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Author: Gregory Roberts
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The emission of carbonaceous particulate matter (soot) from work-producing devices is a global problem. Direct-injection, compression-ignited (Diesel) engines are a source of soot emissions that are problematic because they are mobile and operate regularly within populated regions. The subsequent effect on air quality is a serious health concern due to their small size and potential penetrability within the human body through the lungs. Furthermore, their contribution to atmospheric aerosols has a significantly negative effect on the environment. The problem with Diesel engine combustion is primarily a function of the fuel properties and subsequent combustion kinetics. The attraction of No.~2 Diesel fuel is that it is easily autoignitable, and for a typical direct-injection, compression-ignited engine this is a desirable quality. By employing a high-temperature combustion strategy, however, a host of alternative fuels become viable. This work addresses the prospects for using non-traditional fuels within a direct-injection, compression-ignited engine. A number of alternative fuels are identified as having potential, namely methanol, ethanol, butanol, dimethyl ether, synthesis gas, and methane (as a surrogate for natural gas). These are attractive because they are either oxygenated (and rely less on ambient gas entrainment) or gaseous (and can turbulently mix with ease). The combustion behavior of each fuel is examined by two means: First, a simple and well-controlled apparatus allows single-jet combustion to be imaged with a high-frame-rate, color digital camera. Second, a computationally efficient, quasi-dimensional jet model is used to explore each fuel with a detailed chemical mechanism, and includes a multi-step soot model. Once each fuel is examined independently, a subset are identified as forming too much soot such that their use within a production engine would emit levels above the EPA regulation standard. Two separate soot reduction methods are then explored within this work: dilution of the fuel with water, and dilution of the ambient gas with exhaust gas species. For each strategy, images are obtained that provide direct evidence of reduced soot formation. The jet model is then examined in detail to gain deeper insight into the potential mechanisms leading to the observed soot reduction.
Author: Gregory Roberts
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The emission of carbonaceous particulate matter (soot) from work-producing devices is a global problem. Direct-injection, compression-ignited (Diesel) engines are a source of soot emissions that are problematic because they are mobile and operate regularly within populated regions. The subsequent effect on air quality is a serious health concern due to their small size and potential penetrability within the human body through the lungs. Furthermore, their contribution to atmospheric aerosols has a significantly negative effect on the environment. The problem with Diesel engine combustion is primarily a function of the fuel properties and subsequent combustion kinetics. The attraction of No.~2 Diesel fuel is that it is easily autoignitable, and for a typical direct-injection, compression-ignited engine this is a desirable quality. By employing a high-temperature combustion strategy, however, a host of alternative fuels become viable. This work addresses the prospects for using non-traditional fuels within a direct-injection, compression-ignited engine. A number of alternative fuels are identified as having potential, namely methanol, ethanol, butanol, dimethyl ether, synthesis gas, and methane (as a surrogate for natural gas). These are attractive because they are either oxygenated (and rely less on ambient gas entrainment) or gaseous (and can turbulently mix with ease). The combustion behavior of each fuel is examined by two means: First, a simple and well-controlled apparatus allows single-jet combustion to be imaged with a high-frame-rate, color digital camera. Second, a computationally efficient, quasi-dimensional jet model is used to explore each fuel with a detailed chemical mechanism, and includes a multi-step soot model. Once each fuel is examined independently, a subset are identified as forming too much soot such that their use within a production engine would emit levels above the EPA regulation standard. Two separate soot reduction methods are then explored within this work: dilution of the fuel with water, and dilution of the ambient gas with exhaust gas species. For each strategy, images are obtained that provide direct evidence of reduced soot formation. The jet model is then examined in detail to gain deeper insight into the potential mechanisms leading to the observed soot reduction.
Author: Akhilendra P Singh
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811075182
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
This book discusses different types of alternative fuels, including biodiesel, alcohol, synthetic fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG) and its blend with hydrogen, HCNG, and provides detailed information on the utilization of these alternative fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines. Further, it presents methods for production of these alternative fuels and explores advanced combustion techniques, such as low-temperature and dual-fuel combustion, using alternative fuels. It includes a chapter on the soot morphology of biodiesel, which focuses on the toxicity. There are also four chapters on hydrogen-fueled engines, which discuss use of hydrogen in IC engines and also provide important information on the methodologies. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and practicing engineers alike.
