Physiological Role of Prostaglandin and Cortisol During Early Pregnancy in Sheep PDF Download
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Author: Piotr Dorniak
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781303240737
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Pregnancy failure during the early stage of gestation is a major cause of infertility in domestic ruminants. Most early pregnancy losses are characterized by endometrial dysfunction, asynchrony between the conceptus (embryo and outer trophectoderm) and uterus, or failure in conceptus development. During early pregnancy in sheep, endometrial functions are primarily regulated by ovarian progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNT) from the conceptus trophectoderm. The endometrium and conceptus synthesize prostaglandins (PGs) via prostaglandin synthase two (PTGS2) and cortisol via hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1). The central hypothesis is that endometrial functions supporting conceptus elongation in ruminants are regulated by hormones produced by the ovary (P4), conceptus (IFNT, PGs, and cortisol) and perhaps endometrium itself (PGs, cortisol). The hypothesis was addressed by determining the physiological roles of: (1) PTGS2 and PGs in conceptus development; (2) PTGS2-derived PGs in P4, IFNT and cortisol regulation of endometrial function; (3) HSD11B1 and cortisol in conceptus elongation; and (4) HSD11B1-derived cortisol in P4, IFNT and PGs regulation of endometrial function. Functional studies utilizing osmotic pumps were conducted to infuse selective agents inhibiting PG biosynthesis and/or cortisol production in utero or to deliver pregnancy levels of hormones (IFNT, PGs, and cortisol) directly into the uterine lumen of sheep. Results of the studies established that: (1) PGs and cortisol are important regulators of conceptus elongation; (2) PGs mediate, in part, effects of P4 and IFNT on endometrial gene expression and function; (3) PGs stimulate endometrial HSD11B1 expression and cortisol production; (4) cortisol regulates conceptus elongation; (5) cortisol modulates effects of ovarian P4 on endometrial gene expression; (6) cortisol stimulates endometrial PTGS2 activity and PG production. Collectively, results of these studies support the idea that PGs and cortisol are important regulators of endometrial function and conceptus elongation during early pregnancy in ruminants. Knowledge gained from these studies provides new insight into the physiological pathways governing interactions between the conceptus and its uterine environment. Information from these studies provides a foundation for future translation research that is necessary to increase fertility of domestic ruminants.
Author: Piotr Dorniak
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781303240737
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Pregnancy failure during the early stage of gestation is a major cause of infertility in domestic ruminants. Most early pregnancy losses are characterized by endometrial dysfunction, asynchrony between the conceptus (embryo and outer trophectoderm) and uterus, or failure in conceptus development. During early pregnancy in sheep, endometrial functions are primarily regulated by ovarian progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNT) from the conceptus trophectoderm. The endometrium and conceptus synthesize prostaglandins (PGs) via prostaglandin synthase two (PTGS2) and cortisol via hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1). The central hypothesis is that endometrial functions supporting conceptus elongation in ruminants are regulated by hormones produced by the ovary (P4), conceptus (IFNT, PGs, and cortisol) and perhaps endometrium itself (PGs, cortisol). The hypothesis was addressed by determining the physiological roles of: (1) PTGS2 and PGs in conceptus development; (2) PTGS2-derived PGs in P4, IFNT and cortisol regulation of endometrial function; (3) HSD11B1 and cortisol in conceptus elongation; and (4) HSD11B1-derived cortisol in P4, IFNT and PGs regulation of endometrial function. Functional studies utilizing osmotic pumps were conducted to infuse selective agents inhibiting PG biosynthesis and/or cortisol production in utero or to deliver pregnancy levels of hormones (IFNT, PGs, and cortisol) directly into the uterine lumen of sheep. Results of the studies established that: (1) PGs and cortisol are important regulators of conceptus elongation; (2) PGs mediate, in part, effects of P4 and IFNT on endometrial gene expression and function; (3) PGs stimulate endometrial HSD11B1 expression and cortisol production; (4) cortisol regulates conceptus elongation; (5) cortisol modulates effects of ovarian P4 on endometrial gene expression; (6) cortisol stimulates endometrial PTGS2 activity and PG production. Collectively, results of these studies support the idea that PGs and cortisol are important regulators of endometrial function and conceptus elongation during early pregnancy in ruminants. Knowledge gained from these studies provides new insight into the physiological pathways governing interactions between the conceptus and its uterine environment. Information from these studies provides a foundation for future translation research that is necessary to increase fertility of domestic ruminants.
