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Author: Pappu Srinidhi
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789354615184
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The soil is the most important constituent to fulfilment of all the basic needs of human beings. Soil is an important component of our farming. An eminent position in global cultivation of wheat, rice, jawar, pulses, sugarcane, vegetables and fruits etc. is occupied by Indian agriculture and reason of physical, chemical condition of whatever land is indispensable for proper implementation of the other management practices. Thus the physico-chemical study of territory is very significant because both physical and chemical properties which bear upon the soil productivity. This, physico-chemical study of soil is based on various parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, texture, moisture, temperature, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This knowledge will help to the people who are interested to work in agricultural field. Soil is one of the most important ecological factors containing a large number of different kinds of bacteria, plants and animals that compose inter-related biological complex. As a complex physical and biological system, it provides nutrients and oxygen for the organisms. The major physical and chemical features of soil are related to particle size, distribution, types of clay colloids, cation and anion exchange capacity, oxidation and reduction potential, soil reaction, electrical conductivity and nutrient dynamics. A healthy and judicious reduction condition should be maintained at the bottom to facilitate the optimum availability of nutrients as well as prevention of any unhealthy situation. Thus, soil plays an important role in fertility of fish life and water body. The physico-chemical parameters of water like temperature, pH, electric conductivity, total alkalinity, carbonates, bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, hardness, chlorides, sulphates, nutrients like nitrates and phosphates, turbidity and total dissolved solids are important to know the trophic nature of the water body. Water bodies are generally of three types oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic. Usually mesotrophic water bodies are highly productive in nature.
Author: Pappu Srinidhi
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789354615184
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The soil is the most important constituent to fulfilment of all the basic needs of human beings. Soil is an important component of our farming. An eminent position in global cultivation of wheat, rice, jawar, pulses, sugarcane, vegetables and fruits etc. is occupied by Indian agriculture and reason of physical, chemical condition of whatever land is indispensable for proper implementation of the other management practices. Thus the physico-chemical study of territory is very significant because both physical and chemical properties which bear upon the soil productivity. This, physico-chemical study of soil is based on various parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, texture, moisture, temperature, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This knowledge will help to the people who are interested to work in agricultural field. Soil is one of the most important ecological factors containing a large number of different kinds of bacteria, plants and animals that compose inter-related biological complex. As a complex physical and biological system, it provides nutrients and oxygen for the organisms. The major physical and chemical features of soil are related to particle size, distribution, types of clay colloids, cation and anion exchange capacity, oxidation and reduction potential, soil reaction, electrical conductivity and nutrient dynamics. A healthy and judicious reduction condition should be maintained at the bottom to facilitate the optimum availability of nutrients as well as prevention of any unhealthy situation. Thus, soil plays an important role in fertility of fish life and water body. The physico-chemical parameters of water like temperature, pH, electric conductivity, total alkalinity, carbonates, bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, hardness, chlorides, sulphates, nutrients like nitrates and phosphates, turbidity and total dissolved solids are important to know the trophic nature of the water body. Water bodies are generally of three types oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic. Usually mesotrophic water bodies are highly productive in nature.
Author: Rosa Margesin
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540289046
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 370
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Book Description
This volume presents detailed descriptions of methods for evaluating, monitoring and assessing bioremediation of soil contaminated with organic pollutants or heavy metals. Traditional soil investigation techniques, including chemical, physical and microbiological methods, are complemented by the most suitable modern methods, including bioreporter technology, immunological, ecotoxicological and molecular assays. Step-by-step procedures, lists of required equipment and reagents and notes on evaluation and quality control allow immediate application
Author: Narayan Panda
Publisher: New India Publishing Agency
ISBN: 9387973603
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 7
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Book Description
It is imperative to establish experimental objectives as a prelude to developing the sampling plan. As a component of development of sampling plan, one must begin by evaluating the environment from which samples will come. To accomplish this goal one must determine the physical and chemical features of the experimental area that includes the basic agents of nutrient supply i.e. soil and water. It contains principles and reactions of chemical analysis, soil sampling and analytical techniques for the determination of physical and chemical parameters of soil and water samples. The book on "Soil and Water Analysis" will be helpful to the Soil Chemists, Agriculture Officers, Specialists and research scholars of soil testing laboratories and other laboratory technicians/assistants.
