Outsmarting the Host: How Bacterial Pathogens Modulate Immune Responses in The Lung PDF Download
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Author: Gee W. Lau
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889666123
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 244
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Book Description
Author: Gee W. Lau
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889666123
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Kevin Christopher Barry
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 118
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Book Description
Translating inflammation: characterization of host protein synthesis during bacterial infections by Kevin Christopher Barry Doctor of Philosophy in Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Russell E. Vance, Chair The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. Innate immune receptors, termed pattern recognition receptors, are germline-encoded receptors that recognize conserved microbial products and activate an immune response. Examples of these microbial products, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are components of the bacterial outer membrane, such as lipopolysaccharide or bacterial lipoproteins, and microbe-derived nucleic acids. Importantly these molecular patterns are not just found on pathogens, but are also encoded by harmless commensal microbes as well. It has become clear in recent years that the innate immune system distinguishes pathogens from harmless commensals and preferentially responds to pathogens. It has been established that one mechanism by which the innate immune system makes this distinction is through the recognition of activities that are associated with the pathogenic lifestyle, termed patterns of pathogenesis, such as access to the host cytosol and microbial growth. Recently, translation inhibition induced by pathogenic microbes has been shown to be important for the induction of immune responses, and thus has been termed a novel pathogen-associated activity. Legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of a severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' Disease. After inhalation of aerosolized bacteria, L. pneumophila can infect and replicate within lung alveolar macrophages. Intracellular replication of L. pneumophila in macrophages in vitro, and virulence of L. pneumophila in animal models, requires a Type IV secretion system (T4SS) called the Dot/Icm system, which secretes bacterial effector proteins into the host cytosol. These effectors, greater than 270 of which have been identified, are believed to be critical for establishment of the Legionella-containing vacuole, the specialized membrane-bound intracellular compartment in which L. pneumophila replicates. In addition to its essential role in facilitating intracellular bacterial replication, the L. pneumophila T4SS is also associated with a strong block in host protein synthesis and the induction of several potent innate immune responses. The over-arching goal of this thesis is to expand our knowledge of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system distinguishes pathogenic microbes from non-pathogenic microbes. In the first chapter of this thesis I will review the current state of the field. In the second chapter of this thesis I will describe studies using L. pneumophila infection in vivo where I found an important role for the often-overlooked cytokine, interleukin-1[alpha] (IL-1[alpha]), in initiating the immune response to virulent L. pneumophila. I was able to demonstrate, consistent with previous studies, that signaling through the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) is important for the recruitment of protective neutrophils to the lungs of mice, but unlike previous studies, we could show that the early recruitment of these cells required IL-1[alpha]. I was further able to characterize the molecular mechanism by which the innate immune system is able to produce IL-1[alpha] specifically in response to virulent infection. I found that host protein synthesis is inhibited by T4SS+, but not T4SS-, L. pneumophila. I was further able to show that translation inhibition in concert with signaling via the innate immune receptors the toll-like receptors (TLRs) induced sustained and massive induction of Il1a transcript. I proposed that this massive induction of Il1a transcript overcame the L. pneumophila induced block in host protein synthesis and permitted the enhanced production and release of IL-1[alpha]. Thus, these studies demonstrated that IL-1[alpha], a cytokine I showed to be important for protecting the host from L pneumophila infection in vivo, was preferentially made in response to T4SS+ L. pneumophila. Moreover, I linked the production of IL-1[alpha] to the sensing of the pathogen-induced block in host protein synthesis. These studies also identified five known and two novel bacterial effectors that block host protein synthesis, but deletion of all seven of these effectors did not affect the L. pneumophila induced block in host protein synthesis. I hypothesized that other mechanisms, possibly host stress induced by intracellular bacterial infection, could induce this block in translation. Thus, taken together, the experiments described in the second chapter of this thesis identify a novel inflammatory response to L. pneumophila in vivo and further support a model in which pathogen-induced translation inhibition can allow the immune system to detect a pathogen and respond appropriately. In the third chapter of this thesis I set