Relating the Sockeye Salmon(Oncorhynchus Nerka) Spawning Migrating Experience with Offspring Fitness PDF Download
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Author: David A. Patterson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sockeye salmon
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Adult Pacific salmon arrive at the Fraser River with a finite supply of energy to allocate between reproductive development and river migration, yet it is unknown if environmental conditions experienced by parents cause energetic trade-offs that ultimately affect offspring fitness. This thesis examined populations of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that differed in their mirgration distance (Weaver - 100 km, Gates - 363 km, and Early Stuart - 1086 km) to assess the hypothesis that migratory stress exerts an intergenerational effect on offspring fitness. When compared among three year classes of Early Stuart sockeye salmon, metrics for ovarian development at six locations along the migration route revealed no evidence of facultative adjustments of either egg number or egg size en route. In contrast, significant interannual variation existed for final ovary mass, egg size and egg number over a 16-year period, with reductions in ovary mass and egg size associated with years of high river discharge rate during the migration. Selection against maternal phenotypes with a high ovarian investment strategy was postulated as a mechanism to reconcile both data sets. Maternal and paternal gamete origin significantly influenced offspring survival. However, egg viability did not correlate with phenotypic variation in maternal energetic condition, osmoregulatory status, reproductive hormonal state, egg composition, stress, or moribund condition. Nevertheless, at the population level, migration severity may have impacted overall egg quality because (a) the two populations that experienced more severe migration conditions in 1999 and 2000 had the lowest overall embryo survival (Gates = 77%; Early Stuart = 81%; Weaver = 94%; - artifical fertilizations), and (b) a poor maternal condition (using pre-spawn mortality as surrogate of poor condition and adverse migration conditions) was positively correlated with low egg to fry survival in Early Stuart sockeye salmon over a 15 year period. Given that changes in egg size and the number of surviving offspring associated with parental influences are clear examples of intergenerational effects in sockeye salmon, the weight of evidence suggests that migratory stress associated with the parental spawning migration can contribute to an alteration in intergenerational gene flow and offspring size.
Author: David A. Patterson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sockeye salmon
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Adult Pacific salmon arrive at the Fraser River with a finite supply of energy to allocate between reproductive development and river migration, yet it is unknown if environmental conditions experienced by parents cause energetic trade-offs that ultimately affect offspring fitness. This thesis examined populations of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that differed in their mirgration distance (Weaver - 100 km, Gates - 363 km, and Early Stuart - 1086 km) to assess the hypothesis that migratory stress exerts an intergenerational effect on offspring fitness. When compared among three year classes of Early Stuart sockeye salmon, metrics for ovarian development at six locations along the migration route revealed no evidence of facultative adjustments of either egg number or egg size en route. In contrast, significant interannual variation existed for final ovary mass, egg size and egg number over a 16-year period, with reductions in ovary mass and egg size associated with years of high river discharge rate during the migration. Selection against maternal phenotypes with a high ovarian investment strategy was postulated as a mechanism to reconcile both data sets. Maternal and paternal gamete origin significantly influenced offspring survival. However, egg viability did not correlate with phenotypic variation in maternal energetic condition, osmoregulatory status, reproductive hormonal state, egg composition, stress, or moribund condition. Nevertheless, at the population level, migration severity may have impacted overall egg quality because (a) the two populations that experienced more severe migration conditions in 1999 and 2000 had the lowest overall embryo survival (Gates = 77%; Early Stuart = 81%; Weaver = 94%; - artifical fertilizations), and (b) a poor maternal condition (using pre-spawn mortality as surrogate of poor condition and adverse migration conditions) was positively correlated with low egg to fry survival in Early Stuart sockeye salmon over a 15 year period. Given that changes in egg size and the number of surviving offspring associated with parental influences are clear examples of intergenerational effects in sockeye salmon, the weight of evidence suggests that migratory stress associated with the parental spawning migration can contribute to an alteration in intergenerational gene flow and offspring size.