Author: David Harvey
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science, Engineering & Mathematics
ISBN: 9780072375473
Category : Analytical chemistry
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This introductory text covers both traditional and contemporary topics relevant to analytical chemistry. Its flexible approach allows instructors to choose their favourite topics of discussion from additional coverage of subjects such as sampling, kinetic method, and quality assurance.
Author: Kasim Tegbaru Mesfin Birhanu Fanuel
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659325045
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
Soil, water, and air contain all of the essential elements in varying proportions, some in vast amounts. The elements essential for plants can be divided into those required in relatively large amount (the macronutrients) and those required in small amounts (the micronutrients). Soils properties vary from spot to spot and differ in their suitability for plant growth. Suitability of soil properties and the capacity of the soil to provide the required elements in adequate and balanced manner for plant growth are investigated by soil tests.
Author: Miroslav Radojevic
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1782625488
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 372
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Book Description
New techniques, improved understanding and changes in regulations relating to environmental analysis means that students, technicians and lecturers alike need an up-to-date guide to practical environmental analysis. This unique book provides detailed instructions for practical experiments in environmental analysis. The comprehensive coverage includes the chemical analysis of important pollutants in air, water, soil and plant tissue, and the experiments generally require only basic laboratory equipment and instrumentation. The content is supported by theoretical material explaining, amongst other concepts, the principles behind each method and the importance of various pollutants. Also included are suggestions for projects and worked examples. Appendices cover environmental standards, practical safety and laboratory practice. Building on the foundations laid by the highly acclaimed first edition, this new edition has been revised and updated to include information on new monitoring techniques, the Air Quality Index, internet resources and professional ethics. Like its predecessor, this informative text is certain to be valued as an indispensable guide to practical environmental analysis by students on a variety of science courses and their lecturers. Reviews of the first edition: "I strongly urge academics in chemistry, biology, botany, soil science, geography and environmental science departments to give [this book] serious consideration as a course text." Malcolm Cresser, Environment Department, University of York, UK "Destined to become a course text for many university courses ... a high quality, informative introductory text ... there should be multiple copies on most university's library shelves." Environmental Conservation
Author: Fichago Selman
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783346766342
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Dr. Vijendra Singh
Publisher: Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd)
ISBN: 9386369974
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 272
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Book Description
INTRODUCTION Environmental science is the systematic study of the interaction of two worlds. The word ‘Environment’ is derived from an old French word ‘environ’ meaning ‘encircle’. The environment consists of four segments: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Among all of substances, water is a marvelous substance on earth. Water is one of the abundantly available substances in nature. Water is essential for all kinds of life and is the medium in which all living processes occur. Water is renewable source, but renewable takes time. The hydrological cycle constantly purifies and redistributes fresh water on landmasses, providing endless renewable resource. At present, there are many environmental issues, which have grown in size and complexity day by day, threatening the survival of mankind and all living organisms on earth. Unfortunately, with progress in science and technology, man has been dumping waste material into atmosphere and causing pollution. Environmental pollution can be divided among the categories of water, air and soil pollution. Emission of pollutants in air, water and soil has caused considerable damage to our environment. Water pollution disturbs the normal uses of water for irrigation, agriculture, industries, public water supply and aquatic life. Most of the human activities produce liquid effluents, which are the prime cause of water pollution. Rapid increase in population, intensive agriculture, growing industrialization and urbanization has resulted in progressive deterioration in the quality of water in our natural reservoirs. Most of the water related diseases are some way or other concerned with the polluted water