Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind PDF Download
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Author: James Cowles Prichard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 662
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Book Description
Author: James Cowles Prichard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 662
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: James Cowles Prichard
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 3385148774
Category : Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 402
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Book Description
Reprint of the original, first published in 1836.
Author: James Cowles Prichard
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Anthropology
Languages : en
Pages : 412
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Book Description
Author: James Ludovic Lindsay Earl of Crawford
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bibliography
Languages : en
Pages : 1302
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Book Description
Author: Waltraud Ernst
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134676441
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 287
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Book Description
Considering cases from Europe to India, this collection brings together current critical research into the role played by racial issues in the production of medical knowledge. Confronting such controversial themes as colonialism and medicine, the origins of racial thinking and health and migration, the distinguished contributors examine the role played by medicine in the construction of racial categories.
Author: Raffaele d’Isa
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832551157
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 229
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Book Description
Rodent behavioral testing has been used to study brain functions since the 1890s and has become a gold-standard model in modern neuroscience. Up to the 1950s, most behavioral tests on laboratory rodent models were based on punishments and rewards. Both approaches can lead to a certain degree of animal pain or suffering. Punishments involved the employment of painful stimuli, typically electric shocks. Passive avoidance and fear conditioning tests, among the most widely used behavioral paradigms used to evaluate learning and memory in rodents, can be performed using only a single brief shock. Other tests, such as the active avoidance, might require up to tens or hundreds of shocks, strongly challenging the psychological welfare of the model animals. On the other hand, tests based on rewards, which apparently may seem more ethical, actually still induce suffering in the animals, as food rewards are almost always associated with a food restriction protocol, in order to motivate food-seeking behavior. Rodents are starved for days before starting the test and kept under food restriction for the whole duration of the test. The distress during the testing session is only a minimal part compared to the stress lived outside of the testing session, which is prolonged and continuous. Analogously, liquid rewards commonly rely on a previous water restriction protocol to use thirst as motivation. Animal stress is not only an ethical issue per se, but also an important factor potentially impacting on the reliability and reproducibility of experimental results.
Author: Helen Taylor
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 3382804018
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 726
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medicine
Languages : en
Pages : 908
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Author: Jürgen Osterhammel
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691196478
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 692
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Book Description
During the long eighteenth century, Europe's travelers, scholars, and intellectuals looked to Asia in a spirit of puzzlement, irony, and openness. In this panoramic and colorful book, Jürgen Osterhammel tells the story of the European Enlightenment's nuanced encounter with the great civilizations of the East, from the Ottoman Empire and India to China and Japan. Here is the acclaimed book that challenges the notion that Europe's formative engagement with the non-European world was invariably marred by an imperial gaze and presumptions of Western superiority. Osterhammel shows how major figures such as Leibniz, Voltaire, Gibbon, and Hegel took a keen interest in Asian culture and history, and introduces lesser-known scientific travelers, colonial administrators, Jesuit missionaries, and adventurers who returned home from Asia bearing manuscripts in many exotic languages, huge collections of ethnographic data, and stories that sometimes defied belief. Osterhammel brings the sights and sounds of this tumultuous age vividly to life, from the salons of Paris and the lecture halls of Edinburgh to the deserts of Arabia, the steppes of Siberia, and the sumptuous courts of Asian princes. He demonstrates how Europe discovered its own identity anew by measuring itself against its more senior continent, and how it was only toward the end of this period that cruder forms of Eurocentrism--and condescension toward Asia--prevailed.
Author: Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). Library
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Geography
Languages : en
Pages : 854
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Book Description
