Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 426
Book Description
UNDOC, Current Index
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 426
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 426
Book Description
Automated Vehicles are Probably Legal in the United States
Author: Bryant Walker Smith
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781481135177
Category : Motor vehicles
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Note: This is the original 2012 report. An updated 2014 law review article is available as 1 Tex. A&M. L. Rev. 411. This report provides the most comprehensive discussion to date of whether so-called automated, autonomous, self-driving, or driverless vehicles can be lawfully sold and used on public roads in the United States. The short answer is that the computer direction of a motor vehicle's steering, braking, and accelerating without real-time human input is probably legal. The long answer, contained in the report, provides a foundation for tailoring regulations and understanding liability issues related to these vehicles. The report's largely descriptive analysis, which begins with the principle that everything is permitted unless prohibited, covers three key legal regimes: the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, regulations enacted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the vehicle codes of all fifty US states. The Geneva Convention, to which the United States is a party, probably does not prohibit automated driving. The treaty promotes road safety by establishing uniform rules, one of which requires every vehicle or combination thereof to have a driver who is "at all times ... able to control" it. However, this requirement is likely satisfied if a human is able to intervene in the automated vehicle's operation. NHTSA's regulations, which include the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards to which new vehicles must be certified, do not generally prohibit or uniquely burden automated vehicles, with the possible exception of one rule regarding emergency flashers. State vehicle codes probably do not prohibit-but may complicate-automated driving. These codes assume the presence of licensed human drivers who are able to exercise human judgment, and particular rules may functionally require that presence. New York somewhat uniquely directs a driver to keep one hand on the wheel at all times. In addition, far more common rules mandating reasonable, prudent, practicable, and safe driving have uncertain application to automated vehicles and their users. Following distance requirements may also restrict the lawful operation of tightly spaced vehicle platoons. Many of these issues arise even in the three states that expressly regulate automated vehicles. The primary purpose of this report is to assess the current legal status of automated vehicles. However, the report includes draft language for US states that wish to clarify this status. It also recommends five near-term measures that may help increase legal certainty without producing premature regulation. First, regulators and standards organizations should develop common vocabularies and definitions that are useful in the legal, technical, and public realms. Second, the United States should closely monitor efforts to amend or interpret the 1969 Vienna Convention, which contains language similar to the Geneva Convention but does not bind the United States. Third, NHTSA should indicate the likely scope and schedule of potential regulatory action. Fourth, US states should analyze how their vehicle codes would or should apply to automated vehicles, including those that have an identifiable human operator and those that do not. Finally, additional research on laws applicable to trucks, buses, taxis, low-speed vehicles, and other specialty vehicles may be useful. This is in addition to ongoing research into the other legal aspects of vehicle automation.
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781481135177
Category : Motor vehicles
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Note: This is the original 2012 report. An updated 2014 law review article is available as 1 Tex. A&M. L. Rev. 411. This report provides the most comprehensive discussion to date of whether so-called automated, autonomous, self-driving, or driverless vehicles can be lawfully sold and used on public roads in the United States. The short answer is that the computer direction of a motor vehicle's steering, braking, and accelerating without real-time human input is probably legal. The long answer, contained in the report, provides a foundation for tailoring regulations and understanding liability issues related to these vehicles. The report's largely descriptive analysis, which begins with the principle that everything is permitted unless prohibited, covers three key legal regimes: the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, regulations enacted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the vehicle codes of all fifty US states. The Geneva Convention, to which the United States is a party, probably does not prohibit automated driving. The treaty promotes road safety by establishing uniform rules, one of which requires every vehicle or combination thereof to have a driver who is "at all times ... able to control" it. However, this requirement is likely satisfied if a human is able to intervene in the automated vehicle's operation. NHTSA's regulations, which include the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards to which new vehicles must be certified, do not generally prohibit or uniquely burden automated vehicles, with the possible exception of one rule regarding emergency flashers. State vehicle codes probably do not prohibit-but may complicate-automated driving. These codes assume the presence of licensed human drivers who are able to exercise human judgment, and particular rules may functionally require that presence. New York somewhat uniquely directs a driver to keep one hand on the wheel at all times. In addition, far more common rules mandating reasonable, prudent, practicable, and safe driving have uncertain application to automated vehicles and their users. Following distance requirements may also restrict the lawful operation of tightly spaced vehicle platoons. Many of these issues arise even in the three states that expressly regulate automated vehicles. The primary purpose of this report is to assess the current legal status of automated vehicles. However, the report includes draft language for US states that wish to clarify this status. It also recommends five near-term measures that may help increase legal certainty without producing premature regulation. First, regulators and standards organizations should develop common vocabularies and definitions that are useful in the legal, technical, and public realms. Second, the United States should closely monitor efforts to amend or interpret the 1969 Vienna Convention, which contains language similar to the Geneva Convention but does not bind the United States. Third, NHTSA should indicate the likely scope and schedule of potential regulatory action. Fourth, US states should analyze how their vehicle codes would or should apply to automated vehicles, including those that have an identifiable human operator and those that do not. Finally, additional research on laws applicable to trucks, buses, taxis, low-speed vehicles, and other specialty vehicles may be useful. This is in addition to ongoing research into the other legal aspects of vehicle automation.
