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Author: Anonym
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3656094055
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 65
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: -, -, language: English, abstract: Almost twenty years after Deng Xiaoping stated: 'There is oil in the Middle East, but there is rare earth in China, ' the country controls the REE global supply almost solely. Recent Chinese policies of raising taxes and cutting export quotas combined with its temporary ban on REE exports led not only to steadily increasing prices. Most notably it created uncertainty among companies producing outside Chine whether they will be able to get sufficient amounts of REE in the future and how much this is going to cost. Because it will take several years until Western mining capacities meet Western companies' demand, some manufacturers in need of REE have already started to relocate their factories to China. Beijing claims that their policies are dedicated to tackle environmental problems which have been caused by mining REE. However, taken into account that Beijing policies also require Chinese partners for foreign companies that operate within China, Western companies that relocate their facilities may risk handing over knowledge to future competitors. Aware of the consequences that Beijing's new fondness for environmental issues brings, governments and companies especially in Japan, the U.S. and Europe try to find ways to decrease their dependencies. This report examines factors that led to China's dominance on the REE market today and presents some counteractions which governments and companies in Japan, the U.S. and Europe have introduced to mitigate this situation. The two principal findings of this report are: first, because Western mining companies will need time to meet their companies' demand, the current situation is going to sustain for at least a few more years to come; and second, although China runs the risk of selling off its REE resources abroad which it needs for its own economy at home, it may benefit from the technology trans
Author: Anonym
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3656094055
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 65
Get Book Here
Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: -, -, language: English, abstract: Almost twenty years after Deng Xiaoping stated: 'There is oil in the Middle East, but there is rare earth in China, ' the country controls the REE global supply almost solely. Recent Chinese policies of raising taxes and cutting export quotas combined with its temporary ban on REE exports led not only to steadily increasing prices. Most notably it created uncertainty among companies producing outside Chine whether they will be able to get sufficient amounts of REE in the future and how much this is going to cost. Because it will take several years until Western mining capacities meet Western companies' demand, some manufacturers in need of REE have already started to relocate their factories to China. Beijing claims that their policies are dedicated to tackle environmental problems which have been caused by mining REE. However, taken into account that Beijing policies also require Chinese partners for foreign companies that operate within China, Western companies that relocate their facilities may risk handing over knowledge to future competitors. Aware of the consequences that Beijing's new fondness for environmental issues brings, governments and companies especially in Japan, the U.S. and Europe try to find ways to decrease their dependencies. This report examines factors that led to China's dominance on the REE market today and presents some counteractions which governments and companies in Japan, the U.S. and Europe have introduced to mitigate this situation. The two principal findings of this report are: first, because Western mining companies will need time to meet their companies' demand, the current situation is going to sustain for at least a few more years to come; and second, although China runs the risk of selling off its REE resources abroad which it needs for its own economy at home, it may benefit from the technology trans
Author:
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3656094322
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, , language: English, abstract: Almost twenty years after Deng Xiaoping stated: ‘There is oil in the Middle East, but there is rare earth in China,’ the country controls the REE global supply almost solely. Recent Chinese policies of raising taxes and cutting export quotas combined with its temporary ban on REE exports led not only to steadily increasing prices. Most notably it created uncertainty among companies producing outside Chine whether they will be able to get sufficient amounts of REE in the future and how much this is going to cost. Because it will take several years until Western mining capacities meet Western companies’ demand, some manufacturers in need of REE have already started to relocate their factories to China. Beijing claims that their policies are dedicated to tackle environmental problems which have been caused by mining REE. However, taken into account that Beijing policies also require Chinese partners for foreign companies that operate within China, Western companies that relocate their facilities may risk handing over knowledge to future competitors. Aware of the consequences that Beijing’s new fondness for environmental issues brings, governments and companies especially in Japan, the U.S. and Europe try to find ways to decrease their dependencies. This report examines factors that led to China’s dominance on the REE market today and presents some counteractions which governments and companies in Japan, the U.S. and Europe have introduced to mitigate this situation. The two principal findings of this report are: first, because Western mining companies will need time to meet their companies’ demand, the current situation is going to sustain for at least a few more years to come; and second, although China runs the risk of selling off its REE resources abroad which it needs for its own economy at home, it may benefit from the technology transfer in the long run.