out to further characterize the molecular mechanism of IL-1[alpha] production and translation inhibition induced by T4SS+ L. pneumophila. As deletion of the seven L. pneumophila effectors that block host protein synthesis did not relieve the block in host protein synthesis induced by L. pneumophila, I set out to determine if the residual block in host protein synthesis by the [Delta]7 L. pneumophila mutant was at the level of translation initiation or elongation. Using a deep sequencing technique called ribosome profiling in concert with RNAseq of total mRNA, I was able to look at translation in L. pneumophila infected macrophages globally and with nucleotide resolution. I found through these analyses that T4SS+ L. pneumophila blocks translation elongation, but the residual translation inhibition induced by [Delta]7 L. pneumophila was at the level of translation initiation. The vast majority of translational control by the host is at the level of translation initiation. Thus, the [Delta]7 L. pneumophila induced block in translation initiation suggests that a host stress response could be blocking translation in response to the stresses of being infected by an intracellular pathogen. In the third chapter of this thesis I assay a number of host stress response pathways after L. pneumophila infection and see no role for these pathways in [Delta]7 L. pneumophila induced translation inhibition. I proposed that these data suggest that an unknown stress response pathway may be activated or, alternatively, a novel bacterial effector could be blocking translation initiation. The studies described in the third chapter of this thesis also undertook analyses of ribosome profiling and RNAseq data to further test the model that inflammatory cytokines are made in response to pathogens by the massive induction of transcripts in response to the pathogen-associated activity of blocking host protein synthesis along with TLR signaling. The data presented in the third chapter support a model that the induction of cytokine transcripts via sensing of the pathogen-associated activity of translation inhibition and TLR activation overcomes the block in host protein synthesis and allows the infected cell to preferentially respond to pathogens with the production of inflammatory cytokines. I further describe experiments that suggest diverse intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes also induce a block in host protein synthesis and that this activity may be a broadly applicable pathogen-associated activity. Lastly, the studies presented in the third chapter of this thesis provide evidence that, at least in response to virulent L. pneumophila, the majority of control of gene expression in response to pathogenic infection is controlled at the level of mRNA induction. The studies presented in this thesis lend credence to the proposal that translation inhibition is a pathogen-associated activity encoded by diverse intracellular bacterial pathogens. They also support a model by which translation inhibition is sensed by host innate immune cells to induce massive mRNA induction of inflammatory cytokines allowing for a specific inflammatory response to pathogens. Lastly, these studies link translation inhibition to an important role in protecting the host from pathogenic infection in vivo.
Author: Kenneth Murphy
Publisher: Garland Science
ISBN: 9780815344575
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.
Author: Matt Richtel
Publisher: HarperCollins
ISBN: 0062698508
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
National Bestseller "A valuable read that will help you understand what it takes to stop COVID-19. … A super interesting look at the science of immunity.” —Bill Gates, Gates Notes Summer Reading List The Pulitzer Prize–winning New York Times journalist "explicates for the lay reader the intricate biology of our immune system" (Jerome Groopman, MD, New York Review of Books) From New York Times science journalist Matt Richtel, An Elegant Defense is an acclaimed and definitive exploration of the immune system and the secrets of health. Interweaving cutting-edge science with the intimate stories of four individual patients, this epic, first-of-its-kind book “give[s] lay readers a means of understanding what’s known so far about the intricate biology of our immune systems” (The Week). The immune system is our body’s essential defense network, a guardian vigilantly fighting illness, healing wounds, maintaining order and balance, and keeping us alive. It has been honed by evolution over millennia to face an almost infinite array of threats. For all its astonishing complexity, however, the immune system can be easily compromised by fatigue, stress, toxins, advanced age, and poor nutrition—hallmarks of modern life—and even by excessive hygiene. Paradoxically, it is a fragile wonder weapon that can turn on our own bodies with startling results, leading today to epidemic levels of autoimmune disorders. An Elegant Defense effortlessly guides readers on a scientific detective tale winding from the Black Plague to twentieth-century breakthroughs in vaccination and antibiotics, to today’s laboratories that are revolutionizing immunology—perhaps the most extraordinary and consequential medical story of our time. Drawing on extensive new interviews with dozens of world-renowned scientists, Richtel has produced a landmark book, equally an investigation into the deepest riddles of survival and a profoundly human tale that is movingly brought to life through the eyes of his four main characters, each of whom illuminates an essential facet of our “elegant defense.”
