the recesses and nether regions of the empire. Paying attention to the colonial comeback, the book urges African scholars not to mistake imperial transformation for decolonisation. The book is invaluable for scholars and activists in African studies, anthropology, decoloniality, sociology, politics, development studies, security studies, sociology and anthropology of science and technology studies, and environmental studies.
Securitising Monstrous Bottoms in the Age of Posthuman Carnivalesque?
Author: Artwell Nhemachena
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956551171
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 397
Book Description
Placing security studies in the context of contemporary discourses about the colonial comeback and posthumanism, this book postulates the notion of staticide which avers that the effacement of African state sovereignty is crucial for the security of the oncoming empire. Understood in the light of posthumanism, antihumanism, animism, postanthropocentrism and transhumanism; African human security has evidently been put on a recession course together with African state security. Much as African states are demonised as so failed, defective, corrupt, weak and rogue to require recolonisation; transhumanism also assumes that human bodies are so corrupt, imperfect, defective, failed, rogue and weak to require not only enhancements or augmentation but also to beckon recolonisation. Also, deemed to be ecologies, human bodies are set to be liberalised and democratised in the interest of nonhuman viruses, nanobots, microchips, bacteria, fungi and other pathogens living within the bodies. The book critically examines the security implications of theorising human bodies as ecologies for nonhuman entities. Reading staticide together with transhumanism, this book foresees transhumanist new eugenics that are accompanying the new empire in a supposedly Anthropocene world that serves to justify the sacrifice and disposability of some surplus humans living in the recesses and nether regions of the empire. Paying attention to the colonial comeback, the book urges African scholars not to mistake imperial transformation for decolonisation. The book is invaluable for scholars and activists in African studies, anthropology, decoloniality, sociology, politics, development studies, security studies, sociology and anthropology of science and technology studies, and environmental studies.
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956551171
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 397
Book Description
Placing security studies in the context of contemporary discourses about the colonial comeback and posthumanism, this book postulates the notion of staticide which avers that the effacement of African state sovereignty is crucial for the security of the oncoming empire. Understood in the light of posthumanism, antihumanism, animism, postanthropocentrism and transhumanism; African human security has evidently been put on a recession course together with African state security. Much as African states are demonised as so failed, defective, corrupt, weak and rogue to require recolonisation; transhumanism also assumes that human bodies are so corrupt, imperfect, defective, failed, rogue and weak to require not only enhancements or augmentation but also to beckon recolonisation. Also, deemed to be ecologies, human bodies are set to be liberalised and democratised in the interest of nonhuman viruses, nanobots, microchips, bacteria, fungi and other pathogens living within the bodies. The book critically examines the security implications of theorising human bodies as ecologies for nonhuman entities. Reading staticide together with transhumanism, this book foresees transhumanist new eugenics that are accompanying the new empire in a supposedly Anthropocene world that serves to justify the sacrifice and disposability of some surplus humans living in the recesses and nether regions of the empire. Paying attention to the colonial comeback, the book urges African scholars not to mistake imperial transformation for decolonisation. The book is invaluable for scholars and activists in African studies, anthropology, decoloniality, sociology, politics, development studies, security studies, sociology and anthropology of science and technology studies, and environmental studies.
Securitising Monstrous Bottoms in the Age of Posthuman Carnivalesque?
Author: Munyaradzi Mawere
Publisher: Langaa RPCID
ISBN: 9789956551040
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 396
Book Description
The book critically examines the security implications of theorising human bodies as ecologies for nonhuman entities.
Publisher: Langaa RPCID
ISBN: 9789956551040
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 396
Book Description
The book critically examines the security implications of theorising human bodies as ecologies for nonhuman entities.
From #RhodesMustFall Movements to #HumansMustFall Movements
Author: Artwell Nhemachena
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956552364
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 528
Book Description
Might it be possible that the world is being migrated into an era where the imperial periphery will be increasingly governed through Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics designed to replace human beings? Celebrated as efficient, strong, unfailing, tireless, precise and beyond corruption, AI and robots are set to replace African leaders who are imperially deemed to be and consistently condemned as corrupt, failed, weak and inefficient. But, if these AI and robots are neo-imperial tools and machinations, the million-dollar question is whether empire is not returning to recolonise the [supposedly inefficient] Africans via the new technologies and machinism? Where Africans once celebrated their liberation war movements, empire has emplaced what it calls liberation technologies designed to supposedly liberate African youths from their own states and governments led by liberation movements. Where Africans once celebrated their liberation war movements, empire has placed its own NGOs/CSOs spewing liberal ideologies designed to ostensibly liberate African youths from their own supposedly failed and corrupt states and government leaders. With African youths/citizens allying not with their liberation movements but with the liberation technologies and liberal NGOs/CSOs, it is not surprising why African citizens oppose their states-led Fast-Track Land Redistribution Programmes while ironically they happily celebrate Fast-Tracked COVID-19 Vaccines. Positing the notion of #HumansMustFall movements, this book underscores ways in which empire is in a process of eternal return to 21st century Africa. The book is crucial for scholars and activists in political science, government studies, sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, history, languages and communication studies, security studies, military studies and development studies.
