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Author: Shuai Zhang
Publisher: OAE Publishing Inc.
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 35
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Book Description
Water shortage is an increasing threat to humankind. Porous sorbent assisted atmospheric water harvesting (psaAWH) has emerged as an effective technological countermeasure. In this review, we summarize the types of porous adsorbents used in psaAWH and provide an overview of their states of development. The water adsorption mechanism and the processes associated with each material are analyzed, and the application prospects of the adsorbents are evaluated. The effect of the inherent properties (pore size, functional group, etc.) of the adsorbent on the water harvesting performance is also discussed. Further, we focus on the water adsorption/desorption kinetics of the adsorbents and outline various methods to improve the kinetics. At this stage, there are many strategies for improving the kinetics of the adsorbent, which in turn influences the adsorption process and intra/inter-crystalline diffusion. However, there is still limited research on the transport of water molecules in microporous adsorbents for psaAWH. Thus, this aspect is re-examined herein from a new perspective (superfluidity) in the review. Based on the discussion, we can reasonably infer that water molecule superfluidity can exist in nanoconfined channels, thus promoting the rapid transport of water molecules. The formation of water superfluidity is a feasible strategy for improving the intracrystalline diffusion of the psaAWH adsorbent. Finally, we consider the future developments and challenges of psaAWH in detail. We think this review can serve as a guide for further research in this ever-expanding field.
Author: Shuai Zhang
Publisher: OAE Publishing Inc.
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 35
Get Book Here
Book Description
Water shortage is an increasing threat to humankind. Porous sorbent assisted atmospheric water harvesting (psaAWH) has emerged as an effective technological countermeasure. In this review, we summarize the types of porous adsorbents used in psaAWH and provide an overview of their states of development. The water adsorption mechanism and the processes associated with each material are analyzed, and the application prospects of the adsorbents are evaluated. The effect of the inherent properties (pore size, functional group, etc.) of the adsorbent on the water harvesting performance is also discussed. Further, we focus on the water adsorption/desorption kinetics of the adsorbents and outline various methods to improve the kinetics. At this stage, there are many strategies for improving the kinetics of the adsorbent, which in turn influences the adsorption process and intra/inter-crystalline diffusion. However, there is still limited research on the transport of water molecules in microporous adsorbents for psaAWH. Thus, this aspect is re-examined herein from a new perspective (superfluidity) in the review. Based on the discussion, we can reasonably infer that water molecule superfluidity can exist in nanoconfined channels, thus promoting the rapid transport of water molecules. The formation of water superfluidity is a feasible strategy for improving the intracrystalline diffusion of the psaAWH adsorbent. Finally, we consider the future developments and challenges of psaAWH in detail. We think this review can serve as a guide for further research in this ever-expanding field.
Author: Grégorio Crini
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319921622
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 410
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Book Description
This is the second volume on adsorption using green adsorbents and is written by international contributors who are the leading experts in the adsorption field. Together with the first volume they show a typical selection of green materials used in wastewater treatment, with emphasis on industrial effluents. This second volume focuses on innovative materials. It presents hemp-based materials for metal removal, and the use of leaves for metal removal. It describes the biosorption of metals and metalloids on various materials and discusses the recent advances in cellulose-based adsorbents used in environmental purposes. Furthermore, activated carbons from food wastes, aerogels and bones, and municipal solid waste biochar as efficient materials for pollutant removal, respectively are reviewed as well as biosorption of dyes onto microbial biosorbents and the use of mushroom biomass to remove pollutants are looked at. The volume also includes detailed review of green adsorbents for removal of antibiotics, pesticides and endocrine disruptors and the use of pillared interlayered clays as innovative materials for pollutant removal. Finally, the use of green adsorbents for radioactive pollutant removal from natural water is discussed. The audience for this book includes students, environmentalists, engineers, water scientists, civil and industrial personnel who wish to specialize in adsorption technology. Academically, this book will be of use to students in chemical and environmental engineering who wish to learn about adsorption and its fundamentals. It has also been compiled for practicing engineers who wish to know about recent developments on adsorbent materials in order to promote further research toward improving and developing newer adsorbents and processes for the efficient removal of pollutants from industrial effluents. It is hoped that the book will serve as a readable and useful presentation not only for undergraduate and postgraduate students but also for the water scientists and engineers and as a convenient reference handbook in the form of numerous recent examples and appended information.
Author: José Paulo Mota
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402068034
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 201
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Book Description
The purpose of the Workshop was to share knowledge on the latest advances on adsorption processes for environmental security and protection, as well as to disseminate the main results and achievements of recent NATO Science-for-Peace projects on environmental security and protection. This volume provides a comprehensive report on adsorption and colloids phenomena, carbon materials and adsorbents for various industrial applications, ecological safety and antiterrorism.
