Pay Incentives, Intangibles, and Gender Wage Inequality PDF Download
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Author: Cristiano Perugini
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This research focuses on the effects of incentive pay schemes (IPSs) on the within-firm gender wage gap, and explores whether the intensity of investments in intangibles at the industry level moderates such effects. To this aim, we use establishment-level data from the Structure of Earning Surveys (SES) for the years 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 and the five largest European economies (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK). Data on intangible capital stocks (on 25 industries) are from the EU-KLEMS database. The analysis, which addresses potential endogeneity issues, indicates that a higher intensity of IPSs alleviates the adjusted gender pay gap. However, this inequality attenuating effect of IPSs materializes only in contexts where intangible capital intensity is low. The result is confirmed if, instead of the aggregate intangibles stock, we replicate the analysis in subsamples of firms belonging to industries with high/low intensity of various intangible capital components. Investments in training emerge as a notable exception, as IPSs also reduce the adjusted wage gap in the context of high investments in firm-specific human capital.
Author: Cristiano Perugini
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This research focuses on the effects of incentive pay schemes (IPSs) on the within-firm gender wage gap, and explores whether the intensity of investments in intangibles at the industry level moderates such effects. To this aim, we use establishment-level data from the Structure of Earning Surveys (SES) for the years 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 and the five largest European economies (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK). Data on intangible capital stocks (on 25 industries) are from the EU-KLEMS database. The analysis, which addresses potential endogeneity issues, indicates that a higher intensity of IPSs alleviates the adjusted gender pay gap. However, this inequality attenuating effect of IPSs materializes only in contexts where intangible capital intensity is low. The result is confirmed if, instead of the aggregate intangibles stock, we replicate the analysis in subsamples of firms belonging to industries with high/low intensity of various intangible capital components. Investments in training emerge as a notable exception, as IPSs also reduce the adjusted wage gap in the context of high investments in firm-specific human capital.
Author: Marc Baudry
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 104001111X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 339
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Book Description
Following multiple global crises, there is an urgent need to review our economic and financial paradigms to improve outcomes for the three pillars of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental. In response, various strands of new economic thinking have emerged such as degrowth, the collaborative economy, solidarity economy, sharing economy and social entrepreneurship. This book explores the various economic and financial dimensions of sustainable development drawing on new and existing theories. This comprehensive book is divided into four sections, each presenting the results of a team of international researchers, tackling the issue from a global, macroeconomic, and microeconomic approach. The first part examines the determinants of sustainable development in the global economy, while the second looks at enterprise in a sustainable world. The third section analyses the financial markets and the fourth addresses economic policy and sustainable development. A wide array of sustainability concerns are discussed in-depth, from analysing changes in environmental social, and governance reporting and assessing their impact on the information systems and reporting of economic entities; exploring the transition to 'Industry 5.0', and how technological innovation can be deployed to support a better fit and 'win-win' interaction between industry and society, shifting focus from economic and technological factors to important environmental and social dimensions. The monograph is an invaluable resource for scholars, researchers, and students of applied, development, growth, resource, and welfare economics. The policy recommendations will be of benefit to policymakers concerned with issues of sustainable development generally and the Sustainable Development Goals specifically.
Author: Susan L. Averett
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190878266
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 889
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Book Description
The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Author: Julián Messina
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464810400
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 292
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Book Description
What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the fi rst question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage diff erences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so—but it might not actually reverse the region’s movement toward less wage inequality.
Author: Claudia Goldin
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691228663
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
In this book, the author builds on decades of complex research to examine the gender pay gap and the unequal distribution of labor between couples in the home. The author argues that although public and private discourse has brought these concerns to light, the actions taken - such as a single company slapped on the wrist or a few progressive leaders going on paternity leave - are the economic equivalent of tossing a band-aid to someone with cancer. These solutions, the author writes, treat the symptoms and not the disease of gender inequality in the workplace and economy. Here, the author points to data that reveals how the pay gap widens further down the line in women's careers, about 10 to 15 years out, as opposed to those beginning careers after college. She examines five distinct groups of women over the course of the twentieth century: cohorts of women who differ in terms of career, job, marriage, and children, in approximated years of graduation - 1900s, 1920s, 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s - based on various demographic, labor force, and occupational outcomes. The book argues that our entire economy is trapped in an old way of doing business; work structures have not adapted as more women enter the workforce. Gender equality in pay and equity in home and childcare labor are flip sides of the same issue, and the author frames both in the context of a serious empirical exploration that has not yet been put in a long-run historical context. This book offers a deep look into census data, rich information about individual college graduates over their lifetimes, and various records and sources of material to offer a new model to restructure the home and school systems that contribute to the gender pay gap and the quest for both family and career. --
Author: Jeni Klugman
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464803609
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 239
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Book Description
Despite recent advances in important aspects of the lives of girls and women, pervasive challenges remain. These challenges reflect widespread deprivations and constraints and include epidemic levels of gender-based violence and discriminatory laws and norms that prevent women from owning property, being educated, and making meaningful decisions about their own lives--such as whether and when to marry or have children. These often violate their most basic rights and are magnified and multiplied by poverty and lack of education. This groundbreaking book distills vast data and hundreds of studies to shed new light on deprivations and constraints facing the voice and agency of women and girls worldwide, and on the associated costs for individuals, families, communities, and global development. The volume presents major new findings about the patterns of constraints and overlapping deprivations and focuses on several areas key to women s empowerment: freedom from violence, sexual and reproductive health and rights, ownership of land and housing, and voice and collective action. It highlights promising reforms and interventions from around the world and lays out an urgent agenda for governments, civil society, development agencies, and other stakeholders, including a call for greater investment in data and knowledge to benchmark progress.