Author: Kelsey Brooks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
In cycling domestic animals, pregnancy loss during early gestation is a major cause of infertility. The majority of pregnancy loss during this time is due to errors in mitotic division early in development, or occurs later in gestation and is characterized by endometrial dysfunction, or asynchrony between the conceptus (embryo and trophectoderm) and uterus. During early pregnancy in sheep, endometrial functions are primarily regulated by ovarian progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNT) from the conceptus trophectoderm. In addition to IFNT, the conceptus as well as the endometrium synthesize prostaglandins (PGs) via prostaglandin synthase two (PTGS2) and cortisol via hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1). The central hypothesis is that factors from the ovary (progesterone), the conceptus (interferon tau, prostaglandins, and cortisol) and endometrium (prostaglandins and cortisol) regulate endometrial function and conceptus survival and development in ruminants. This work tested that hypothesis that conceptus derived factors regulate gene expression changes in the trophectoderm which are essential for trophectoderm development and conceptus elongation in sheep. The hypothesis was addressed by determining the physiological roles of: (1) IFNT and interferon receptors 1 and 2 (IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) in conceptus development; (2) PG signaling through peroxisome proliferator activator receptors delta (PPARD) and gamma (PPARG) in the elongating conceptus; (3) the cortisol converting enzymes HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 in conceptus development; (4) the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in cortisol signaling during conceptus elongation. Gene knockout studies utilizing osmotic pumps to deliver morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, lentiviral transduction of shRNAs, and CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing were used to target the conceptus during elongation. Results of the studies established that: (1) IFNT is not only the maternal recognition of pregnancy signal, but is also required for conceptus elongation; (2) the IFN receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 are not important for autocrine based signaling to the conceptus trophectoderm during development; (3) PPARG, but not PPARD is essential for conceptus elongation; (4) PPARG regulated pathways are involved in lipid uptake and metabolism in the day 14 conceptus; (5) Regulation of intracellular cortisol levels by HSD11B1 is important for conceptus development; (6) inactivation of bioactive cortisol by the enzyme HSD11B2 is not essential for conceptus elongation, but is important for proper conceptus development; and (7) signaling through GR is not essential for conceptus development up to day 14 of pregnancy. Collectively, results of these studies support the idea that IFNT, PGs and cortisol are all important regulators of conceptus elongation during early pregnancy in ruminants. Knowledge gained from these studies provides new insight into the physiological pathways governing conceptus development and elongation. Information from these studies provides a foundation for future translational research that is necessary to increase fertility of domestic ruminants.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030910159X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 791
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Book Description
The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups. While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems. Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309166810
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 146
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Book Description
Each year in the United States approximately 440,000 babies are born premature. These infants are at greater risk of death, and are more likely to suffer lifelong medical complications than full-term infants. Clinicians and researchers have made vast improvements in treating preterm birth; however, little success has been attained in understanding and preventing preterm birth. Understanding the complexity of interactions underlying preterm birth will be needed if further gains in outcomes are expected. The Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine sponsored a workshop to understand the biological mechanism of normal labor and delivery, and how environmental influences, as broadly defined, can interact with the processes of normal pregnancy to result in preterm birth. This report is a summary of the main themes presented by the speakers and participants.