The Basques of New York
Author: Gloria Pilar Totoricaguena
Publisher: Center for Basque Studies Press
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 362
Book Description
Generations of Basques in New York have vibrantly exercised their culture, language, values, and traditions, transmitting to their children a robust sense of ethnic identity. In today's world of globalization it is often assumed that particular communities are disappearing as a consequence of the factors of homogenization. However, the Basques have proved this false. Depicting Basque mutual aid societies, language courses, musical and dance troupes, cuisine classes, community activities, sport, political involvement, and ties to homeland institutions are just a few of the ingredients which mix to compose the chapters of this work. Readers will learn about the history and reasons why Basques left the Pyrenees of northern Spain and southern France from the personal experiences of political and economic exiles' oral histories. Original archival research allows us to discover the features of the early 1900s Centro Vasco-Americano, the Basque Government-in-exile Delegation in New York, and the development of Basque organizations. "Basqueness" is being redefined in this transnational cosmopolitan community, and with the pioneer spirit of their ancestors, latter generation Basques are nurturing and promoting Basque culture and identity to the world.
Publisher: Center for Basque Studies Press
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 362
Book Description
Generations of Basques in New York have vibrantly exercised their culture, language, values, and traditions, transmitting to their children a robust sense of ethnic identity. In today's world of globalization it is often assumed that particular communities are disappearing as a consequence of the factors of homogenization. However, the Basques have proved this false. Depicting Basque mutual aid societies, language courses, musical and dance troupes, cuisine classes, community activities, sport, political involvement, and ties to homeland institutions are just a few of the ingredients which mix to compose the chapters of this work. Readers will learn about the history and reasons why Basques left the Pyrenees of northern Spain and southern France from the personal experiences of political and economic exiles' oral histories. Original archival research allows us to discover the features of the early 1900s Centro Vasco-Americano, the Basque Government-in-exile Delegation in New York, and the development of Basque organizations. "Basqueness" is being redefined in this transnational cosmopolitan community, and with the pioneer spirit of their ancestors, latter generation Basques are nurturing and promoting Basque culture and identity to the world.
Microsoft First Generation
Author: Cheryl D. Tsang
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN:
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 290
Book Description
Meet 12 of the early builders of Microsoft--all now retired millionaires--and step inside the infamous culture of loyalty, "maniacal" work ethics, and visionary risk-taking that has been crucial to the computer giant's sustained success.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN:
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 290
Book Description
Meet 12 of the early builders of Microsoft--all now retired millionaires--and step inside the infamous culture of loyalty, "maniacal" work ethics, and visionary risk-taking that has been crucial to the computer giant's sustained success.