supply. Water borne infections diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, jaundice and worm infection are still the major public health problems in developing countries. Another substance, which plays a very important role, is soil as it produces food for human beings and animals. Soil is a complex of physical and biological systems, which give support to the plants and supplies water and essential nutrients to them. It is the main reservoir of the minerals essential for normal growth of the plants. The soil consists of four major components, i.e. mineral matter, organic matter, soil air and soil water. All these components cannot be separated with much satisfaction because they are present very intimately mixed with each other. With careful husbandry, soil can be replenished and renewed indefinitely. Hazardous chemicals heavily pollute soil day by day. Disposal of industrial waste is the major problem responsible for soil pollution. These waste products are also tipped on soil, enhancing the extent of soil pollution. As a result, hazardous chemicals can enter into human food chain from the soil or water, disturb the biochemical process and finally lead to serious effects on living organisms. Large-scale soil and water pollution is one of the primary factors behind the high prevalence of soil and water borne diseases. Soil degradation can reduce the quality of our food, whereas deforestation can reduce the availability plants to make current medicines and medicines for the future. Heavy metal pollution has also a serious impact. Metal pollution can affect all environments but its effects most long lasting in soil. Drinking is one of the major routes of intake of heavy metals by the human body. Soil contamination should be a primary concern in India, because the country relies heavily on agriculture. Toxic metal is the one, which is neither essential nor beneficial but exhibits a positive catastrophic effect on normal metabolic function even when present in small amounts and may, at times, be responsible for permanent disorders or malfunctioning of organ system leading finally to death. This BOOK consists of five chapters. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter is divided into two parts: 1A: WATER This part contains Introduction of Water, Properties of Water, Major Water Compartments, Types & Forms of Water, Water and its Significance, Potability of Water, Water Consumption Pattern & Demand, Water Resources, Water Quality for Irrigation and Ground Water Quality Status in Rajasthan. 1B: SOIL & VEGETATION This part contains Introduction of Soil, What is Soil?, Composition of Soil, Process of Soil Formation, Soil Profile, Soil Texture, Types of Soil, Soil pH, Life on Soil, Macro and Micro Plant Nutrients, Functions of Various Nutrients and Agricultural Status w.r.t. Soil. CHAPTER 2: WATER & SOIL POLLUTION This chapter is divided into two parts: 2A: WATER POLLUTION (i) This part contains Environmental Pollution, Water Pollution, Causes of Water Pollution, Sources of Water Pollution, Types of Water Pollution, Classification of Pollutants, Types of Pollutants, Characteristics of Fresh Water, Chemical Characteristics of Water, Characteristics of Industrial Wastes, Control of Water Pollution, Diseases Caused by Water Pollution, Various Effluents and Their Effects on Aquatic Organisms, Fluoridation and Defluoridation of Water, Water Management, Water Pollution in India and Water Pollution in Rajasthan. (ii) 2B: SOIL POLLUTION This part contains Soil Pollution, Sources of Soil Pollution, Diseases Caused by Soil Pollution, Control of Soil Pollution, Heavy Metal Toxicology, Sources of Heavy Metals and Environment Friendly Technologies. CHAPTER 3: METHODS & METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY FOR WATER Wastewater samples were collected from eleven different sites from the ‘AMANISHAH NALA’ and groundwater (Hand pump) samples were taken from nine different vicinal locations of various industrial sites. Samples were collected in good quality screw–capped polyethylene bottles of one litre capacity, labeled properly and analyzed in laboratory for their all physico–chemical parameters. Monitoring was done during the three seasons (pre-monsoon, during monsoon and post-monsoon) throughout the two-years from different industrial areas and adjacent places of Jaipur city (June, 2002 to May, 2004). Various physical parameters like pH, EC, DO and TDS, which are important to evaluate the suitability of wastewater for irrigation, were determined on the site with the help of digital portable water analyzer kit (CENTURY–CK–710). For rest of the analysis, water samples were preserved and bought to the laboratory. The chemical analysis carried out for BOD by incubation method, COD by KMnO4 method, Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl–), Sulphate (SO42–), Carbonate (CO32–) and Bicarbonate (HCO3–) by volumetric titration methods; while Fluoride (F–) by spectrophotometric (AIMIL–C160–80314) & ion selective electrode method and Nitrate (NO3–) by spectrophotometric (ELICO–CL–54D) method; Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) by flamephotometry (ELICO–CL–220) and heavy metals by AAS. In order to