Author: Fuller W. Bazer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461218047
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 579
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Book Description
A comprehensive, cutting-edge review of the complex interactions between maternal and fetal-placental tissues that control the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, the proper development of the fetus, the birth process, and the behavioral aspects of bonding between mother and newborn. Expert researchers review the endocrine and physiological events that culminate in the delivery of offspring, and provide a solid base of comparative information on the menstrual cycle of primates, including humans. They also discuss the sources and functions of both steroid and protein hormones from the placenta and the details of their effects on uterine function, placental development, fetal growth and well-being, and maternal responses to pregnancy. This book will become the standard reference source not only for reproductive scientists, but also for those clinicians who want better to understand the complex factors that affect pregnancy-and their pregnant patients.
Author: Graham J. Burton
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139494228
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 267
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Book Description
Developmental programming is a rapidly advancing discipline of great importance to basic scientists and health professionals alike. This text integrates, for the first time, contributions from world experts to explore the role of the placenta in developmental programming. The book considers the materno-fetal supply line, and how perturbations of placental development impact on its functional capacity. Chapters examine ways in which environmental, immunological and vascular insults regulate expression of conventional and imprinted genes, along with their impact on placental shape and size, transport, metabolism and endocrine function. Research in animal models is integrated with human clinical and epidemiological data, and questions for future research are identified. Transcripts of discussions between the authors allow readers to engage with controversial issues. Essential reading for researchers in placental biology and developmental programming, as well as specialists and trainees in the wider field of reproductive medicine.
Author: Ernst Knobil
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 9780125154024
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1550
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Book Description
The 3rd edition, the first new one in ten years, includes coverage of molecular levels of detail arising from the last decade's explosion of information at this level of organismic organization. There are 5 new Associate Editors and about 2/3 of the chapters have new authors. Chapters prepared by return authors are extensively revised. Several new chapters have been added on the topic of pregnancy, reflecting the vigorous investigation of this topic during the last decade.The information covered includes both human and experimental animals; basic principels are sought, and information at the organismic and molecular levels are presented. *The leading comprehensive work on the physiology of reproduction*Edited and authored by the world's leading scientists in the field*Is a synthesis of the molecular, cellular, and organismic levels of organization*Bibliogrpahics of chapters are extensive and cover all the relevant literature
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080535275
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 3269
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Book Description
The 3rd edition, the first new one in ten years, includes coverage of molecular levels of detail arising from the last decade's explosion of information at this level of organismic organization. There are 5 new Associate Editors and about 2/3 of the chapters have new authors. Chapters prepared by return authors are extensively revised. Several new chapters have been added on the topic of pregnancy, reflecting the vigorous investigation of this topic during the last decade.The information covered includes both human and experimental animals; basic principels are sought, and information at the organismic and molecular levels are presented.*The leading comprehensive work on the physiology of reproduction*Edited and authored by the world's leading scientists in the field*Is a synthesis of the molecular, cellular, and organismic levels of organization*Bibliogrpahics of chapters are extensive and cover all the relevant literature
Author: Elena Choleris
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521190355
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 409
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Book Description
A comparative overview of the effects of neuropeptides on behavior, examining parallel findings in both humans and non-human animals.
Author: Antonino Belfiore
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783319446745
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This volume provides comprehensive coverage of the current knowledge of the physiology of the endocrine system and hormone synthesis and release, transport, and action at the molecular and cellular levels. It presents essential as well as in-depth information of value to both medical students and specialists in Endocrinology, Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Internal Medicine. Although it is well established that the endocrine system regulates essential functions involved in growth, reproduction, and homeostasis, it is increasingly being recognized that this complex regulatory system comprises not only hormones secreted by the classic endocrine glands but also hormones and regulatory factors produced by many organs, and involves extensive crosstalk with the neural and immune system. At the same time, our knowledge of the molecular basis of hormone action has greatly improved. Understanding this complexity of endocrine physiology is crucial to prevent endocrine disorders, to improve the sensitivity of our diagnostic tools, and to provide the rationale for pharmacological, immunological, or genetic interventions. It is such understanding that this book is designed to foster.