Author: Douglas Clifford James Braun
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fish populations
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Processes linking the environment and life histories are central to our understanding of population dynamics. This thesis combines life history theory and environmental variation to explain recruitment dynamics among populations in Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). I first explore relationships between spawning stream characteristics and spawning densities and show that streams with more cover have higher spawning densities. Next, I use a 21-year time series for three of these populations to explore hypotheses about how maternal life history traits and migration conditions, experienced during upstream migrations to their spawning grounds, influence reproductive investment. Maternal body size is strongly linked to total reproductive investment and both egg mass and fecundity; however, migration difficulty only influences egg mass and not fecundity. Using the same dataset, I show that egg mass and incubation temperatures influence juvenile fitness-related traits including length, mass and emergence timing. The main finding from these analyses, that warmer incubation temperatures result in lighter juveniles that emerge earlier, led to hypotheses about how incubation temperature might select for egg size among populations. I tested these hypotheses by comparing 16 populations and confirmed the prediction that in streams with warmer water, fish would produce heavier eggs. I then asked if these same maternal traits and environmental conditions would relate to adult recruitment dynamics. Populations spawning in streams with deeper water had higher maximum population growth rates and less variable recruitment. In addition, populations in streams with larger gravel exhibited stronger density-dependence. Finally, I develop a novel framework for evaluating how habitat data, combined with the cost of collecting such information, can be used in developing cost-effective surveys. I demonstrate this general framework with a simple example using the relationships between stream characteristics and sockeye densities, considering the costs and effectiveness of stream variables. Overall, this demonstration of the joint role of maternal traits and environmental conditions in recruitment dynamics supports the potential use of such variables as indicators of population dynamics in the absence of long-term demographic data. Furthermore, it supports the development of cost-effective surveys, which is important as human impacts on populations increase, and as monitoring resources decline.
Author: Samuel Alexander May
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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The life histories of migratory species such as salmonids, sea turtles, and birds often involve return migrations between feeding and natal habitats. These natal homing behaviors are known to produce structured metapopulations, where geographic and demographic barriers result in non-random mating among many locally adapted subpopulations. The resulting spatial and temporal diversity across heterogeneous landscapes can buffer metapopulations against disruptive events that influence any one subunit. Dispersal and gene flow within and between subpopulations can reduce fitness losses due to inbreeding depression, influence rates of adaptation, and facilitate colonization or recolonization of newly available habitat. However, an understudied aspect of metapopulation biology is the influence of biotic and abiotic factors that lead to genetic structure within and between subpopulations, and the effects of this structure on fitness. Therefore, the overall goal of this thesis was to investigate how environmental, behavioral, and life-history variation might influence dispersal, population structure, and fitness within and between subpopulations. To accomplish this goal, dispersal within and between two proximate stream-spawning populations of Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): A and C Creeks on the Wood River System, Bristol Bay, AK was studied over two complete generations of returning adults. First, a panel of 172 SNP loci was developed (genotyping-in-thousands by sequencing; Chapter One) and used to reconstruct a pedigree from fish returning over a 14-year period, and to identify dispersers between the two populations. Second, we investigated the drivers and fitness consequences of dispersal between A and C Creeks and found that return timing to spawning grounds and within-season variation in predation and population density influenced dispersal between the two populations (Chapter Two). Fitness consequences of dispersal depended on the direction dispersers moved; moving from A to C increased absolute fitness of dispersers (compared to individuals in their natal population) but decreased their relative fitness (compared to individuals in their new spawning population), while moving from C to A decreased absolute fitness but increased relative fitness. From these results, we concluded that dispersal was an active process in response to environmental cues and that gene flow was affected by habitat differences and within-season variation in ecological processes. Third, we aimed to examine the extent, drivers, and fitness consequences of population structure within the two streams. To achieve this aim, we quantified the scale of structure, the effect of natal homing on structure, and the fitness outcomes of homing to, and dispersing from natal sites (Chapter Three). Both spatial and temporal genetic structure was evident within both streams, and this structure was partly explained by adults returning to the same place and at the same time as they were fertilized as eggs. In addition, phenotypes of body size and return timing were spatially segregated within the creeks. In one of the two creeks, adults returning to spawn near natal sites had greater fitness. Taken together, we concluded that these findings provided empirical evidence for how natal homing and heterogeneous habitat may lead to assortative mating systems and possible microgeographic adaptation on very small spatial and temporal scales. In other words, natal homing and dispersal within populations may result in genetic or phenotypic neighborhoods and affect fitness. Finally, we discuss the utility of these findings for predicting responses of natural populations to future environmental and anthropogenic changes such as harvest, climate change, and supportive breeding.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aquatic sciences
