Relationships Between Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency and Yield in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench) PDF Download
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Author: Peter Egwuonwu Odo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 194
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Author: Peter Egwuonwu Odo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 194
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Author: Kamil Rosales Rodriguez
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321384406
Category : Nitrogen fertilizers
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Ground-based active-optical (GBAO) crop sensors have become an effective tool to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency and to predict yield early in the growing season, particularly for grass crops. Commercially available canopy sensors calculate the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) by emitting light in the red and near infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The NDVI is used to evaluate vigor status and to estimate yield potential. However, few studies have been conducted to compare the performance of commercially available sensors. Therefore, a study was conducted using the most common crop canopy sensors: i) N-Tech's GreenSeeker(TM) (GS), ii) Holland Scientific's Crop Circle(TM) (CC), and iii) Minolta's SPAD-502 chlorophyll content meter (CCM). The objective of this study was to find the optimum time for sensing and compare the relative performance of the sensors in estimating the yield potential of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Treatments included six levels of N fertilization (0, 37, 74, 111, 148, and 185 kg N/ ha), applied in a single split 20 days after planting (DAP). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications, in four locations in Arkansas, during 2012 and 2013. Sensors readings at vegetative growth stages V3, 4, 5 and 6. Results from simple regression analysis showed that the V3-V4 growth stage correlated better with grain yield than readings collected and any other time. In season estimated yield (INSEY) obtained at V3 captured 41, 57, 78, and 61% of the variation in grain sorghum yield when red NDVI of GS, red NDVI of CC, red edge for CC and CCM, respectively, were used. Results from these studies suggest that the CC sensor has a better potential for in-season site-specific N application in Arkansas than the GS sensor. The GS reflectance values appear to saturate after the V3 stage, in contrast with CC values that allow for discrimination past the V3 Stage. Therefore, the red edge wavebands of CC appear to be better suited to develop relationships between spectral vegetation indices and agronomic parameters.
Author: H. R. Lafitte
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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Author: Holly S. Weber
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Nitrogen fertilizers play an essential role in agricultural production in Kansas, particularly in row crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). A good portion of the corn and grain sorghum grown in Kansas is typically grown using no-till production systems. These systems leave a large amount of surface residue on the soil surface, which can lead to ammonia volatilization losses from surface applied urea-containing fertilizers and immobilization of N fertilizers placed in contact with the residue. Leaching and denitrification can also be a problem on some soils. Current nitrogen prices, as well as concerns over environmental stewardship, are forcing producers to make smarter choices in the fertilizer products used as well as when and how the materials are applied, to optimize their nitrogen use efficiency. A common practice throughout Kansas is to apply N fertilizers prior to planting, sometimes up to 6 month prior to planting. What affect does this practice have on nitrogen availability to the growing crop? Current Kansas State University (KSU) soil test fertilizer recommendations assume 50% nitrogen use efficiency. This means of every pound of nitrogen applied only half will be utilized by the plant and turned into valuable grain. Possible solutions to help increase nitrogen use efficiency are the use of nitrogen additives which are currently on the market and claim to reduce nitrogen loss through denitrification and volatilization as well as the use of timing and application of fertilizers to further increase nitrogen use efficiency. The objective of this study is to evaluate different N fertilizer products, as well as additives and application practices and determine whether specific combinations can improve yield and N use efficiency of no-till corn and grain sorghum. The long-term goal of this study is to quantify some of these relationships to assist farmers in selecting specific combinations that could enhance yield and profitability. In this study five tools for preventing N loss were examined: fertilizer placement, or placing N below the soil surface or in bands on the residue-covered soil surface to reduce immobilization and/or volatilization; use of a urease inhibitor Agrotain (NBPT) that blocks the urease hydrolysis reaction that converts urea to ammonia and potentially could reduce ammonia volatilization; the use of a commercially available additive, Agrotain Plus, that contains both a nitrification inhibitor (DCD) and a urease inhibitor to slow both urea hydrolysis and the rate of ammonium conversion to nitrate and subsequent denitrification or leaching loss; use of a commercial product NutriSphere-N, which claims urease and nitrification inhibition; and the use of a polyurethane plastic-coated urea to delay release of urea fertilizer until the crop can use it. The ultimate goal of using these practices or products is to increase N uptake by the plant and enhance yield. An important measurement that was developed for this research was the use of a greenleaf firing index which used the number of green leaves below the ear at pollination as a key measurement in determining the effectiveness of fertilizer placement, application method, application timing and the use of nitrogen additives. If significant differences in lower leaf nitrogen stress are found, the potential exists to further develop this index and correlate differences observed with key parameters of nitrogen uptake such as ear-leaf nitrogen concentration, total nitrogen uptake and grain yield. Results observed from this research show that the potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency and reduce nitrogen loss do exist with the use of certain nitrogen additives, application methods and application timing. When conditions are conducive for nitrogen loss the use of currently available tools to protect nitrogen from volatilization, immobilization and/or denitrification loss significantly increased yields in the corn experiments. Results from the grain sorghum research indicate that when N losses limit yield, the use of products and practices enhance yield. In locations where nitrogen loss is minimal or low yields limit nitrogen response, the use of these practices was not found to be helpful.