Author: Wayne M. Morrison
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781481849210
Category : China
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Over the past few years, the Chinese government has implemented a number of policies to tighten its control over the production and export of "rare earths"-a unique group of 17 metal elements on the periodic table that exhibit a range of special properties, such as magnetism, luminescence, and strength. Rare earths are important to a number of high technology industries, including renewable energy and various defense systems.
Author: Eric O. Estep
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Rare earth industry
Languages : en
Pages : 28
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Book Description
This paper will discuss how the United States can exercise the economic element of national power to ensure access to rare earth elements (REE) in a China-dominated market system. Since the 1980's, China has gained a virtual monopoly in the mining and production of REE. Today, China produces over 95% of all REE used by the world. The United States, its allies, and trading partners become increasingly dependent on REE each day as the world evolves into a more information based high-technology driven society. REE are vital to the United States' high-technology economy, state of the art defense systems, and renewable and clean energy systems. China's virtual monopoly of REE allows Chinese control of prices, availability and production of high-technology products and materials to achieve Chinese political and economic ends. Since not all REEs can be produced in the United States, it is imperative that the U.S. creates a reliable, predictable, resilient, and cost effective REE global supply chain in addition to reestablishing a U.S. based production capability.
Author: Sophia Kalantzakos
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190670932
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 249
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Book Description
Resource competition, mineral scarcity, and economic statecraft -- What are rare earths? -- Salt and oil : strategic parallels -- How China came to dominate the rare earth industry
Author: Ismar Borges De Lima
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128025689
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 468
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Book Description
Rare Earths elements are composed of 15 chemical elements in the periodic table. Scandium and yttrium have similar properties, with mineral assemblages, and are therefore referred alike in the literature. Although abundant in the planet surface, the Rare Earths are not found in concentrated forms, thus making them economically valued as they are so challenging to obtain. Rare Earths Industry: Technological, Economic and Environmental Implications provides an interdisciplinary orientation to the topic of Rare Earths with a focus on technical, scientific, academic, economic, and environmental issues. Part I of book deals with the Rare Earths Reserves and Mining, Part II focuses on Rare Earths Processes and High-Tech Product Development, and Part III deals with Rare Earths Recycling Opportunities and Challenges. The chapters provide updated information and priceless analysis of the theme, and they seek to present the latest techniques, approaches, processes and technologies that can reduce the costs of compliance with environmental concerns in a way it is possible to anticipate and mitigate emerging problems. Discusses the influence of policy on Rare Earth Elements to help raise interest in developing strategies for management resource development and exploitation Global contributions will address solutions in countries that are high RE producers, including China, Brazil, Australia, and South China End of chapter critical summaries outline the technological, economic and environmental implications of rare earths reserves, exploration and market Provides a concise, but meaningful, geopolitical analysis of the current worldwide scenario and importance of rare earths exploration for governments, corporate groups, and local stakeholders
Author: Roland Howanietz
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351109898
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
Rare Earth Elements are a group of 17 metals which have a central role in modern industry, increasingly used in the fields of green technologies, high technological consumer goods, industrial and medical appliances and modern weapons systems. Although deposits of Rare Earths are globally dispersed, over 90% of global demand has been provided by Chinese mines since the late 1990s, leading to a situation where China has a virtual monopoly. This book surveys the Rare Earths mining industry, discusses the extent to which Rare Earths really are scarce elsewhere in the world and assesses the economics of production, considering arguments for the rationing of supply, for higher pricing and for a total export embargo. This actually occurred in 2010, demonstrating the vulnerability of the rest of the world to China’s control of these increasingly vital resources.