estimate the quality of the groundwater for drinking purposes, an indexing system, Water Quality Index (WQI), based on Adak and Purohit(20), was determined. Evaluation of the quality of wastewater on the basis of percent sodium (%Na) is excellent, was determined. Quantitatively, United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) proposed, for the first time, a better index called ‘Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)’, was determined. Sodium hazard of irrigation water can be well understood by knowing SAR. There is a significant correlation between SAR values of irrigation water and the extent to which sodium is absorbed by the soil. METHODOLOGY FOR SOIL Soil samples were collected from thirteen different vicinal locations of various industrial sites where industrial wastewater use for irrigation. Samples were collected in good quality polyethylene bags, labeled properly and analyzed in laboratory for their all parameters. Monitoring was done during the four intervals throughout the year from different vicinal locations of various industrial sites of Jaipur city where industrial wastewater use for irrigation (April, 2004 to March, 2005). Soil samples may be analyzed for the following parameters like: pH, EC, Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, etc. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter is divided into three parts: 4A: WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES In these sites, positive correlation between surface and ground water was recognized. The groundwater near solid waste and liquid waste disposal sites was polluted, whereas the groundwater away from disposal sites was not much affected. The values obtained were compared with standards of ISI, ICMR and WHO. From the observations, it may inferred that the concentration of pH, EC, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, SO42–, CO32–, HCO32–, Cl–, DO and BOD are within permissible limits of ISI, ICMR & WHO but NO3–, TDS, TH, COD and WQI values show the poor water quality in most of the studied groundwater samples taken from vicinal locations of various industrial sites. Concentrations of all heavy metals like Cr, Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, As & Zn are within permissible limits. Higher concentrations of Zn in very few samples have been observed. WQI values of these samples were ranging from 35.08 to 268.78 which means that only 37.5% sample’s water were fit for human consumption directly, but 62.5% water of all sources can be used for domestic consumption after appropriate treatment whereas remaining 37.5% water of samples were of very poor quality and was not recommended for domestic purposes. So it may be accomplished with the help of WQI that the water of the various samples were unfit for drinking purpose without further treatment (mainly disinfections). It may be concluded that the general characteristics of groundwater samples from the study area classify the water under moderate category and are tolerable for household and commercial purposes However, high WQI and COD values suggest purification may be necessary for domestic consumption. 4B: WATER FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES The suitability of groundwater and wastewater for irrigation depends upon its mineral constituents. The salts present in the water, besides affecting the growth of the plants directly also affect the soil structure, permeability and aeration, which indirectly affect the plant growth. Jaipur is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization. Wastewater generated from various industries discharged into ‘AMANISHAH NALA’ where this water is used for irrigation purpose. The values obtained were compared with standards of ISI, ICMR and WHO. The concentrations of pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42–, CO32–, HCO3–, TH, Cl–, NO3–, Oil & Grease, DO and F– are within permissible limits in both groundwater and wastewater but definite contaminations with special reference to EC, TDS, BOD and COD in wastewater have been observed, calls for at least primary treatment of wastewater before being used for irrigation. High EC and TDS values reflect greater salinity of water and it cannot be suitable for irrigation under ordinary conditions. There was also a significant correlation between SAR values of irrigation water and the extent to which sodium is absorbed by the soil. No excellent conclusion can be drawn to observed values but general conclusion can be drawn as: The general characteristics of groundwater and industrial wastewater samples from the study area classify the water under moderate category and are good for household, irrigation and commercial purposes and results of suitability evaluation indicate that there is no major pollution hazard in wastewater of AMANISHAH NALA. However, high BOD and COD values suggest purification may be necessary for sensitive crops and human consumption. 