Author: Narayana R. Kocherlakota
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400835275
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 230
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Book Description
Optimal tax design attempts to resolve a well-known trade-off: namely, that high taxes are bad insofar as they discourage people from working, but good to the degree that, by redistributing wealth, they help insure people against productivity shocks. Until recently, however, economic research on this question either ignored people's uncertainty about their future productivities or imposed strong and unrealistic functional form restrictions on taxes. In response to these problems, the new dynamic public finance was developed to study the design of optimal taxes given only minimal restrictions on the set of possible tax instruments, and on the nature of shocks affecting people in the economy. In this book, Narayana Kocherlakota surveys and discusses this exciting new approach to public finance. An important book for advanced PhD courses in public finance and macroeconomics, The New Dynamic Public Finance provides a formal connection between the problem of dynamic optimal taxation and dynamic principal-agent contracting theory. This connection means that the properties of solutions to principal-agent problems can be used to determine the properties of optimal tax systems. The book shows that such optimal tax systems necessarily involve asset income taxes, which may depend in sophisticated ways on current and past labor incomes. It also addresses the implications of this new approach for qualitative properties of optimal monetary policy, optimal government debt policy, and optimal bequest taxes. In addition, the book describes computational methods for approximate calculation of optimal taxes, and discusses possible paths for future research.
Author: Joyce P. Jacobsen
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN: 9780631207276
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 515
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Book Description
Economic agents can be male or female; they interact in families and households as well as in firms and markets. Yet it is only recently that economists have begun to take the implications of these facts into account in their theory, research, and policy analysis. Informed debate in economics, in other academic fields in which gender is of concern, and in society at large depends on an understanding of the economic issues underlying such questions as "why do women earn less than men" and "why, throughout the world, have men and women tended to work in separate spheres?" "The Economics of Gender, " Second Edition offers a comprehensive, balanced, and up-to-date introduction to the new work on the differences between women's and men's economic opportunities, activities, and rewards. Although Jacobsen's primary focus is on contemporary US patterns, she devotes four chapters to cross-societal comparisons. She also takes a close look at the evolution of contemporary patterns over time and the impact on them of race, ethnicity, and class. Throughout, she discusses the pros and cons of various policies, including "comparable worth" and welfare programs. Many real-life examples and anecdotes enliven the text. Appendices provide additional help for readers who have not had a course in economics and further detail for the economically sophisticated. Clear, readable, and provocative, the Second Edition of "The Economics of Gender" will continue to be welcomed as a primary text for the growing number of courses on gender economics. It remains a valuable supplement to courses in labor economics, economic policy, and women's studies. Finally, academics and policymakers in a wide range of fields will appreciate the book as a crucial reference.
Author: John M. Abowd
Publisher: Université de Montréal, Centre de recherche et développement en économique
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 94
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Book Description
We study a longitudinal sample of over one million French workers and over 500,000 employing firms. Real total annual compensation per worker is decomposed into components related to observable characteristics, worker heterogeneity, firm heterogeneity and residual variation. Except for the residual, all components may be correlated in an arbitrary fashion. At the level of the individual, we find that person-effects, especially those not related to observables like education, are the most important source of wage variation in France. Firm-effects, while important, are not as important as person-effects. At the level of firms, we find that enterprises that hire high-wage workers are more productive but not more profitable. They are also more capital and high-skilled employee intensive. Enterprises that pay higher wages, controlling for person-effects, are more productive and more profitable. They are also more capital intensive but are not more high-skilled labor intensive. We also find that person-effects explain 92% of inter-industry wage differentials.
Author: Douglas L. Kruse
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226056961
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 433
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Book Description
The historical relationship between capital and labor has evolved in the past few decades. One particularly noteworthy development is the rise of shared capitalism, a system in which workers have become partial owners of their firms and thus, in effect, both employees and stockholders. Profit sharing arrangements and gain-sharing bonuses, which tie compensation directly to a firm’s performance, also reflect this new attitude toward labor. Shared Capitalism at Work analyzes the effects of this trend on workers and firms. The contributors focus on four main areas: the fraction of firms that participate in shared capitalism programs in the United States and abroad, the factors that enable these firms to overcome classic free rider and risk problems, the effect of shared capitalism on firm performance, and the impact of shared capitalism on worker well-being. This volume provides essential studies for understanding the increasingly important role of shared capitalism in the modern workplace.