Author: Steven Chu
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437944183
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 166
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Book Description
This report examines the role of rare earth metals and other materials in the clean energy economy. It was prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) based on data collected and research performed during 2010. In the report, DoE describes plans to: (1) develop its first integrated research agenda addressing critical materials, building on three technical workshops convened by the DoE during November and December 2010; (2) strengthen its capacity for information-gathering on this topic; and (3) work closely with international partners, including Japan and Europe, to reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions and address critical material needs. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand report.
Author: Jacob Maxwell Marder
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781369310573
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The dissertation explores the effects of China’s comparative advantage in the production of rare earth elements. Rare earths are used within a broad range of modern technologies from defense to energy to high tech. China has dominated global production over the past thirty years, despite possessing less than half of known global reserves. Recent volatility in prices largely stemmed from changes in Chinese export policy intended to attract foreign investment in downstream industries that utilize rare earths. Relocation proved infeasible for many firms owing to the sensitive military and proprietary technologies in which the elements are used. In response to growing scarcity concerns, prices rose by a factor of over 25 between 2009 and 2011, with an increase of 700% during the first half of 2011 alone. The dissertation begins by introducing rare earths and the critical role that China plays in the industry. This material is followed by discussions on recent market behavior and Chinese policy towards rare earth exports. The analysis then turns to examining the economic rationale behind China’s severe restriction of rare earth exports in 2010. This section is rooted in strategic trade policy theory and the notion that activist government policy may increase domestic welfare. The dissertation also analyzes the impact of Chinese policy on the development of rare earth production capacity outside the country. Specifically, the relationship between rare earth prices and the financial valuations of non-Chinese producers is examined to evaluate whether the crisis led to a permanent change in the composition of global production. The rare earth balance problem is a major theme in the dissertation. The balance problem refers to the differences that exist between the natural abundance of the fifteen distinct rare earth elements and market demand for them. Chapter 4 demonstrates that overall rare earth production is driven by demand for three particular elements whose prices are cointegrated, but that the rare earth market is not broadly integrated. The later chapters reveal the implications of ignoring this finding. As discussed in Chapter 5, the tightening of China’s rare earth export quota led to the export of products with the most valuable downstream applications despite the quota being intended to attract foreign investment in those sectors to China. Chapter 7 suggests that the speculation that occurred in the rare earth junior mining industry outside of China was not focused on those deposits containing the highest concentrations of the most valuable elements. Chapter 6 examines the roles of export restrictions and foreign investment on affecting global trade in raw materials. A model is developed that is directly applicable to the rare earth industry and that can be used to simulate the effects of various Chinese export policies. This analysis suggests that increased government interference, as embodied through policies that encourage foreign investment in downstream processing or mandate a minimum level of raw material exports, are not conducive to domestic welfare maximization. China does not appear to have followed this suggestion in regards to its rare earth policy. Nonetheless, the dissertation concludes that the global distribution of rare earth production increasingly appears to be returning to its pre-crisis state and China appears likely to retain its dominance over the sector for the foreseeable future.
Author: Julie Michelle Klinger
Publisher: Cornell University Press
ISBN: 1501714619
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 340
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Book Description
Owing to their unique magnetic, phosphorescent, and catalytic properties, rare earths are the elements that make possible teverything from the miniaturization of electronics, to the enabling of green energy and medical technologies, to supporting essential telecommunications and defense systems. An iPhone uses eight rare earths for everything from its colored screen, to its speakers, to the miniaturization of the phone?s circuitry. On the periodic table rare earth elements comprise a set of seventeen chemical elements (the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium). There would be no Pokémon Go without rare earths. Rare Earth Frontiers is a work of human geography. Klinger looks historically and geographically at the ways rare earth elements in three discrete but representative and contested sites are given meaning.