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956552364
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 528
Book Description
Might it be possible that the world is being migrated into an era where the imperial periphery will be increasingly governed through Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics designed to replace human beings? Celebrated as efficient, strong, unfailing, tireless, precise and beyond corruption, AI and robots are set to replace African leaders who are imperially deemed to be and consistently condemned as corrupt, failed, weak and inefficient. But, if these AI and robots are neo-imperial tools and machinations, the million-dollar question is whether empire is not returning to recolonise the [supposedly inefficient] Africans via the new technologies and machinism? Where Africans once celebrated their liberation war movements, empire has emplaced what it calls liberation technologies designed to supposedly liberate African youths from their own states and governments led by liberation movements. Where Africans once celebrated their liberation war movements, empire has placed its own NGOs/CSOs spewing liberal ideologies designed to ostensibly liberate African youths from their own supposedly failed and corrupt states and government leaders. With African youths/citizens allying not with their liberation movements but with the liberation technologies and liberal NGOs/CSOs, it is not surprising why African citizens oppose their states-led Fast-Track Land Redistribution Programmes while ironically they happily celebrate Fast-Tracked COVID-19 Vaccines. Positing the notion of #HumansMustFall movements, this book underscores ways in which empire is in a process of eternal return to 21st century Africa. The book is crucial for scholars and activists in political science, government studies, sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, history, languages and communication studies, security studies, military studies and development studies.
Special Sexual Operations.Accounting for Resistance to the Colonial “Gift” of Homosexuality in Twenty-First Century Africa
Author: Artwell Nhemachena
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956553476
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
Even as African states are currently legislating against homosexuality in order to protect their societies, there are some emergent Eurocentric discourses seeking to legalize bestiality involving sex between humans and nonhuman animals. Indeed, binaries between humans and nonhumans are being challenged, and speciesism is being deconstructed to pave the way for interspecies sex. Critically interrogating these dissident and subversive sexualities in novel ways, this book also deals with emergent humanoid sex robots which are challenging human marriages and families, by replacing human spouses. The book is relevant to anthropologists, sociologists, lawyers, legislators, politicians, theologians, historians, philosophers and educators. “Huge commendations are due for the gargantuan work done on this book which speaks to the past, present and future of African sexualities. These are revolutionary thoughts that change the traditional Western scholarship landscape in the field of sexualities. The book inculcates and imparts African people-centred strategic architectural futuristic flavor for building Africa’s competitive positioning in the discourses on sexualities for the centuries ahead. Indeed, it is commendable and deserves an award for revitalizing Africanity and Africanism renaissance. I am sure this book is going to stimulate broad discussions from Africa and the rest of the world which have sadly been fed with Eurocentric single stories on African sexualities.” Professor Eginald P. Mihanjo, Saint Augustine University of Tanzania “This is a must-read book. It grapples with the important question: ‘Why the West would want to decolonize only by ‘returning’ homosexuality to Africans and not by returning African land, artefacts, skulls and skeletons?’ The book challenges the systemic humanophobic mission, orchestrated by neo- capitalists in the Euro-American world and their allies in Africa. Until we hold together the ethical and ontological boundaries of marriage as a divine-cultural mandate, secured in its sociogenic logicality, all the debates about decolonization will not save us from the ultimate crime of promoting ontological disorderliness.” Charles Prempeh, PhD (Cantab), Research Fellow, Centre for Cultural and African Studies, Kumasi, Ghana, and author of Gender, Sexuality and Decolonisation in Postcolonial Ghana: A Socio-Philosophical Engagement
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956553476
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
Even as African states are currently legislating against homosexuality in order to protect their societies, there are some emergent Eurocentric discourses seeking to legalize bestiality involving sex between humans and nonhuman animals. Indeed, binaries between humans and nonhumans are being challenged, and speciesism is being deconstructed to pave the way for interspecies sex. Critically interrogating these dissident and subversive sexualities in novel ways, this book also deals with emergent humanoid sex robots which are challenging human marriages and families, by replacing human spouses. The book is relevant to anthropologists, sociologists, lawyers, legislators, politicians, theologians, historians, philosophers and educators. “Huge commendations are due for the gargantuan work done on this book which speaks to the past, present and future of African sexualities. These are revolutionary thoughts that change the traditional Western scholarship landscape in the field of sexualities. The book inculcates and imparts African people-centred strategic architectural futuristic flavor for building Africa’s competitive positioning in the discourses on sexualities for the centuries ahead. Indeed, it is commendable and deserves an award for revitalizing Africanity and Africanism renaissance. I am sure this book is going to stimulate broad discussions from Africa and the rest of the world which have sadly been fed with Eurocentric single stories on African sexualities.” Professor Eginald P. Mihanjo, Saint Augustine University of Tanzania “This is a must-read book. It grapples with the important question: ‘Why the West would want to decolonize only by ‘returning’ homosexuality to Africans and not by returning African land, artefacts, skulls and skeletons?’ The book challenges the systemic humanophobic mission, orchestrated by neo- capitalists in the Euro-American world and their allies in Africa. Until we hold together the ethical and ontological boundaries of marriage as a divine-cultural mandate, secured in its sociogenic logicality, all the debates about decolonization will not save us from the ultimate crime of promoting ontological disorderliness.” Charles Prempeh, PhD (Cantab), Research Fellow, Centre for Cultural and African Studies, Kumasi, Ghana, and author of Gender, Sexuality and Decolonisation in Postcolonial Ghana: A Socio-Philosophical Engagement
Global Jurisprudential Apartheid in the Twenty-First Century
Author: Artwell Nhemachena
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1793643377
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 455
Book Description
In Global Jurisprudential Apartheid in the Twenty-First Century: Universalism and Particularism in International Law, the contributors argue that the world is witnessing the formation of a global jurisprudential apartheid despite the promotion of democracy, equality, human rights, and humanitarianism. Examining organisations such as international criminal courts, the World Trade Organisation, the United Nations Security Council, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, the contributors unpack the challenges of global jurisprudential apartheid. In particular, they analyse the ways in which these organizations hold and contribute to the increasing inequalities between the Global North and the Global South. Ultimately, Global Jurisprudential Apartheid in the Twenty-First Century shows that globalisation is a variant of the apartheid era particularism and not universalism, working to advantage the Global North while disadvantaging the Global South under the pretense of humanitarianism.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1793643377
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 455
Book Description
In Global Jurisprudential Apartheid in the Twenty-First Century: Universalism and Particularism in International Law, the contributors argue that the world is witnessing the formation of a global jurisprudential apartheid despite the promotion of democracy, equality, human rights, and humanitarianism. Examining organisations such as international criminal courts, the World Trade Organisation, the United Nations Security Council, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank, the contributors unpack the challenges of global jurisprudential apartheid. In particular, they analyse the ways in which these organizations hold and contribute to the increasing inequalities between the Global North and the Global South. Ultimately, Global Jurisprudential Apartheid in the Twenty-First Century shows that globalisation is a variant of the apartheid era particularism and not universalism, working to advantage the Global North while disadvantaging the Global South under the pretense of humanitarianism.
The Russia-Ukraine War from an African Perspective
Author: Artwell Nhemachena
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956553077
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 574
Book Description
In the Russia-Ukraine war, attention has been focused on the "Special Military Operation" This book argues that there are many other special operations, in various other arenas in the world, that deserve equal and urgent attention. Connecting special military operations to what it calls special economic operations, special cultural operations, special technological operations, special sexual operations and special political operations, the book argues that special operations are not exclusive. AIso drawing on topical debates about technoscience, the book critically examines invasive technologies in relation to bodily autonomy, integrity and privacy, and it urges scholars and thinkers to compare these invasive technological operations to invasive special military operations. The book grapples with the future of humanity in a world where the human is decentred even as the world is witnessing the proliferation of resource wars. The book is relevant for scholars in anthropology, sociology, politics, government studies, international relations, history, media studies, science and technology studies and disaster management.
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956553077
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 574
Book Description
In the Russia-Ukraine war, attention has been focused on the "Special Military Operation" This book argues that there are many other special operations, in various other arenas in the world, that deserve equal and urgent attention. Connecting special military operations to what it calls special economic operations, special cultural operations, special technological operations, special sexual operations and special political operations, the book argues that special operations are not exclusive. AIso drawing on topical debates about technoscience, the book critically examines invasive technologies in relation to bodily autonomy, integrity and privacy, and it urges scholars and thinkers to compare these invasive technological operations to invasive special military operations. The book grapples with the future of humanity in a world where the human is decentred even as the world is witnessing the proliferation of resource wars. The book is relevant for scholars in anthropology, sociology, politics, government studies, international relations, history, media studies, science and technology studies and disaster management.