The Arjan Tomb
Author: Javier Álvarez-Mon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 1150
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 1150
Book Description
Treaty Interpretation
Author: Richard K. Gardiner
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199669236
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 577
Book Description
The rules of treaty interpretation codified in the 'Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties' now apply to virtually all treaties, in an international context as well as within national legal systems, where treaties have an impact on a large and growing range of matters. The rules of treaty interpretation differ somewhat from typical rules for interpreting legal instruments and legislation within national legal systems. Lawyers, administrators, diplomats, and officials at international organisations are increasingly likely to encounter issues of treaty interpretation which require not only knowledge of the relevant rules of interpretation, but also how these rules have been, and are to be, applied in practice. Since the codified rules of treaty interpretation came into decree, there is a considerable body of case-law on their application. This case-law, combined with the history and analysis of the rules of treaty interpretation, provides a basis for understanding this most important task in the application of treaties internationally and within national systems of law. Any lawyer who ever has to consider international matters, and increasingly any lawyer whose work involves domestic legislation with any international connection, is at risk nowadays of encountering a treaty provision which requires interpretation, whether the treaty provision is explicitly in issue or is the source of the relevant domestic legislation. This fully updated new edition features case law from a broader range of jurisdictions, and an account of the work of the International Law Commission in its relation to interpretative declarations. This book provides a guide to interpreting treaties properly in accordance with the modern rules.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199669236
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 577
Book Description
The rules of treaty interpretation codified in the 'Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties' now apply to virtually all treaties, in an international context as well as within national legal systems, where treaties have an impact on a large and growing range of matters. The rules of treaty interpretation differ somewhat from typical rules for interpreting legal instruments and legislation within national legal systems. Lawyers, administrators, diplomats, and officials at international organisations are increasingly likely to encounter issues of treaty interpretation which require not only knowledge of the relevant rules of interpretation, but also how these rules have been, and are to be, applied in practice. Since the codified rules of treaty interpretation came into decree, there is a considerable body of case-law on their application. This case-law, combined with the history and analysis of the rules of treaty interpretation, provides a basis for understanding this most important task in the application of treaties internationally and within national systems of law. Any lawyer who ever has to consider international matters, and increasingly any lawyer whose work involves domestic legislation with any international connection, is at risk nowadays of encountering a treaty provision which requires interpretation, whether the treaty provision is explicitly in issue or is the source of the relevant domestic legislation. This fully updated new edition features case law from a broader range of jurisdictions, and an account of the work of the International Law Commission in its relation to interpretative declarations. This book provides a guide to interpreting treaties properly in accordance with the modern rules.
Development Methods and Approaches Critical Reflections
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
Many aid agencies advocate approaches to development which are people-centred, participatory, empowering and gender-fair. This volume of essays explores some of the middle ground between such values-based approaches and the methods and techniques that the agencies adopt. The selection offers critical assessments of fashionable tools such as Participatory Rural Appraisal and Logical Framework. It demonstrates how these are linked (conceptually and in practice) to the wider ideological environment in which they are used, and shows how they depend upon the skills of the fieldworker and/or organization applying them. Contributors argue that tools and methods will contribute to a values-based approach only if those using them have a serious commitment to a social agenda which is genuinely transformative.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
Many aid agencies advocate approaches to development which are people-centred, participatory, empowering and gender-fair. This volume of essays explores some of the middle ground between such values-based approaches and the methods and techniques that the agencies adopt. The selection offers critical assessments of fashionable tools such as Participatory Rural Appraisal and Logical Framework. It demonstrates how these are linked (conceptually and in practice) to the wider ideological environment in which they are used, and shows how they depend upon the skills of the fieldworker and/or organization applying them. Contributors argue that tools and methods will contribute to a values-based approach only if those using them have a serious commitment to a social agenda which is genuinely transformative.
The Kalendar of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Author: Royal Institute of British Architects
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Development with Women
Author: Deborah Eade
Publisher: Development in Practice Reader
ISBN: 9780855984199
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
* Shows how to incorporate gender analysis into planning and evaluation * Examples drawn form South Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa Many practitioners and thinkers have tried to make women "matter" in development. However, women-focused approaches have often sought to address women’s needs outside the wider social contexts in which they live. As a result, they have been perhaps more damaging than earlier "gender-blind" efforts that simply ignored women’s specific concerns. Dorienne Rowan-Campbell introduces papers on issues such as mainstreaming versus specialization, methodologies for incorporating gender analysis into planning and evaluation, the limitations of gender training, the unintended impacts of women-focused credit programs, and how institutional policies to promote gender equity are often tacitly undermined by patriarchal interests.
Publisher: Development in Practice Reader
ISBN: 9780855984199
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
* Shows how to incorporate gender analysis into planning and evaluation * Examples drawn form South Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa Many practitioners and thinkers have tried to make women "matter" in development. However, women-focused approaches have often sought to address women’s needs outside the wider social contexts in which they live. As a result, they have been perhaps more damaging than earlier "gender-blind" efforts that simply ignored women’s specific concerns. Dorienne Rowan-Campbell introduces papers on issues such as mainstreaming versus specialization, methodologies for incorporating gender analysis into planning and evaluation, the limitations of gender training, the unintended impacts of women-focused credit programs, and how institutional policies to promote gender equity are often tacitly undermined by patriarchal interests.
The Federal Aviation Agency
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 24
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 24
Book Description