Phraseologisches Handbuch der kaufmännischen Correspondenz in deutscher, französischer, englischer und italienischer Sprache PDF Download
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Author: Otto Kistner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commerce
Languages : un
Pages : 264
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Book Description
Author: Otto Kistner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commerce
Languages : un
Pages : 264
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Book Description
Author: Dimitra Anastasiou
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443825409
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 265
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Book Description
In 1975, Searle stated that one should speak idiomatically unless there is some good reason not to do so. Fillmore, Kay, and O’Connor in 1988 defined an idiomatic expression or construction as something that a language user could fail to know while knowing everything else in the language. Our language is rich in conversational phrases, idioms, metaphors, and general expressions used in metaphorical meaning. These idiomatic expressions pose a particular challenge for Machine Translation (MT), because their translation for the most part does not work literally, but logically. The present book shows how idiomatic expressions can be recognized and correctly translated with the help of a bilingual idiom dictionary (English-German), a monolingual (German) corpus, and morphosyntactic rules. The work focuses on the field of Example-based Machine Translation (EBMT). A theory of idiomatic expressions with their syntactic and semantic properties is provided, followed by the practical part of the book which describes how the hybrid EBMT system METIS-II is able to correctly process idiomatic expressions. A comparison of METIS-II with three commercial systems shows that idioms are not impossible to translate as it was predicted in 1952: “The only way for a machine to treat idioms is—not to have idioms!” This book furnishes plenty of examples of idiomatic phrases and provides the foundation for how MT systems can process and translate idioms by means of simple linguistic resources.
Author: Cinzia Giglioni
Publisher: Frank & Timme GmbH
ISBN: 3732906469
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 150
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Book Description
Congressional hearings are often the most requested government documents in US libraries. However, among the genres that have been traditionally of interest to political discourse analysts – e.g. political speeches, political interviews, policy documents – hearings have not been of much scrutiny on the part of discourse scholars, an attitude somehow contrasting with the lay public’s interest. Cinzia Giglioni takes the opportunity to gain a unique view into the actors, the interested parties, the issues, from a linguistic and rhetorical perspective. Her intent is to provide an in-depth analysis of witnesses’ opening statements, which are probably the most salient parts in a congressional hearing. The investigation begins with, but is not constricted by, theoretical aspects, which are integrated with empirical observations and suggestions for critical reading.
Author: Diana L. Fried-Booth
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 9780194372251
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 142
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Book Description
Provides a variety of accessible ideas for projects inside and outside the classroom. This work features tasks that give participants the chance to improve their competence in the four skills as well as in useful areas such as giving presentations, making a video, and producing reports and articles.
Author: R.M.W. Dixon
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199270937
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 393
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Book Description
This book shows that every language has an adjective class and how such classes vary. Thirteen scholars report original research on languages from North, Central and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The book throws new light on the nature and classification of adjectives and redefines the cross-linguistic parameters of their variation.
Author: Anja Schwarzl
Publisher: Peter Lang Publishing
ISBN:
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
One of the main topics of the book is the comparison between the human and machine translation process, including information on translation theories and models of translation. These are illustrated by so-called Think-Aloud Protocols. The longest part of the book is devoted to the evaluation of machine translation, as well as the comparison of the programs themselves. Using different text types (grammar test, business English, user's manual, children's story, scientific text), various evaluation methods (four-scale rating, benchmark test, test suite, error counting, backtranslation) are compared. The final chapter looks at the future perspectives of machine translation with the possible inclusion of expert systems, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, neural networks and chaostheory.
Author: Philip N. Johnson-Laird
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 1135440379
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 221
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Book Description
This book aims to reach an understanding of how the mind carries out three sorts of thinking -- deduction, induction, and creation -- to consider what goes right and what goes wrong, and to explore computational models of these sorts of thinking. Written for students of the mind -- psychologists, computer scientists, philosophers, linguists, and other cognitive scientists -- it also provides general readers with a self-contained account of human and machine thinking. The author presents his point of view, rather than a review, as simply as possible so that no technical background is required. Like the field of research itself, it calls for hard thinking about thinking.
Author: Anne-Claude Berthoud
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN: 9027271372
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 464
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Book Description
This book addresses the meanings and implications of multilingualism and its uses in a context of rapid changes, in Europe and around the world. All types of organisations, including the political institutions of the European Union, universities and private-sector companies must rise to the many challenges posed by operating in a multilingual environment. This requires them, in particular, to make the best use of speakers’ very diverse linguistic repertoires. The contributions in this volume, which stem from the DYLAN research project financed by the European Commission as part of its Sixth Framework Programme, examine at close range how these repertoires develop, how they change and how actors adapt skilfully the use of their repertoires to different objectives and conditions. These different strategies are also examined in terms of their capacity to ensure efficient and fair communication in a multilingual Europe. Careful observation of actors’ multilingual practices reveals finely tuned communicational strategies drawing on a wide range of different languages, including national languages, minority languages and lingue franche. Understanding these practices, their meaning and their implications, helps to show in what way and under what conditions they are not merely a response to a problem, but an asset for political institutions, universities and business.
Author: Eric A. Anchimbe
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9027272417
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 278
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Book Description
The (dis)empowerment of languages through language policy in multilingual postcolonial communities often shapes speakers’ identification with these languages, their attitude towards other languages in the community, and their choices in interpersonal and intergroup communication. Focusing on the dynamics of Cameroon’s multilingualism, this book contributes to current debates on the impact of politic language policy on daily language use in sociocultural and interpersonal interactions, multiple identity construction, indigenous language teaching and empowerment, the use of Cameroon Pidgin English in certain formal institutional domains initially dominated by the official languages, and linguistic patterns of social interaction for politeness, respect, and in-group bonding. Due to the multiple perspectives adopted, the book will be of interest to sociolinguists, applied linguists, pragmaticians, Afrikanists, and scholars of postcolonial linguistics.
Author: Virve-Anneli Vihman
Publisher: Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften
ISBN: 9783034309578
Category : Comparative linguistics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book addresses the themes of language, identity and linguistic politics in Europe, drawing on approaches and methodologies from a range of disciplines from socio- and contact linguistics to cultural history, psychology and policy studies. It makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the linguistic landscape of today's Europe.
