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Author: Victoria E. Wahlquist
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 137
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Book Description
Background: Soccer is a popular youth sport in the United States and around the world and is unique in the fact that players can use their heads to advance the ball in play; a skill known as heading. Recently, along with the common concerns about risk of concussion, there has been worry and speculation involving the repetitive nature of soccer heading and the possible short- and long-term effects, if any, associated with them. Regarding this concern, the United States Soccer Federation implemented soccer heading guidelines for youth players despite no supporting evidence that eliminated heading in those 10 years old and younger and restricted the number of headers in practice for those 11-13 years old. Youth soccer players tend to head the ball at a low frequency that typically increases with age and with boys heading the ball more often than girls. In youth who visit the emergency department for soccer-related injuries, 14% of head injuries are concussions with females at a 2 times greater risk of sustaining a concussion compared to males. Concussed athletes perform worse than healthy controls on clinical outcome measures such as symptoms, balance tests, and neurocognitive function. These measures are also utilized to study the effects of soccer heading. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine heading exposure and measure concussion assessment outcomes from pre- to post-season in a youth soccer population. This study also aimed to assess the reliability and validity of a weekly and season-long soccer heading recall questionnaire in this youth population. Methods: For aim 1, 10 male and 10 female games for the Under-12 (U12), U13, and U14 age groups were filmed at a large weekend soccer tournament. Film was utilized to quantify heading exposure for each group. For aim 2, 61 female youth soccer players (age: 11.9℗ł0.8 years; height: 154.2℗ł8.2 cm; mass: 48.0℗ł10.4 kg) in the U12-U14 age groups completed self-reported symptoms, balance, and neurocognitive testing pre- and post-season. Heading exposure was quantified through the filming of practices and games. For aim 3, 5 males and 25 females completed the season-long recall questionnaire while 21 females completed a total of 77 weekly recall questionnaires. Heading exposure during the soccer season was quantified through the filmed practices and games. Results: Our findings suggest that males (14.2 headers/game) headed the ball more frequently than females (5.1 headers/game). The U14 males had the highest heading exposure at 19.2 headers/game while the U12 females had the lowest heading exposure at 3.00 headers/game. Slight improvements in neurocognitive functioning and gait were demonstrated from pre- to post-season while there were small deficits observed in static balance. Overall, heading exposure did not predict a change in concussion assessment measurements. The weekly soccer heading recall questionnaire demonstrated excellent agreement of .832 and a positive strong correlation of .736 between the number of headers recorded and those recalled by the youth soccer players. Discussion: Heading exposure levels in the youth population are low compared to those seen at the high school, college, and professional levels. The majority of youth soccer players (92.4% of all players) only headed the ball at most 1 time per game. The small changes seen in neurocognitive functioning and gait were likely due to a practice effect. The low amount of heading exposure in our youth soccer cohort had no effect on concussion assessment outcomes suggesting that potential changes may only be seen in the older soccer populations (high school, collegiate, and professional) who have higher levels of heading exposure. It is also possible that the clinical tools utilized were not sensitive enough to capture changes that did occur. The weekly heading recall questionnaire is a tool that can be utilized by researchers in future studies to estimate youth heading exposure but keeping in mind that all soccer players tend to overestimate heading exposure.
Author: Victoria E. Wahlquist
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 137
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Book Description
Background: Soccer is a popular youth sport in the United States and around the world and is unique in the fact that players can use their heads to advance the ball in play; a skill known as heading. Recently, along with the common concerns about risk of concussion, there has been worry and speculation involving the repetitive nature of soccer heading and the possible short- and long-term effects, if any, associated with them. Regarding this concern, the United States Soccer Federation implemented soccer heading guidelines for youth players despite no supporting evidence that eliminated heading in those 10 years old and younger and restricted the number of headers in practice for those 11-13 years old. Youth soccer players tend to head the ball at a low frequency that typically increases with age and with boys heading the ball more often than girls. In youth who visit the emergency department for soccer-related injuries, 14% of head injuries are concussions with females at a 2 times greater risk of sustaining a concussion compared to males. Concussed athletes perform worse than healthy controls on clinical outcome measures such as symptoms, balance tests, and neurocognitive function. These measures are also utilized to study the effects of soccer heading. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine heading exposure and measure concussion assessment outcomes from pre- to post-season in a youth soccer population. This study also aimed to assess the reliability and validity of a weekly and season-long soccer heading recall questionnaire in this youth population. Methods: For aim 1, 10 male and 10 female games for the Under-12 (U12), U13, and U14 age groups were filmed at a large weekend soccer tournament. Film was utilized to quantify heading exposure for each group. For aim 2, 61 female youth soccer players (age: 11.9℗ł0.8 years; height: 154.2℗ł8.2 cm; mass: 48.0℗ł10.4 kg) in the U12-U14 age groups completed self-reported symptoms, balance, and neurocognitive testing pre- and post-season. Heading exposure was quantified through the filming of practices and games. For aim 3, 5 males and 25 females completed the season-long recall questionnaire while 21 females completed a total of 77 weekly recall questionnaires. Heading exposure during the soccer season was quantified through the filmed practices and games. Results: Our findings suggest that males (14.2 headers/game) headed the ball more frequently than females (5.1 headers/game). The U14 males had the highest heading exposure at 19.2 headers/game while the U12 females had the lowest heading exposure at 3.00 headers/game. Slight improvements in neurocognitive functioning and gait were demonstrated from pre- to post-season while there were small deficits observed in static balance. Overall, heading exposure did not predict a change in concussion assessment measurements. The weekly soccer heading recall questionnaire demonstrated excellent agreement of .832 and a positive strong correlation of .736 between the number of headers recorded and those recalled by the youth soccer players. Discussion: Heading exposure levels in the youth population are low compared to those seen at the high school, college, and professional levels. The majority of youth soccer players (92.4% of all players) only headed the ball at most 1 time per game. The small changes seen in neurocognitive functioning and gait were likely due to a practice effect. The low amount of heading exposure in our youth soccer cohort had no effect on concussion assessment outcomes suggesting that potential changes may only be seen in the older soccer populations (high school, collegiate, and professional) who have higher levels of heading exposure. It is also possible that the clinical tools utilized were not sensitive enough to capture changes that did occur. The weekly heading recall questionnaire is a tool that can be utilized by researchers in future studies to estimate youth heading exposure but keeping in mind that all soccer players tend to overestimate heading exposure.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309288037
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 215
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Book Description
In the past decade, few subjects at the intersection of medicine and sports have generated as much public interest as sports-related concussions - especially among youth. Despite growing awareness of sports-related concussions and campaigns to educate athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents of young athletes about concussion recognition and management, confusion and controversy persist in many areas. Currently, diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms reported by the individual rather than on objective diagnostic markers, and there is little empirical evidence for the optimal degree and duration of physical rest needed to promote recovery or the best timing and approach for returning to full physical activity. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture reviews the science of sports-related concussions in youth from elementary school through young adulthood, as well as in military personnel and their dependents. This report recommends actions that can be taken by a range of audiences - including research funding agencies, legislatures, state and school superintendents and athletic directors, military organizations, and equipment manufacturers, as well as youth who participate in sports and their parents - to improve what is known about concussions and to reduce their occurrence. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth finds that while some studies provide useful information, much remains unknown about the extent of concussions in youth; how to diagnose, manage, and prevent concussions; and the short- and long-term consequences of concussions as well as repetitive head impacts that do not result in concussion symptoms. The culture of sports negatively influences athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms and their adherence to return-to-play guidance. Athletes, their teammates, and, in some cases, coaches and parents may not fully appreciate the health threats posed by concussions. Similarly, military recruits are immersed in a culture that includes devotion to duty and service before self, and the critical nature of concussions may often go unheeded. According to Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, if the youth sports community can adopt the belief that concussions are serious injuries and emphasize care for players with concussions until they are fully recovered, then the culture in which these athletes perform and compete will become much safer. Improving understanding of the extent, causes, effects, and prevention of sports-related concussions is vitally important for the health and well-being of youth athletes. The findings and recommendations in this report set a direction for research to reach this goal.
Author: Jenifer Halterman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Brain
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Soccer is the most popular team sport in the world. Heading a soccer ball is an inherent and strategic part of the sport, and it has the potential to result in concussion if performed incorrectly. It is important to determine if each episode of heading results in minor insults to the brain and if there are cumulative effects resulting in impaired neurocognitive functioning. PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between heading exposure, field position, and scores of neuropsychological test performance over the course of a collegiate playing career. METHODS: The database consists of collegiate male soccer athletes who have completed a pre-participation Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) battery. The number of headers and header type (pass, shot, clear, unintentional deflection) were tracked for each player over the course of the playing career. At the conclusion of each season, the ImPACT battery was completed again. RESULTS: None of the correlation coefficients calculated between the three predictors of heading and the ImPACT composite scores following the third season of soccer were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: No relationship exists between purposeful heading and measures of neuropsychological test performance in male collegiate soccer players. Additionally, there was no effect of field position on the level of cognitive functioning of the soccer athletes.