Author: Muhammad Sultan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Nowadays, atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) became very essential to provide fresh potable water. This technique is in practice since 1900 (US661944A) by Edger S. Belden. Atmospheric water is a source of freshwater with 13000 trillion liters availability of water at any time and can be utilized in overcoming water shortage, especially in arid and rural areas. It holds up the water molecules in the form of vapors and accounts for adding 10% of all freshwater present on the earth. Mainly, the two most common methods have been used for the extraction of atmospheric water. First, the ambient air is cooled below the dew point temperature, and second in which the moisture in atmospheric air is adsorbed/absorbed using desiccant materials. Conventional vapor compression, thermoelectric cooling, dew, and fog water harvesting based systems/technologies possess some limits in terms of energy requirements, less efficiency, and high cost. However, the adsorption based AWH technology is relatively cheaper, environment friendly, and can be operated by a low-grade thermal energy source. The limited availability of commercial instruments to harvest atmospheric water using adsorbents indicates a lack of fundamental studies. The fundamental research on water adsorption, adsorption kinetics, regeneration conditions, and water collecting surface designs has not gained as much interest as required in the field of atmospheric water harvesting. In this regard, this book chapter discusses and presents the progress in the field of adsorbent materials and system designs along with the future directions to accelerate the commercialization of this technology.
Author: Wenxian Liu
Publisher: OAE Publishing Inc.
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
Overall water splitting is considered as an effective technique for hydrogen (H2) production; however, it usually requires large operating voltage mainly due to the high equilibrium potential of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Replacing OER with energy-saving anode reactions not only reduces the operating voltage for H2 production but also generates high-value-added chemicals or purifies wastewater. This review article provides an overview of the fundamental reaction principles of overall water splitting and typical energy-saving alternative anode reactions, including methanol oxidation, hydrazine oxidation, and urea oxidation reactions. Then, the preparation methods, regulation strategies, and composition/structure-performance relations of advanced catalysts for these energy-efficient H2 generation technologies are discussed. Finally, we propose the underlying challenges and perspectives for this promising field.
Author: Alina Dale LaPotin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 72
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Book Description
Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is the capture and collection of water that is present in the air either as vapor or small water droplets. Adsorption-based AWH uses adsorbent materials to collect water vapor from the air, the advantage being that the adsorbents can be regenerated by low-grade thermal sources, and condensation can occur at ambient temperatures. It has the potential to be more widely applicable to areas which are facing water scarcity because it can operate in areas with consistently low relative humidity (RH), where traditional approaches such as dewing and fog harvesting aren't feasible. Previous work in this area has demonstrated AWH driven by direct solar heating in low RH conditions (10 - 40%). However, water harvesting productivity, LMD (liters of water harvested per square meter solar receiver area per day), of these devices is limited by vapor transport in packed adsorbent layers, which severely limits adsorbent layer thickness. Additionally, the heat flux which must be rejected at the condenser is significant and consists of both heat conducted through the device and the latent heat of condensation. In this thesis, we present a new configuration for a solar-thermal adsorption-based AWH device which uses two stages (TS-AWH) to increase the LMD over single-stage devices. The TS-AWH device uses the latent heat of condensation from the top stage as well as a temperature gradient between the stages to drive desorption of the bottom stage. This configuration provides greater utilization of the solar energy received at the absorber, recycling of the latent heat, and takes full advantage of the temperature difference between the solar absorber and the condenser. We present our framework for modeling heat and mass transport in adsorbent layers and use this model to design layers which can be incorporated in AWH systems for passive operation on a daily cycle. We developed a model of the TS-AWH system which predicts that both layers can be desorbed under unconcentrated sunlight. We used AQSOA zeolites ZO1 and Z02 for the adsorbents and our characterizations showed that they exhibit favorable properties for AWH, including fast intracrystalline kinetics. Based on insight gained from parametric studies of the effect of geometric parameters on LMD, we built and tested a prototype using ZO1 in outdoor water harvesting experiments on the MIT roof, where we showed solar-driven regeneration using unconcentrated sunlight. We demonstrated the validity of the TS-AWH concept by achieving a higher LMD than the maximum performance of a single-stage device, showing the promise of using TS-AWH to increase the performance of solar-thermal adsorption-based AWH systems. Our device demonstrates progress towards scaling up solar-thermal AWHs, as we harvested 80x more water than our previous device under similar, unconcentrated solar flux conditions.
Author: Omar M. Yaghi
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527821104
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 684
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Book Description
A concise introduction to the chemistry and design principles behind important metal-organic frameworks and related porous materials Reticular chemistry has been applied to synthesize new classes of porous materials that are successfully used for myraid applications in areas such as gas separation, catalysis, energy, and electronics. Introduction to Reticular Chemistry gives an unique overview of the principles of the chemistry behind metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). Written by one of the pioneers in the field, this book covers all important aspects of reticular chemistry, including design and synthesis, properties and characterization, as well as current and future applications Designed to be an accessible resource, the book is written in an easy-to-understand style. It includes an extensive bibliography, and offers figures and videos of crystal structures that are available as an electronic supplement. Introduction to Reticular Chemistry: -Describes the underlying principles and design elements for the synthesis of important metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and related materials -Discusses both real-life and future applications in various fields, such as clean energy and water adsorption -Offers all graphic material on a companion website -Provides first-hand knowledge by Omar Yaghi, one of the pioneers in the field, and his team. Aimed at graduate students in chemistry, structural chemists, inorganic chemists, organic chemists, catalytic chemists, and others, Introduction to Reticular Chemistry is a groundbreaking book that explores the chemistry principles and applications of MOFs, COFs, and ZIFs.