Patrolling Epistemic Borders in a World of Borderless Pandemics
Author: Artwell Nhemachena
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956552526
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
The global epistemological gendarmerie do not only police epistemologies but they also infect the world with infectious epidemics of laughter targeted at those people whose epistemologies are offhandedly condemned as sterile and useless in controlling and containing pandemics. Patrolling epistemic borders in ways that demobilise indigenous epistemologies, the global epistemological policemen have ironically managed to prevent "transgressive" epistemologies from crossing borders but they have fatally failed to prevent the transgressive COVID-19 from recurrently crossing borders, be they bodily, national or continental. Brandishing fetishised degree and diploma certificates, African comprador academics, who are more interested in fetishised ranks and titles than in creativity and innovation, have also fatally failed to help African communities by producing vaccines for Africans by Africans. Arguing that Eurocentric epistemologies have become sterile fetishes, the book contends that such epistemologies have disabled African scholars from actively producing vaccines on a continent where there are paradoxically more epidemics of mimetic laughter than there are efforts at creativity and innovation. The book is useful for scholars in sociology, anthropology, development studies, languages and communication, natural sciences, historical studies and social work.
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956552526
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
The global epistemological gendarmerie do not only police epistemologies but they also infect the world with infectious epidemics of laughter targeted at those people whose epistemologies are offhandedly condemned as sterile and useless in controlling and containing pandemics. Patrolling epistemic borders in ways that demobilise indigenous epistemologies, the global epistemological policemen have ironically managed to prevent "transgressive" epistemologies from crossing borders but they have fatally failed to prevent the transgressive COVID-19 from recurrently crossing borders, be they bodily, national or continental. Brandishing fetishised degree and diploma certificates, African comprador academics, who are more interested in fetishised ranks and titles than in creativity and innovation, have also fatally failed to help African communities by producing vaccines for Africans by Africans. Arguing that Eurocentric epistemologies have become sterile fetishes, the book contends that such epistemologies have disabled African scholars from actively producing vaccines on a continent where there are paradoxically more epidemics of mimetic laughter than there are efforts at creativity and innovation. The book is useful for scholars in sociology, anthropology, development studies, languages and communication, natural sciences, historical studies and social work.
Sovereignty Becoming Pulvereignty
Author: Artwell Nhemachena
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956552828
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 372
Book Description
This book delves into the topical issue of the future of humanity and of being African in a world increasingly subjected to the power of technology and the dominance of a mercilessly self-absolved global elite. A slave is not only someone who is materially impoverished but also someone who is deprived of autonomy and sovereignty in the sense of being physically or virtually chained or shackled to human and nonhuman networks that negate the essence of the "I" or the "self". Discoursing the neologism slave 4.0 with the ongoing 21st century revolutions designed to create flat ontologies, this book argues that the world is witnessing not only the emergence of industry 4.0 but also the concomitant emergence of slave 4.0. Whereas historically, Africans were physically captured and transported across the Atlantic Ocean, minds of twenty-first century Africans are set to be nanotechnologically scanned, captured and transferred to the metaverse where they will neither own natural resources nor biologically reproduce. The book is handy for scholars in sociology, anthropology, political science, government studies, development studies, digital humanities, environmental studies, religious studies, theology, missiology, science and technology studies.
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956552828
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 372
Book Description
This book delves into the topical issue of the future of humanity and of being African in a world increasingly subjected to the power of technology and the dominance of a mercilessly self-absolved global elite. A slave is not only someone who is materially impoverished but also someone who is deprived of autonomy and sovereignty in the sense of being physically or virtually chained or shackled to human and nonhuman networks that negate the essence of the "I" or the "self". Discoursing the neologism slave 4.0 with the ongoing 21st century revolutions designed to create flat ontologies, this book argues that the world is witnessing not only the emergence of industry 4.0 but also the concomitant emergence of slave 4.0. Whereas historically, Africans were physically captured and transported across the Atlantic Ocean, minds of twenty-first century Africans are set to be nanotechnologically scanned, captured and transferred to the metaverse where they will neither own natural resources nor biologically reproduce. The book is handy for scholars in sociology, anthropology, political science, government studies, development studies, digital humanities, environmental studies, religious studies, theology, missiology, science and technology studies.