Author: Mohd Hasnun Arif Hassan
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811302715
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Book Description
This short book provides a concise study of the mechanics of head impact in a soccer heading manoeuvre. It describes the development and validation of finite element models of soccer ball and human head, as well as the simulation of brain dynamics after ball-to-head impact. In addition, it also presents a computational study of the efficacy of wearing protective headgear in mitigating the risk of concussion due to heading in soccer.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Physical education and training
Languages : en
Pages : 628
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Book Description
Author: Elizabeth Anne Larson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cognition
Languages : en
Pages : 106
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Book Description
Author: John Otto Spengler
Publisher: Human Kinetics
ISBN: 9780736056199
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Book Description
Risk Management in Sport and Recreation is a comprehensive resource for those charged with the responsibility of providing for the safety of participants and spectators in a sport or recreation setting. It covers a range of safety issues, including lightning, heat illness, aquatics, playground safety, drug testing, and medical emergency action plans. Readers receive clear and detailed explanations of issues to consider before making decisions on risk management. Risk Management in Sport and Recreation is designed to provide a foundation for approaching key issues in safety and risk management. It shows readers how to evaluate and analyze various safety issues and apply the underlying concepts to a variety of situations. The following are unique features of the text: -A safety guidelines finder lists Web sites of accessible standards, guidelines, and recommendations from leading organizations. -Chapter objectives and pullout boxes of key points and key statistics stress the importance of the topic under discussion. -Threshold issues in each chapter highlight important factors to consider when making decisions on risk management. -Real-world applications at the end of each chapter present scenarios involving the potential for harm, and readers must make a decision on how to address the issues. -Examples of public service announcements, posters, and other publicly viewed safety information are presented. -An appendix offers examples of emergency action plans, checklists, and recommendations from organizations such as the National Lightning Safety Institute and university aquatic centers. -A companion Web site provides links to the Web sites used in the book, as well as updates to guidelines and links that may occur after the book is in print. The safety guidelines finder gives students and practitioners a single location from which they can easily access important safety information. Organized under land-based or water-based activities, each activity lists guidelines, recommendations, and standards along with the source for that information. Each entry includes Web sites where readers can find the full documents. The text also features sample guidelines and safety checklists from agencies and associations that demonstrate how organizations might plan for risk and communicate safety information. Readers also consider the types of postings and equipment they will need in order to communicate their risk management plans, and they are given real-life situations in which a risk management plan is needed and are prompted to consider why and how to create a plan for such situations. The resource will help students and professionals plan for and manage risk. Current and future employees of sport facilities, school athletic programs, parks and recreation programs, youth and aquatic centers, or resorts and golf courses will find that Risk Management in Sport and Recreation provides the tools to assist in making the right decisions to manage risk effectively.
Author: Jeff Victoroff
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107073952
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 895
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Book Description
Readers will discover how very recent scientific advances have overthrown a century of dogma about concussive brain injury.
Author: R.J. Castellani
Publisher: IOS Press
ISBN: 164368065X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 506
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Book Description
Holbourne’s theory that rotational head movement and shear strains were limiting factors in producing acute parenchymal brain damage was a watershed moment in understanding traumatic brain injury (TBI). Long term effects, and in particular neurodegenerative proteinopathy subsequent to TBI, remain theoretical, notwithstanding the poorly understood ‘punch drunk’ syndrome of the early and mid-20th century, and the 21st century concept of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. This book, the Handbook of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration, has as its theme the marriage between neurodegenerative disease and neurotrauma through TBI surrogates such as sport, military service, and experimental models, and the legitimacy of that marriage. In the 32 contributions included here, this handbook not only explores the deleterious effects of genuine TBI, but also, and more importantly, the relationship between TBI and neurodegeneration. Controversy notwithstanding, there is much to be learned about the biological effects of TBI, substrates for long-term sequelae, the relationship between TBI and diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, and targets for therapy. The overall message to the neuroscience community from these papers may be a cautionary tale. The null hypothesis, that there is no causal relationship between TBI and progressive neurodegenerative disease, appears to be very much in play, and the book will be of interest to all those working in the field.
Author: Semyon M. Slobounov
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030755649
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 463
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Book Description
Now in a fully revised and expanded second edition, this comprehensive text remains a timely and major contribution to the literature that addresses the neuromechanisms, predispositions, and latest developments in the evaluation and management of concussive injuries. Concussion, also known as mild traumatic brain injury, continues to be a significant public health concern with increased attention focusing on treatment and management of this puzzling epidemic as well as controversies within the field. The book is comprised of five thematic sections: current developments in evaluation; biomechanical mechanisms; neural substrates, biomarkers, genetics and brain imaging; pediatric considerations; and clinical management and rehabilitation. Since the publication of the original edition in 2014, much has changed regarding the current understanding of mild traumatic brain injury including development of more precise imaging modalities, development and classification of new biomarkers, and updates to clinical treatment and management of athletic concussion. This new edition will include new chapters targeting the influence of genetics on concussive injury, as well as an expansion on the knowledge of pediatric response to concussion and the influence of repetitive subconcussive impacts on athlete health. An invaluable contribution to the literature, Concussions in Athletics: From Brain to Behavior reestablishes itself as a state-of-the-art reference that will be of significant interest to a wide range of clinicians, researchers, administrators, and policy makers, and this updated version aims to narrow the gap between research findings and clinical management of sports-related concussion and other mild traumatic brain injury. The second edition also attempts to broaden the scope of the knowledge to apply to more professionals and pre-professionals in the fields of neuroscience, neuropsychology, and other allied health professionals that closely work with athletes and sports medicine professionals.