Author: Luis Santos Pereira
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402095791
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 385
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Book Description
One of the main problems confronting the world of the 21st Century is a shortage of water. There is already severe scarcity in many regions of the world, causing tremendous problems for local populations and indeed entire societies. There is insufficient water available for the production of food to alleviate poverty and starvation; the lack of water hampers industrial, urban and tourism development, forcing restrictions on other sectors, especially agriculture; health problems arise as the deterioration of ground and surface waters favours water-borne diseases, which flourish in the absence of decent water distribution and sewerage systems. Water conflicts still arise in areas under stress, while water for nature has become a vanishing priority in such zones. This book is a guide to the establishment of regional and/or local guidelines for developing and implementing new ideas for coping with water scarcity. The basic premise underlying the book is that water scarcity will persist, so personal, human and society-wide skills will be needed to cope with it while living in harmony with the necessary environmental constraints. The book provides basic information to assist decision makers, water managers, engineers, agronomists, social scientists and other professions (and their students) in formulating coherent, hopefully harmonious and consolidated views on the issue. Guidelines are also given for introducing the general public to the concept of water scarcity and how to deal with it.
Author: Cody L. Jacobucci
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 96
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Book Description
Adsorption systems have a wide range of applications that sit at the forefront of challenges presented by climate change, spanning direct air carbon capture, to atmospheric water harvesting, to thermal energy storage. Decades of research and development have led to the optimization of adsorption materials to customize them for a specific application by tailoring their affinity for particular molecules, among other properties. The rapid discovery and development of new metal organic frameworks (MOF), a class of materials that prove to be more customizable than more traditional adsorbents such as zeolites and silica gel, offer promise for sorption systems to be further enhanced. However, the practical design of these systems for climate control and atmospheric water harvesting has yet to be perfected. Adsorption systems need to balance many factors to be successful for a given objective, weighing the kinetics of a given process against the device mass and volume for a variety of operational conditions. This thesis aims to elucidate design principles and optimization guidelines to facilitate the design and analysis of future sorption systems that are general enough to grow with the field as material and manufacturing capabilities expand. In this work, we describe the theoretical model used to design and optimize a waste heat driven air conditioning system for an internal combustion engine vehicle. The proposed device has a tube and fin architecture, where each fin has copper foam brazed to it to serve as a porous, conductive scaffold for the deposition of AQSOA Z02. The device will use the waste heat from the engine coolant at 90°C for desorption, and produce 1.5 kW cooling power over a 400 second cycle. The proposed design met all of the specifications proposed by Ford for automotive air conditioning systems, marking a significant milestone for the deployment of adsorption-based cooling for portable cooling applications. The design optimization process is repeated to produce a 1:10 scale prototype delivering an average cooling power of 150 W, which is currently under fabrication. In order to validate our model, we conducted a series of adsorbent coating characterizations in a custom adsorption bed simulator. We found good agreement with the model for traditional immersion drying fabrication techniques. We also propose a new boiling assisted channel templating (BACT) method to facilitate better vapor transport through the coatings to increase the potential cooling power via enhanced adsorption kinetics, reduce material waste, and decrease required fabrication time. This resulted in a performance of a specific cooling power of 1875 W/kg Z02 for a 120 second cycle- a record high number for Z02 under these operating conditions. Preliminary analysis suggests it would enable a system level specific cooling power of 375 W/kg of the entire adsorbent bed, compared to our previously proposed design with a specific cooling power of 200 W/kg. In the final chapter, we will review the lessons learned from this work and describe the next steps that we think are essential in translating adsorption technology out of the lab and into real devices for adsorption driven cooling. We also provide recommendations as to how this framework can easily be applied to other adsorption systems, such as atmospheric water harvesting, and next steps for enhancing the performance of BACT samples.
Author: Fiaz Ahmad
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1838819215
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 538
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Book Description
Food security is one of the primary themes of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. In this regard, agricultural engineering is considered the backbone of agriculture, and agricultural mechanization is considered a helpful way to enhance crop yield and farmers’ profitability. Technology in Agriculture presents research in the field of agricultural engineering technologies and applications in agricultural equipment engineering, biosystem engineering, energy systems engineering, and computers in agriculture. It provides an overview of recent advancements in agricultural engineering and examines key aspects of emerging technologies and their applications. In addition, the book explores modern methodologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning for agricultural mechanization.