Global Capital's 21st Century Repositioning
Author: Rewai Makamani
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956551465
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 360
Book Description
What happens at the interface between Afrocentricity and COVID-19 is cause for wonder in a world that is anxious to short circuit global solidarity by trampling Pan-Africanism. Revolutions, including the Fourth Industrial Revolution, are rarely contextualised within the framework of Pan-Africanism and Afrocentricity even when they are celebrated as beneficial to the world. Interfacing Afrocentricity, COVID-19, Pan-Africanism and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, this book teases out the profound challenges of the 21st century. Calling for African solutions premised on African solidarity, the book critically engages the contemporary technological solutionism and technological evangelism that undergirds the Fourth Industrial Revolution and efforts to find vaccines for COVID-19. Unflinchingly interrogating these issues, the book is useful for scholars and activists in education, African languages, sociology, social anthropology, political science, history, religious studies, development studies, communication, medical sciences and legal studies.
Publisher: African Books Collective
ISBN: 9956551465
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 360
Book Description
What happens at the interface between Afrocentricity and COVID-19 is cause for wonder in a world that is anxious to short circuit global solidarity by trampling Pan-Africanism. Revolutions, including the Fourth Industrial Revolution, are rarely contextualised within the framework of Pan-Africanism and Afrocentricity even when they are celebrated as beneficial to the world. Interfacing Afrocentricity, COVID-19, Pan-Africanism and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, this book teases out the profound challenges of the 21st century. Calling for African solutions premised on African solidarity, the book critically engages the contemporary technological solutionism and technological evangelism that undergirds the Fourth Industrial Revolution and efforts to find vaccines for COVID-19. Unflinchingly interrogating these issues, the book is useful for scholars and activists in education, African languages, sociology, social anthropology, political science, history, religious studies, development studies, communication, medical sciences and legal studies.
Sub-Saharan Political Cultures of Deceit in Language, Literature, and the Media, Volume II
Author: Esther Mavengano
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031428838
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 435
Book Description
This two-volume set charts a cross-disciplinary discursive terrain that proffers rich insights about deceit in contemporary postcolonial Sub-Saharan African politics. In an attempt to produce a nuanced and multifaceted academic dialoguing platform, the two volumes have a particular focus on the aspects of treachery, fear of difference (oppositional politics), and discourses/semiotics of mis/self-representation. The major aim of the proposed volumes is to contribute toward the often problematised conversations about the unfolding (post)colonial Sub-Saharan world which is topical in decolonial and Pan-African studies.The volumes seek to place political thinking and postcolonial political systems under the scholarly gaze with the view to highlight and enhance the participation of African cross-disciplinary scholarship in the postcolonial political processes of the continent. Most significantly, it is through such probing of the limitations of our own disciplinary perspectives which can help us appreciate the complexity of the postcolonial Sub-Saharan African politics. The first volume uses Zimbabwe as a case study, while the second volume examines postcolonial politics in Sub-Saharan Africa more broadly.The first volume uses Zimbabwe as a case study, while the second volume examines postcolonial politics in Sub-Saharan Africa more broadly.The first volume uses Zimbabwe as a case study, while the second volume examines postcolonial politics in Sub-Saharan Africa more broadly.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031428838
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 435
Book Description
This two-volume set charts a cross-disciplinary discursive terrain that proffers rich insights about deceit in contemporary postcolonial Sub-Saharan African politics. In an attempt to produce a nuanced and multifaceted academic dialoguing platform, the two volumes have a particular focus on the aspects of treachery, fear of difference (oppositional politics), and discourses/semiotics of mis/self-representation. The major aim of the proposed volumes is to contribute toward the often problematised conversations about the unfolding (post)colonial Sub-Saharan world which is topical in decolonial and Pan-African studies.The volumes seek to place political thinking and postcolonial political systems under the scholarly gaze with the view to highlight and enhance the participation of African cross-disciplinary scholarship in the postcolonial political processes of the continent. Most significantly, it is through such probing of the limitations of our own disciplinary perspectives which can help us appreciate the complexity of the postcolonial Sub-Saharan African politics. The first volume uses Zimbabwe as a case study, while the second volume examines postcolonial politics in Sub-Saharan Africa more broadly.The first volume uses Zimbabwe as a case study, while the second volume examines postcolonial politics in Sub-Saharan Africa more broadly.The first volume uses Zimbabwe as a case study, while the second volume examines postcolonial politics in Sub-Saharan Africa more broadly.