4C: SOIL FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES In all studied locations, soil is moderate for all kinds of crops except sensitive ones. Adjacent locations of all industrial areas under study have concentrations of pH, EC, organic carbon, Fe, Cu and Mn are within permissible limits and show good soil quality in most of the studied soil samples taken from vicinal locations of various industrial sites. There is lack of concentrations of Zn is all soil samples and is need to give zinc sulphate fertilizer to compensate this but definite concentrations of P and K in soil samples have been observed at critical limit. Some samples also have higher pH i.e. alkaline in nature and they need to give gypsum for reducing alkalinity from soil samples. CHAPTER 5: WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND SUGGESTIONS The ultimate disposal of wastewater can only be onto the land or into the water. But whenever the watercourses are used for the ultimate disposal, the wastewater is given a treatment to prevent any injury to the aquatic life in the receiving water. Normally, the treatment consists of the removal of suspended and dissolved solids through different units if the treatment plants. The treatment of industrial wastewater may be accomplished in part or as a whole either by the biological processes, as done in the sanitary sewage, or by processes very special for the industrial wastewater only. Depending upon the constituents present in it, the treatment may consist of any one or more treatment (chemical or biological or both) processes. The chemical treatment should be provided only when it becomes unavoidable. The selection of the particular treatment process depends on the effluent requirements and the characteristics of the waste. Today it is not enough to emphasize the protection of the environment. The fundamental purpose of water treatment is to remove impurities that may be offensive or injurious to health and well being of the individual and community. Disinfectant should kill the pathogens quickly at room temperature. It should be inexpensive, and non-toxic, to humans and should provide protection against only contamination in water during conveyance or storage. The Govt. should immediately make laws banning industrial pollution. Failure to do so will lead to substantial penalties and fine. The water treatment plants should be installed in rural areas. The rural inhabitants should try to avoid the use of pesticides in their fields. All small scale and big industries must have anti-pollution unit. Create the awareness about the effects of high concentration of nitrate, fluoride, solids and hardness among villagers. Through strict implementation of the Government’s Water Treatment Programme, water can be rendered safe for drinking. Chapter 1, 2, 3 & 5 precisely details under various heads and chapter 4 details under water for domestic & irrigation purposes and soil for agricultural purposes, results, discussion, tables and graphs of each parameters results, evaluations, assessments and comparison followed by a comprehensive list of relevant references after everything else of the BOOK.
Author: Inamuddin
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119710189
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 290
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Book Description
This book explores the state-of-the-art information regarding applied soil sciences. It covers the fundamentals, model concepts, principles, chemical reactions, functions, chemical recycling, chemical weathering, acid-base chemistry, carbon sequestration, and nutrient availability of soils. Also, it includes soil chemistry of heavy-metals, environment, clay, ion-exchange processes, analytical tools and applications. This book helps to understand the about soil characteristics targeting soil chemical reactions and interactions and its applications.
Author: J. Dux
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1468414585
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 207
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Book Description
xii a second edition might be in order, and readily agreed. Although the basic principles remain the same, discussions with analysts, laboratory supervisors, and managers indicated many areas where improve ments could be made. For example, new chapters have been added on sampling and quality assurance; laboratory facilities and quality assurance; and auditing for quality assurance. Very little of the first edition has been discarded, but many topics have been expanded considerably. The chapter on computers has been completely rewritten in view of the rapid changes in that field. The chapter in the first edition on planning and organizing for quality assurance has been split into two chapters, one on planning for quality assurance and the other on organizing and establishing a quality assurance program, and new material on mandated quality assurance programs has been combined with the material on laboratory accreditation. Numerous examples, especially those involving mathematical calculations, have been added at the suggestion of some readers. In short, this edition is very nearly a new book, and I can only hope it is as well received as the first edition. CHAPTER 1 Qual ity, Qual ity Control, and Quality Assurance One of the strongest trends in modem society is the continuing ev olution from a manufacturing to a service-oriented economy.