Languages : en
Pages : 774
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Author: Molly T. McGlauflin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fish populations
Languages : en
Pages : 100
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Author: Daniel E. Eastman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fish communities
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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"The migration patterns, food habits and the overall body condition of resident fish populations were characterized with particular reference to spawning activity of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Wood River lake system, AK. Juvenile and adult char (Salvelinus sp.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) moved into three of the four small study streams as salmon began to spawn, consumed large quantities of salmon eggs and other salmon-derived food items, and in most cases grew significantly (in weight) throughout the summer. Tag-recapture results indicated that rainbow trout, char and Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) were moving substantially within the streams and that trout and grayling were migrating between streams (2.7-3.9 km) within the lake. Prior to salmon spawning, stomachs contained only small aquatic and terrestrial insects and, most fish were visibly emaciated. In Pick Creek salmon-derived food items dominated (>90% by weight) the diets of most fish for more than a month, with some individuals' stomachs containing more than 1,000 salmon eggs. During this time period, most species in the four streams were significantly heavier due to a combination of increased food consumption and growth. There were also costs associated with feeding in these small streams, as was evidenced by the high frequency of wounds inflicted upon resident fish by aggressive, spawning salmon. Grayling preyed primarily upon aquatic insects and did not exhibit significant growth throughout the salmon spawning season. Salmon-derived resources promote summer growth in those species which capitalize on their seasonal availability and may enhance survival in Arctic regions where the summer growth period is short and winter is severe"--Author's abstract.
Author: Robert J. Ellis
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9780666204707
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Excerpt from Distribution, Abundance, and Growth of Juvenile Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus Nerka, and Associated Species in the Naknek River System, 1961-64 Mean number of age 0 and age I sockeye salmon taken in Naknek River system, August 1961-64. Relative abundance of spawning grounds and average catch per unit of effort of age 0 sockeye salmon in July 1961-63 in lakes of the Naknek River system. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Christine L. Madliger
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0198843615
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 361
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Book Description
Conservation physiology is a rapidly expanding, multidisciplinary field that utilizes physiological knowledge and tools to understand and solve conservation challenges. This novel text provides the first consolidated overview of its scope, purpose, and applications, with a focus on wildlife. It outlines the major avenues and advances by which conservation physiology is contributing to the monitoring, management, and restoration of wild animal populations. This book also defines opportunities for further growth in the field and identifies critical areas for future investigation. By using a series of global case studies, contributors illustrate how approaches from the conservation physiology toolbox can tackle a diverse range of conservation issues including the monitoring of environmental stress, predicting the impact of climate change, understanding disease dynamics, improving captive breeding, and reducing human-wildlife conflict. Moreover, by acting as practical road maps across a diversity of sub-disciplines, these case studies serve to increase the accessibility of this discipline to new researchers. The diversity of taxa, biological scales, and ecosystems highlighted illustrate the far-reaching nature of the discipline and allow readers to gain an appreciation for the purpose, value, applicability, and status of the field of conservation physiology. Conservation Physiology is an accessible supplementary textbook suitable for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners in the fields of conservation science, eco-physiology, evolutionary and comparative physiology, natural resources management, ecosystem health, veterinary medicine, animal physiology, and ecology.
Author: Evgeniĭ Mikhaĭlovich Krokhin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fisheries
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Author: Douglas Paul Peterson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Benthic animals
Languages : en
Pages : 114
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