Author: R.T. Gloria
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Three grain sorghum cultivars were grown in the open field and under seven - and towo-year old rubber trees at there levels of nitrogen fertilizer and plant population density, to determine their performance in both seed and atoon crops in terms of grain yeild and other agronomic characters, quality perameters like protein and total starch content of grains and their effects on stem girth and latex yield of rubber. Comparing the six cultural environments with respect to the parameters evaluated, those grown in the open field and under two-year old rubber trees nanmely, MIT open field seed crop. MIT-open field ratoon crop, Kidapawan-under rubber seed crop and Kidapawan-under rubber ratton crop reduced the number of days to blooming, and gave higher grain and total dry matter yields, 100-grain weight and number of grains per panicle. The same treatments gave higher starch but lower protein content in the grains compared to those grown under seven-year old rubber trees namely. MIT-under rubber seed crop and MIT-under rubber ratoon crop. The u=yield component that was consistently associated with grain yield was number of grains per panicle. Nitrogen treatments increased grain yield, total dry matter yield, plant height, leaf area index and number of grains per panicle. Plant population density reduced leaf size and panicle length in both seed and ratoon crops in all environments. The cultivars showed a wide diversity of performance in different culturtal envivornments. There were as inverse relationships (...).
Author: Russell Charles Muchow
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sorghum
Languages : en
Pages : 59
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![An Evaluation of Grain Sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench] PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/fdqPtwAACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Thomas R. Zweifel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Author: Raad Muhsin Muttar Al-Molla
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 224
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Author: George Yakubu Mahama
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important crop in the semi-arid regions of Africa, Asia and United States. Productivity of grain sorghum is limited by soil fertility, especially nitrogen (N). Sorghum genotypes are known to vary in their response to nitrogen, however, the information on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is limited. The objectives of this research were to (a) determine the response of sorghum genotypes (hybrids and inbred lines) to nitrogen fertilizer (b) quantify genotypic differences in NUE; and (c) determine physiological and morphological basis of NUE. Field experiments were conducted at three locations in Kansas (Hays, Ottawa and Manhattan) during 2010 and 2011. Six hybrids and six inbred lines of grain sorghum were grown with 0, 45 and 90 kg N ha−1. The experimental design was a split-plot design with N regimes as main plots and genotypes as sub-plot, with four replications. Planting was done in May and June across all the locations, and nitrogen fertilizer (Urea, 46% N) was applied at emergence. Data on N concentration in the leaves, stems and grain were determined. NUE and components of N use were computed for Ottawa and Manhattan as follows: Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE): Grain weight / N supplied; Nitrogen utilization efficiency: Grain weight / N total in plant; Nitrogen uptake efficiency: N total in plant / N supplied; Percent fertilizer recovery = [uptake (fertilized plot) N uptake (un- fertilized plot)] / [N applied] x 100; and Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) = Grain N / N total in plant. Where N supplied = Rate of N fertilizer applied + soil N supplied. Growth and yield data were collected at all locations. There were significant effects of genotypes (P
Author: R. Renick. A. Peries
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sorghum
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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