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Author: R. John Solaro
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN: 1615041745
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 47
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Book Description
Contractility describes the relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure) and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV). Various measures of contractility are related to the fraction as the SV/EDV or the ejection fraction, and the dynamics of ejection as determined from maximum pressure rise in the ventricles or arteries or from aortic flow velocities determined by echocardiography. At the cellular level, the ultimate determinant of contractility is the relative tension generation and shortening capability of the molecular motors (myosin cross-bridges) of the sarcomeres as determined by the rates and extent of Ca activation, the turnover kinetics of the cross-bridges, and the relative Ca responsiveness of the sarcomeres. Engagement of the regulatory signaling cascades controlling contractility occurs with occupancy and signal transduction by receptors for neurohumors of the autonomic nervous system as well as growth and stress signaling pathways. Contractility is also determined by the prevailing conditions of pH, temperature, and redox state. Short-term control of contractility is fully expressed during exercise. In long-term responses to stresses on the heart, contractility is modified by cellular remodeling and altered signaling that may compensate for a time but which ultimately may fail, leading to disorders. Table of Contents: Introduction: Contractility and the Integrative Biology of the Myocardium / Control of Contractility Is at the Cellular Level of Organization / Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Pressure, Ejection, and Relaxation Reflect Sarcomeric Mechanical Properties / Integration of Sarcomere Mechanics with Cardiac Function Clarifies the Meaning of Preload, Afterload, and Contractility / Pressure Volume Loops Provide a Quantification of Contractility / Phosphorylations of Regulatory Proteins in Excitation Contraction Coupling Modify Contractility by Controlling Cellular Ca + Fluxes, the Response of the Myofilaments to Ca +, and the Kinetics of the Cross-Bridge Cycle / Contractility May Be Altered by a Variety of Mechanisms Not Involving a Prominent Role for the Autonomic Nervous System / Cardiac Function Curves Provide a Compact Graphical Representation of Regulation of CO and SV / Heart Failure as a Failure of Contractility / References
Author: R. John Solaro
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN: 1615041745
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 47
Get Book Here
Book Description
Contractility describes the relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure) and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV). Various measures of contractility are related to the fraction as the SV/EDV or the ejection fraction, and the dynamics of ejection as determined from maximum pressure rise in the ventricles or arteries or from aortic flow velocities determined by echocardiography. At the cellular level, the ultimate determinant of contractility is the relative tension generation and shortening capability of the molecular motors (myosin cross-bridges) of the sarcomeres as determined by the rates and extent of Ca activation, the turnover kinetics of the cross-bridges, and the relative Ca responsiveness of the sarcomeres. Engagement of the regulatory signaling cascades controlling contractility occurs with occupancy and signal transduction by receptors for neurohumors of the autonomic nervous system as well as growth and stress signaling pathways. Contractility is also determined by the prevailing conditions of pH, temperature, and redox state. Short-term control of contractility is fully expressed during exercise. In long-term responses to stresses on the heart, contractility is modified by cellular remodeling and altered signaling that may compensate for a time but which ultimately may fail, leading to disorders. Table of Contents: Introduction: Contractility and the Integrative Biology of the Myocardium / Control of Contractility Is at the Cellular Level of Organization / Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Pressure, Ejection, and Relaxation Reflect Sarcomeric Mechanical Properties / Integration of Sarcomere Mechanics with Cardiac Function Clarifies the Meaning of Preload, Afterload, and Contractility / Pressure Volume Loops Provide a Quantification of Contractility / Phosphorylations of Regulatory Proteins in Excitation Contraction Coupling Modify Contractility by Controlling Cellular Ca + Fluxes, the Response of the Myofilaments to Ca +, and the Kinetics of the Cross-Bridge Cycle / Contractility May Be Altered by a Variety of Mechanisms Not Involving a Prominent Role for the Autonomic Nervous System / Cardiac Function Curves Provide a Compact Graphical Representation of Regulation of CO and SV / Heart Failure as a Failure of Contractility / References
Author: S. Sideman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400949928
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
The ultrasound velocity tomography allows measurement of cardiac geometries for various phases in the cardiac cycle. The present tomograph makes reconstruc tions at intervals of 20 ms. Because of a lack of clear (intramural) landmarks (except the roots of the papillairy muscle), it is difficult to pinpoint spatial trajectories of particular points in the heart. Therefore, a second method was developed of injecting radiopaque markers in the heart and following their motion patterns during the cardiac cycle with help of a biplane X-ray equipment. The data obtained with both methods can be implemented in our finite element model of the heart to compute intramural stresses and strains. The results obtained sofar with the extended Darcy equation to account for the interaction of blood rheology and tissue mechanics look promising. Further testing with more sophisticated subjects than mentioned in Figure 9 is required before it will be implemented in our finite element model of the heart. We conclude that analysis of regional cardiac function, including regional myocardial blood flow, requires still a major research effort but the results obtained sofar justify, to our opinion, a continuation in this direction. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Dr. C. Borst and coworkers for doing the animal experiments and prof. Van Campen and dr. Grootenboer for their participation is some aspects of this work.
