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Author: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
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Languages : en
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Author: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
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Languages : en
Pages :
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Languages : en
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Nine papers are included. Separate abstracts were prepared for eight and one was listed by title. Also included are the workshop recommendations for research needs. (MHR).
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Category : Geothermal resources
Languages : en
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Category : Geothermal engineering
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
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Category : Geothermal engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 114
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Languages : en
Pages : 119
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Category : Geothermal engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 668
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Author: C. J. Bruton
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Languages : en
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We are using laboratory and field experiments to design modeling tools and technology that will improve silica scale management practices in geothermal plants. Our work will help to lower operating costs through improved scale prediction and add new revenue streams from sale of mineral byproducts extracted from geothermal fluids. Improving the economics and effectiveness of scale control programs and/or extraction systems in geothermal operations requires a coupled kinetic-thermodynamic model of silica behavior. Silica scale precipitation is a multi-step process, involving a nucleation-related induction period, aqueous polymerization, condensation of polymers to form colloids, and deposition onto a solid surface. Many chemical and physical variables influence the rates of these steps and their impacts must be quantified and predictable in order to optimally control silica behavior. To date, in laboratory studies, we have quantified the effects on silica polymerization of the following set of chemical variables: Na at 500 and 2000 ppm, pH values from 5 to 9, temperatures of 25 and 50 C, and silica saturation values from 1.2 to 6 at initial dissolved silica concentrations of 600 ppm. Lowering pH both increases the induction time prior to polymerization and decreases the polymerization rate. We have successfully used a multiple regression model to predict polymerization rates from these variables. Geothermal fluids contain significant dissolved concentrations of potentially valuable mineral resources such as zinc, lithium, cesium and rubidium, but silica fouling interferes with traditional extraction methods. We are developing customized and new technologies to extract the silica as a commercial-grade commodity as well as the valuable metals. We are conducting field testing of some of these techniques at a Mammoth, CA geothermal plant using a reverse osmosis unit to concentrate the fluid, adding a commercial agglomerating agent to promote silica precipitation, and then removing the silica using a tangential flow ultrafilter. The particle size, surface area and trace impurities of the silica are characterized for comparison with commercial-grade silica products. We are also testing ion exchange resins and other functionalized materials to extract potentially economic concentrations of lithium, cesium, and rubidium that are enriched in the reverse osmosis concentrate.
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Languages : en
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One of the main objectives of the DOE Geothermal Program is to improve the efficiency and reliability of geothermal operations so that this renewable form of energy can be integrated into the nation's energy system. Scale formation and other chemical problems associated with energy extraction from high temperature brines frequently inhibit the economical utilization of geothermal resources. In some cases, these chemical problems can be so severe that development of a site must be abandoned after considerable capital investment. The goal of our research efforts is to construct an accurate computer model for describing the chemical behavior of geothermal brines under a wide range of operating conditions. This technology will provide industry a cost-effective means of identifying scaling problems in production and reinjection wells as well as in surface equipment, and also devising and testing methods for well as other uses described in table (1) can contribute significantly to meeting the objectives of the Geothermal Program. The chemical model we have developed to date can simulate calcium carbonate scale formation and gas solubilities in concentrated brines containing sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and sulfate ions as a function of temperature to 250 C and for variable partial pressure of CO2. It can predict the solubility of other scale-forming minerals, such as amorphous silica, gypsum-anhydrite, halite and glasserite, as a function of brine composition to 250 C. The only required input for the model is the temperature, pressure and composition of the brine. Our modeling approach is based on semi-empirical thermodynamic descriptions of aqueous solutions. The model equations are parameterized by careful comparison to a variety of laboratory data. The ability of the resulting models to accurately predict the chemical behavior of even very concentrated high temperature brines is well demonstrated. This ability is an unusual feature of our models which is vital for applications to many important geothermal systems, such as those found in the Imperial Valley of California. In this report, the use of the present version of our model will be illustrated by an application to the prediction of the onset of two phase flow (breakout) in a brine confined by an external pressure. Calculations of this kind are important in assessing the production potential of a geothermal resource because the initiation of breakout in a well bore or power plant is usually simultaneous with the appearance of massive scale deposition. It is therefore necessary to predict breakout and also to assess the consequences of breakout in designing more efficient energy extraction processes. For the geothermal brine for which we have reliable composition and breakout data (East Mesa in California), the model gives results which are essentially identical to the measured values. Calculations also illustrate the importance of contributions of dissolved gases to the total pressure of the brines. Applications to other scale formation problems in Dixie Valley geothermal brines will also be discussed.
Author: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
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Category : Research
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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