Author: Mark L. Poulton
Publisher: WIT Press (UK)
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 242
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Book Description
"The many alternative fuels that have been reviewed in this book are likely to be of great interest to a broad readership, not only to mechanical, petrochemical and transportation engineers, but anyone with a technical association with the subject. The book covers fuels for the motor vehicle and how they may develop and change in the future. Prospects for conventional petrol and diesel fuels are discussed, including their reformulation, as well as synthetic fuels, vegetable oils and other biofuels, alcohols, gases (LPG, natural gas and hydrogen) and electricity." "This book has been published as a consequence of a programme of study, commissioned by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office at the UK Department of Transport, into the contribution of the road vehicle to global warming. A programme of research was placed with the Environment Centre of the Transport Research Laboratory, and one of the individual projects was to investigate the future prospects for conventional and alternative fuels for road vehicles. Implications for the energy and emissions from the whole fuel cycle (from production to distribution and final usage) were considered, but, more importantly, the vehicular fuel consumption (and consequent carbon dioxide emissions) and exhaust emission characteristics were the primary focus of attention." "The structure of this book is such that each chapter describes a particular alternative fuel and is completely self-contained. The reader will be able to cover a particular subject that is of interest without having to refer to other chapters to gain a full understanding of the fuel's characteristics, notable developments and demonstration programmes underway worldwide. One chapter (chapter 10) does provide an overview and inter-comparison of all the fuels discussed, including point-of-use and life cycle emissions, global warming impacts, fuel storage implications and likely costs." "Future advances in conventional engines and the development of alternative power units are discussed in the companion volume to this book, Alternative Engines for Road Vehicles. The future prospects for a range of engines, including conventional petrol and diesel-fuelled units (covering technologies such as two-stroke, lean burn and stratified charge), the rotary engine, gas turbine, Stirling, Rankine (steam engine) and hybrids are assessed for their potential to reduce vehicle emissions and improve fuel economy. Other less well known concepts such as catalytic combustion, the Quadratic (beam) engine, stepped piston and other engine efficiency techniques are also reviewed." --Book Jacket.
Author: Krzysztof Biernat
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 953512269X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 194
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Book Description
The presented book provides an overview of the most widely used alternative fuels in the power supply systems in spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition engines, such as LPG, CNG and RME, including the assessment of their operational usefulness, especially in terms of environmental impact in urban traffic. The possibilities of optimizing the ignition processes in engines fueled by gas are presented. The monograph also contains the results of exploitation tests with an assessment of the environmental impact of fuels containing oxygen additives in diesel engines. The possibilities of producing a wide range of advanced alternative fuels (biofuels) with the use of microorganisms as raw materials are also presented.
Author: Joseph M. Colucci
Publisher: Springer
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 400
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Book Description
In October 1975, while the United States was still acutely feeling the aftermath of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo, the General Motors Research Laboratories held its nineteenth annual symposium. The proceedings of this timely symposium on "Future Automotive Fuels - Prospects, Performance, and Perspective" are reported in this book. We hope that it will serve not only as a permanent record of the papers and discussions, but also as a stimulus and inspiration for ideas, research, and development in the vital field of automotive fuels. The economy of the United States and the lifestyle of her people are woven together with energy into a unique fabric. Reducing the energy content of this fabric weakens it and can even destroy it. The Oil Embargo stunningly demonstrated how easy it is to attack this fabric, and exposed for all to see its greatest weaknes- reliance on imported petroleum. Since petroleum is the only current source of automotive fuels, and cars and trucks consume about 43 percent of the petroleum used in the United States, the Oil Embargo had its most profound and dramatic on automotive transportation: First there were long lines at service stations, impact and then idle lines in car assembly plants and long lines at unemployment offices. Against this grim setting, we planned the symposium on automotive fuels for the future.
Author: Daniel J Holt
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768096146
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 279
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Book Description
A key topic of many technical discussions has been the development of alternative fuels to power the compression ignition engine. Reasons for this include the desire to reduce the dependency on petroleum-based fuel and, at the same time, to reduce the particulate matter (PM) and NOx emissions. Also, there has been interest generated in the diesel engine because of the reduction in greenhouse gases that has been proposed during the 2008-2012 time frame in Europe and the regulations that affect diesel engines in the United States.
Author: Richard L Bechtold
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768025435
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Book Description
This book presents the fundamentals needed to understand the physical and chemical properties of alternative fuels, and how they impact refueling system design and the modification of existing garages for safety. It covers a wide range of fuels including alcohols, gases, and vegetable oils. Chapters cover: Alternative Fuels and Their Origins Properties and Specifications Materials Compatibility Storage and Dispensing Refueling Facility Installation and Garage Facility Modifications and more
Author: Akhilendra Pratap Singh
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811504180
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 329
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Book Description
This book covers alternative fuels and their utilization strategies in internal combustion engines. The main objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the production and utilization aspects of different types of liquid and gaseous alternative fuels. In the last few years, methanol and DME have gained significant attention of the energy sector, because of their capability to be utilized in different types of engines. This book will be a valuable resource for researchers and practicing engineers alike.
Author: Xinglin Yang
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 981334850X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 175
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Book Description
This book describes the feasibility and status of the use of alternative fuels in marine engineering, as well as the application of liquefied natural gas, biodiesel and their blends as marine fuels, and the combustion of synthetic coal-based fuels. Each chapter in the book ends with a summary, which gives the reader a quick and clear understanding of the main contents of the chapter. The book gives a lot of advice on the selection of equipment and parameters, fuel reserves and preparation for scholars related to alternative fuels in ships, and points them in the way. It contains lots of illustrations and tables and explains it in the form of chart comparison. The authors have developed mathematical models and methods for calculating the parameters of fuel systems for biodiesel fuels and liquefied natural gas. Recommendations for choosing the rational parameters of these systems are given, as are schematic solutions of the fuel systems, recommendations for selecting equipment, storing, and preparing the fuels. Application of the materials described in the book provides the SPP designers with a reliable tool for choosing rational characteristics of the fuel systems operating on alternative fuels and improving the efficiency of their application on ships.
Author: Society of Automotive Engineers
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 9781560916437
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 243
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Book Description