Author: Michitoshi Inoue
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 4431683674
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 330
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Book Description
Research centering on blood flow in the heart continues to hold an important position, especially since a better understanding of the subject may help reduce the incidence of coronary arterial disease and heart attacks. This book summarizes recent advances in the field; it is the product of fruitful cooperation among international scientists who met in Japan in May, 1990 to discuss the regulation of coronary blood flow.
Author: David Chambers
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108463991
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 469
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Book Description
Easily understood, up-to-date and clinically relevant, this book provides junior anaesthetists with an essential physiology resource.
Author: J. Gordon Betts
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781947172807
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Albert Dahan
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401151296
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 230
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Book Description
On 15 November 1997, the first international symposium "Neural and Chemical Control of Breathing: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects" was held at Leiden University Medical Center on the occasion of the retirement of one of the members of the Control of Breathing Research Group of the Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology, Dr. Aad Berkenbosch. Among others, Dr. Berkenbosch, played an important role in this research group, which made a large and significant contribution to scientific research on the regulation of breathing. This book presents the proceedings of that meeting together with papers of several authors who have strong bonds with the Leiden Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology. All studies represent state of the art work on the subject of respiratory control and cardiovascular medicine, with emphasis on the physiological, pharmacological and anesthesiological aspects of both fields. The book is divided in several sections: Oxygen Physiology. Prof. John Severinghaus presents among other things his ideas on oxygen sensing and high altitude related diseases. Prof. Honda gives results from studies in a unique set of subjects without carotid bodies. The findings of Honda's group support the idea that an intact hypoxic drive from the carotid bodies is necessary for the generation of central hypoxic depression. Dr. Hans van Beek discusses the effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on cardiac contractility in animal models. Prof. Oeseburg demonstrates the feasibility of Near Infra Red Oximetry for monitoring tissue oxygenation in patients. Central Chemoreception.
Author: H. Edward Durham, Jr.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0813813530
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 504
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Book Description
Cardiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses is a comprehensive resource for veterinary technicians and nurses working with cardiovascular patients in veterinary practice. Offers a complete reference to veterinary cardiology targeted at veterinary technicians and nurses, summarizing fundamental knowledge on cardiovascular disease Covers dogs, cats, horses, ruminants, and camelids Provides information ranging from introductory to advanced for a thorough guide to cardiac conditions Presents detailed procedures for common cardiac catheterization techniques, including supplies required Includes photographs and illustrations to depict the concepts described
Author: Lionel H. Opie
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 672
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Book Description
Clinical cardiac physiology for residents and practitioners. Halftone and color illustrations and tables.
Author: Jonathan H. Mackay
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521196857
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Since the publication of the first edition of Core Topics in Cardiac Anaesthesia, the clinical landscape has undergone significant change. Recent developments include the increased use of electrophysiology, the resurgence of primary percutaneous intervention in acute coronary syndromes, the use of percutaneous devices in patients previously considered inoperable, and the withdrawal of aprotinin. Against this landscape, this invaluable resource has been fully updated. New chapters are dedicated to right heart valves, pulmonary vascular disease, cardiac tumours and cardiac trauma. All other chapters have been updated according to the latest international guidelines. Written and edited by an international author team with a wealth of expertise in all aspects of the perioperative care of cardiac patients, topics are presented in an easy to digest and a readily accessible manner. Core Topics in Cardiac Anaesthesia, Second Edition is essential reading for residents and fellows in anaesthesia and cardiac surgery and clinical perfusionists.
Author: Cesare Terracciano
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030242196
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 239
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Book Description
This textbook introduces readers to the scientific basics of cardiovascular medicine and biology. It covers not only developmental but also cellular and molecular aspects of normally functioning vasculature and the heart; importantly, it also addresses the mechanisms leading to and involved in specific cardiovascular diseases. Though the main emphasis is on novel therapies and potential therapeutic targets, specific controversial topics like cardiac remodeling and regenerative capacities are also addressed. All chapters were written by lecturers from the Imperial College London, in collaboration with their students from the College’s BSc Programme in Medical Sciences with Cardiovascular Science. Bridging the gap between clinics and basic biology, the book offers a valuable guide for medical students, and for Master and PhD students in Cardiovascular Biomedicine.