Author: Massimo Sartelli
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319597043
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 404
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Book Description
This book examines in detail the topic of sepsis, with a focus on intra-abdominal sepsis. Particular attention is devoted to source control in the management of the infection, antimicrobial therapy and sepsis support, which represent the cornerstones of treating patients with this problem. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach is highlighted not only by the instructive and informative sections on the acute manifestations of appendicitis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis, perforations and diverticulitis, Clostridium difficile infection and the role of candida in abdominal sepsis, but also by an extensive discussion of issues including antimicrobial resistance, damage control surgery, principles of antimicrobial therapy, hemodynamic support, adjunctive therapies, and thromboprophylaxis. Abdominal sepsis is the host’s systemic inflammatory response to intra-abdominal infections. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates, and represents the second most common cause of sepsis-related mortality at intensive care units. Gathering contributions by authoritative experts from all around the world, this book will allow acute care surgeons, abdominal surgeons, intensive care clinicians, and students to broaden their understanding of intra-abdominal sepsis in daily clinical practice.
Author: Shawn Talbott
Publisher: Hunter House
ISBN: 9780897934923
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 340
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Book Description
The hormone cortisol, activated by the fight-or-flight (stress) response, is emerging as a major culprit in a variety of health problems. The Cortisol Connection explores the documented relationship between elevated levels of this hormone, chronic stress, and such health conditions as obesity, depression, suppressed immune system, osteoporosis, and hypertension. This new edition describes the results of the latest research about the connection between cortisol and HSD, and cortisol and testosterone.
Author: U. Reinhold
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642595375
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 284
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Book Description
Knowledge about diagnostic procedures in melanoma has in creased rapidly within the past few years. Single tumor cells have been identified in normal tissue such as sentinel lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and other bodily fluids and cells, by molecular technologies. The introduction of polymerase chain reaction-based methods can be regarded as a prototype of this dramatic development towards molecular approaches in new diagnostic procedures. This fact opens up the possibility of clinical use in patients and of influencing treatment strategies. Considerable discrepancies have been described, how ever, in the success rates of these new techniques for the detec tion of minimal residual disease in cancer patients. Despite fav orable results reported by different groups of investigators, it will take several years to define the clinical and pathophysiological relevance of new diagnostic procedures. The 1st International Symposium "Minimal Residual Disease in Melanoma: Biology, Detection and Clinical Relevance of Microme tastases", held in September 1999 in Homburg/Saar, Germany, fo cused on recent developments in this particular area of cancer re search. The purpose of the meeting was to stimulate discussion and exchange of new data and ideas by renowned international scientists. The aim of this volume is to summarize major topics of basic research and clinical investigations presented by invited experts in this fascinating but still. controversial field of melanoma re search.
Author: Lauren Sompayrac
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN: 9780763720827
Category : Host-virus relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Book Description
A clever, accessible overview that uses a survey of 12 of the most common viral infections, to teach the fundamental principles of human virology.
Author: Mansi Arora
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 981131568X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 313
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Book Description
In the last decade, researchers working in the field of cancer biology have shifted their focus from genetic defects to epigenetic dysregulation, especially that of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This book encompasses a comprehensive review of the transcriptional landscape of the cell and its involvement in the cancer pathophysiology. The first two chapters elucidate the basics of biosynthesis, mechanism of action and modulation of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by coding as well as non-coding RNAs. The third chapter discusses the aberrant expression of the cellular RNome in the cancer cells and highlights its role in the orchestration of processes involved in evolution as well as the sustenance of cancer cells. The fourth chapter describes the recent advances in the field of translating the transcriptome into diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and as targets for novel anti-cancer therapies. The final chapter then reviews the emerging experimental approaches to screen, identify and explore the functions of ncRNAs. Providing valuable insights into the field of RNome in the context of cancer, this book is helpful to students, researchers and clinicians..
Author:
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128133589
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 608
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Book Description
Colloidal Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications is a one-stop reference for anyone with an interest in the fundamentals, synthesis and applications of this interesting materials system. The book presents a simple, effective and detailed discussion on colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles. It begins with a general introduction of colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles, then delves into the most relevant synthesis pathways, stabilization procedures, and synthesis and characterization techniques. Final sections discuss promising applications, including bioimaging, biosensing, diagnostic, and energy applications—i.e., solar cells, supercapacitors and environment applications—i.e., the treatment of contaminated soil, water purification and waste remediation. Provides the most comprehensive resource on the topic, from fundamentals, to synthesis and characterization techniques Presents key applications, including biomedical, energy, electronic and environmental Discusses the most relevant techniques for synthesis, patterning and characterization
